Because the actual operation of enterprise managers is more important than theory, the content of multi-enterprise management ① Plan management effectively organizes the economic activities of enterprises around the requirements of overall goals by means of forecasting, planning, budgeting and decision-making.

Plan management embodies management by objectives.

(2) Production management is to manage the setup and operation of production system through production organization, production planning and production control.

(3) Material management plans to organize the procurement, supply, storage, economical use and comprehensive utilization of various means of production required by enterprises.

(4) quality management supervision, inspection and inspection of the production achievements of enterprises.

⑤ Cost management focuses on cost forecasting, cost planning, cost control, cost accounting, cost analysis and cost assessment. Around the occurrence of various expenses of enterprises and the formation of product costs.

⑥ Financial management manages the formation, distribution and use of financial activities of enterprises, including fixed funds, circulating funds, special funds and profits.

⑦ Labor and personnel management is a comprehensive plan, unified organization, systematic control and flexible adjustment of labor and personnel in all aspects of enterprise economic activities.

Management is a process of coordinating human, material and financial resources through planning, organizing, controlling, encouraging and leading to better achieve organizational goals.

This definition has three meanings. The first meaning shows that the measures taken by management are five basic activities: planning, organizing, controlling, motivating and leading.

These five activities are also called the five basic functions of management.

The so-called function refers to the due role of people, things or institutions.

Every manager is performing one or more of these functions at work.

In short, the planning function includes forecasting the future trend, making goals according to the predicted results, and then making various plans, policies and specific steps to achieve the goals, so as to ensure the realization of organizational goals.

Five-year plan of national economy, long-term development plan of enterprises and various business plans are typical examples of plans.

On the one hand, organizational function refers to a structure established for the implementation of the plan, which largely determines whether the plan can be realized; On the other hand, it refers to the organizational process of achieving the planned objectives.

For example, we should carry out division of labor and cooperation according to certain principles, give appropriate authorization and establish good communication channels.

The organization can ensure the completion of the planned tasks.

The control function is closely related to the planning function, which includes formulating various control standards; Check whether the work is carried out as planned and meets the established standards; If there is deviation in the work, signal it in time, then analyze the reasons for the deviation, correct the deviation or make a new plan to ensure the realization of the organizational goals.

It is a good example to explain the control function by the flight process of launching missiles.

After the missile is aimed at the plane, the flight direction of the missile will deviate from this goal because the plane is constantly moving. At this time, the guidance system in the missile will adjust the flight direction of the missile according to the heat source emitted by the jet at the tail of the aircraft until it hits the target.

Incentive function and leadership function mainly involve people's problems in organizational activities: studying people's needs, motives and behaviors; It is necessary to guide, cultivate and motivate people and arouse their enthusiasm for work; To solve all kinds of contradictions between subordinates; It is necessary to ensure that the information channels between various units and departments are unimpeded and so on.

The second meaning in the definition of management is the purpose of the first meaning, that is, to coordinate manpower, material resources and financial resources by using the above measures.

Coordination refers to synchronization and harmony.

If an organization wants to be effective, it must synchronize and coordinate the activities of all departments and units in the organization until everyone; The distribution of manpower, material resources and financial resources within the organization should also be synchronized and coordinated.

Only in this way can we achieve diversified organizational goals in a balanced way.

A well-managed enterprise whose main products are automobiles has an appropriate ratio of manpower, equipment, workshop and capital. Every department and unit, as well as everyone, will have strict regulations on when to do what, when to finish it and where to send it, so as to ensure that high-quality cars can be produced at a lower cost.

It's like a well-coordinated band. Although everyone plays his own tone, it is a wonderful symphony together.

The third meaning in the management definition is the purpose of the second meaning.

Coordinating manpower, material resources and financial resources is to make the activities of the whole organization more effective, which is also the fundamental purpose of management activities.

1. For sales managers, the most influential external factors mainly come from the market.

It mainly includes the changes of competitors and market economy.

For example, if competitors launch new products or services with higher cost performance, the sales volume of their own products or services will narrow; If the economic situation is not good, ordinary people will tend to save money rather than spend it, so suppliers of luxury goods and services will face greater sales difficulties.

2. For production managers, external factors often have little influence on them.

Anyone who has worked in the manufacturing industry knows that some people who can be influenced by the so-called external environment are often closely related to the market, so the pressure of production manager KPI often comes from the workload, not from the reaction to the market, so the external factors that can generally affect this group are often sudden and unpredictable surprise indicators. 3. The biggest factor that affects HR managers is the change of talent structure: friends who have done human recruitment may have a deep understanding. I often go to job fairs and have a busy day. If I don't get the number required by my boss, I will be told by my boss. But the quantity required by the boss does not meet the quality standard required by the boss, and the boss will also say.

