In the 0/3rd century, the Catholic Church reached its peak when Pope Innocent III assumed the educational, political, economic and even military functions, and its power expanded most extensively. European countries are strongly dissatisfied with the Pope's political intervention and economic exploitation.
/kloc-since the middle of the 0/3rd century, the church's control over the people and intervention in the country are far less than before, and its general ruling effect has also been greatly weakened. People's habit of loyalty and obedience to secular government has been established, and people are willing to sacrifice their property or even their lives for the country instead of the church as before.
/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/4th century, the monarchy's indignation against the Pope turned into concrete actions. King Philip IV of France publicly challenged the Pope for the first time. His greatest achievement was to imprison the Pope in avignon, a small town in the south of France, making him completely in the hands of the French king. At the same time, King Edward I of England of England also launched an attack on the Pope, declaring it illegal for English priests to obey the Pope. Britain's anti-Pope struggle was launched vigorously.
In the14th century, Marsilius of Padua wrote The Protector of Peace, arguing that the political authority of the church should be deprived and the state should exercise supreme power over its people, whether secular or church. A church with a unified belief should be divided into churches in many countries politically. They are loyal to the secular rulers of each country, not the Pope. Such praise and loyalty to sovereign countries make the spirit of universalism no longer control people's minds.
In the long 300 years after the14th century, the British monarchy and church power declined from strength to strength in the process of continuous cooperation and struggle. In the relationship between the two sides, struggle has increasingly become the mainstream form, and cooperation is often the product of mutual utilization under certain conditions.
Since Edward III, the most powerful manifestation of successive British kings' resistance to the Pope has been the promulgation of a series of anti-Pope decrees, which have been continuously strengthened. The promulgation of the bill dealt a blow to the Pope's economy and judicial power in Britain, weakened the Pope's influence and strengthened the king's strength.
1366, Congress completely solved the problem that King John 12 13 surrendered to the Pope and turned Britain into a vassal state of the Holy See. Consistent with the legal recognition of "anti-fatwa", the British king also supported the direct anti-fatwa movement. Wycliffe, a professor of theology at Oxford University, condemned the Pope's greed for wealth and advocated that the church should be ruled by secular monarchs, and the royal power was higher than the religious power. These fairs catered to the needs of kings and nobles to plunder church property, and were also welcomed by many civilians. On the other hand, the king of England actively supports the national language, and the use, development and dissemination of English are conducive to the struggle against religious rights and the enhancement of national consciousness. /kloc-In the 4th century, there was a trend in British society, that is, Mandarin English excluded the dominant Latin. All walks of life in Britain have made efforts to this end and prepared conditions for the anti-Pope struggle. The anti-church movement in British society and the national consciousness aroused by the development of English undoubtedly strengthened the strength of the anti-church struggle in Britain and made contributions to the power of kingship.
16 and 17 at the beginning of the century, Tudor monarchs led the struggle against the Pope in 14 and 15 centuries to the path of religious reform. It has adapted to the needs of the whole British society and has a great influence. However, the religious reform was strongly opposed by the Catholic forces, and even a large-scale rebellion broke out. In particular, Queen Mary, as a devout Catholic, almost ruined the future of religious reform, while her sister Queen Elizabeth rebuilt the authority of Protestantism. Elizabeth reorganized the government and the episcopal college, issued a new decree, denied the authority of the Pope, prohibited all payments to the Pope, and prohibited appeals to the Pope. The Queen, the top administrator of the Church of England, demanded a new public prayer. Protestants can accept it and Catholics are satisfied. Therefore, the Queen mediated the contradiction between Protestantism and Catholicism in a gentle way. After the completion of the Queen's religious reform, threats followed. 1570, the Pope wrote a letter to excommunicate Elizabeth and abolish her subjects' loyalty to the Queen. His deterrent method was to send the English missionaries who had received enthusiastic training in Rome back to China to realize his wish. The queen severely punished the missionaries who threatened her rule. During his reign, about 250 people died because of their beliefs. In the last year of the Queen's reign, she and Congress further consolidated the achievements of the Reformation. Finally, English Catholics taught 250 priests and 35,000 believers.