Therefore, for candidates, it seems that the company's hr has endless rights, but in fact, HR often does two things that are indignant.

Of course, I just cited the example of recruitment. In performance management, salary assessment, etc., once the company HR directly communicates with employees for assessment, there will be many things that suffer at both ends.

So doing HR is very painful. The pain is that you are often influenced by the environment.

The so-called external factor that personal feelings have the greatest influence on HR is actually the change of talent structure.

For example, in recent years, the number of undergraduate graduates has increased year by year, but we all know that the level of undergraduate education has not improved, so if the number is large, the quality will inevitably decline.

Modern enterprise managers must have the following qualities: basic quality 1, moral and ethical quality 2, psychological personality quality 1) and broad mind.

2) Open mind.

3) Tough perseverance and willpower.

4) Personal self-control.

3. Basic knowledge quality 1) Solid basic knowledge.

Basic knowledge includes natural science knowledge and humanities and social science knowledge.

Natural science knowledge includes geography, biology, physics, chemistry, astronomy, mathematics and so on; The knowledge of humanities and social sciences includes philosophy, politics, history, psychology, language and military affairs.

As enterprise managers who undertake major decision-making, coordination and management, they should attach great importance to basic knowledge including humanities and social sciences.

2) Perfect knowledge structure.

Knowledge structure refers to the composition of all kinds of knowledge owned by individuals. A perfect knowledge structure is not to blame managers, but to become university experts.

A perfect knowledge structure requires managers to be relatively balanced in knowledge and not to have major knowledge defects.

4. Business managers should have a healthy body.

This is the easiest point to understand, but it is also easy to be ignored.

Three. Professional quality Professional quality refers to the essential quality for enterprise managers to implement enterprise management behaviors and activities, and professional quality is the basic requirement for enterprise managers to perform their duties.

1, dedication and enthusiasm for enterprise management.

2, enterprise management knowledge requirements 1) planning, organization, coordination, control and other basic management knowledge.

The main activity of enterprise managers is management.

Enterprise management refers to the coordination of human, material and financial resources through planning, organization, control, encouragement and leadership to achieve the goals set by the enterprise.

The basic functions of management are planning, organizing, controlling, encouraging, coordinating and leading.

Therefore, enterprise managers must have a deep understanding of this knowledge.

2) Business management knowledge such as marketing, procurement, R&D, service, production, quality, finance, human resources and information construction.

Enterprise management is a systematic project. From marketing to product service, from material management to human resource management, enterprise management activities are supported by different links and functions.

Enterprise managers must seriously study and understand the operating rules, characteristics, norms and key points of each link and function.

Of course, due to the different division of labor of managers in enterprises, as managers of other enterprises, in addition to the managers who are fully responsible for all the above links and functions, they should concentrate on their own business and study hard.

3) Industry and industry knowledge.

Compared with the overall level of the national economy, enterprises are the micro-organization of the national economy.

Enterprises are a part of all walks of life in the national economy.

Enterprise managers must clearly understand the position, function, division of labor and characteristics of enterprises in corresponding industries and industries. Only in this way can enterprise managers plan enterprises correctly.

Therefore, enterprise managers should learn and understand the industry and industry knowledge, and always grasp the development and changes of the industry and industry.

4) Knowledge of other related disciplines.

Enterprise management is a comprehensive subject.

It involves political science, economics, psychology, anthropology, history, physiology, ethics, mathematics, statistics, operational research, systematics, accounting, law and other knowledge.

Therefore, in addition to the management function knowledge, business knowledge and industry knowledge mentioned above, enterprise managers should also understand relevant subject knowledge.

Especially in today's rapidly changing new knowledge, enterprise managers should attach great importance to this aspect of learning.

3. Enterprise Management Skills Requirements Enterprise management skills refer to various management methods, tools and skills adopted by enterprise managers to achieve enterprise management goals according to the environment and the actual situation of the enterprise itself.

It is not enough for enterprise managers to have management knowledge. Enterprise managers must have the skills to solve problems in enterprise management practice, and achieve the unity of knowledge and practice, so that enterprise management can be effective and achieve the goals of enterprise management.

The skill requirements of enterprise management are very broad, including the basic skills that most enterprise managers must master and the special skills that special enterprises need.

With the development of enterprises and the change of environment, the requirements for management skills are also changing.

Enterprise management skill is a kind of practical ability, which requires managers to innovate and develop constantly in practice.

The skill requirements described in this paper are the basic skills needed by current enterprise managers.

1) plan management ability; Planning management ability is the ability of enterprise managers to predict the future, set goals, decide policies and plans in enterprise management, so as to use existing resources economically, effectively grasp future development and obtain the greatest enterprise results.

It is no exaggeration to say that the first skill requirement of enterprise managers is the ability to plan and manage.

Planning management is related to the development of enterprises, and it is a kind of management behavior that actively reduces risks and improves efficiency.

As a manager, he has good planning and management skills.

Planning management ability includes strategic decision-making ability, target management ability and planning control ability.

Only by mastering the planning management ability can enterprise managers correctly formulate enterprise development policies, strategies and goals, formulate specific action plans and action plans according to enterprise development goals, integrate the human, material and financial resources owned by enterprises, and achieve the goals set by enterprises in a coordinated manner.

2) Communication and coordination skills.

Communication and coordination ability refers to the ability of enterprise managers to control the ideas, information transmission and exchange between people inside the enterprise and between the enterprise and the outside, and to coordinate the disharmony caused by it.

As an enterprise manager, we should first establish normal and effective communication channels, information dissemination channels, conflict resolution and coordination mechanisms in enterprise management activities.

In an enterprise, there must be smooth channels, whether it is the business information of the enterprise or the dynamic thinking of the personnel, it must be transmitted in time and effectively.

The ancients said: it is better to keep the people's mouth than to keep Sichuan.

Dayu's method of water control lies in dredging, and so does the management enterprise.

After the normal communication channels are established, enterprises can put an end to abnormal and disharmonious gossip and establish a good corporate atmosphere.

At the same time, in addition to internal personnel, enterprises also face external public relations, including customers, suppliers, vendors, government agencies, the press, educational and scientific research institutions, communities and other public relations targets.

Enterprise managers should also have corresponding communication and coordination skills and establish a harmonious relationship with them.

Enterprise managers should not only have good communication and coordination skills, but also set an example of communication and coordination.

Take the lead in setting an example image of enterprise information communication and interpersonal communication.

There is a cloud in the Analects of Confucius: If the child rate is positive, who dares to be incorrect?

3) Motivation ability.

In an enterprise, there are organizational interests and personal interests of employees. How to deal with these two relations correctly, adjust the enthusiasm of personnel in various ways, improve labor productivity and make more contributions to enterprises are the contents to be solved in the incentive.

Some people abroad have done such a survey: employees who get paid on time generally only need to exert 20%-30% of their working ability every day to keep their jobs. It can be seen that encouraging employees to develop their potential will be a very considerable wealth for enterprises.

Encourage employees to have spiritual and material incentives. Motivation is an art, and enterprise managers must effectively master the principles and methods of motivation, effectively combine material incentives with spiritual incentives, external incentives with internal incentives, positive incentives with negative incentives, and create a lively atmosphere in enterprises.

At present, enterprises are exploring new incentive mechanisms, such as employee participation, employee stock ownership, employee entrepreneurship and new welfare plans.

When enterprise managers master the incentive method, they will effectively tap the great potential of employees and make it the main driving force for enterprise development.

4) Management ability of corporate culture.

Corporate culture is reflected in the production and operation characteristics, technical characteristics, management characteristics and the influence of corporate economic behavior on society.

In addition, corporate culture affects the material form of enterprises on the other hand.

Some people say that the highest level of enterprise management is corporate culture management, and the influence of corporate culture can be seen.

In enterprise management activities, the inheritance of corporate mission, concept and spirit really benefits from the establishment of corporate culture, and the establishment of corporate external image also depends on the construction and dissemination of corporate culture.

Some business managers who want to become "century-old shops" and "century-old enterprises" must have the ability to build, maintain and enhance corporate culture.

Corporate culture is also productivity, but it is not an empty thing. At present, there is a disadvantage in the business world that only the form is emphasized but not the content. Only some materialized signs, slogans and articles are used to express the whole enterprise culture construction, including spiritual level, institutional level and material level.

Enterprise managers must play the role of shaper, manager, advocate and reformer in the construction of enterprise culture, and build enterprise culture from three levels to truly make enterprise culture a unique competitiveness of enterprises.

5) Team organization ability.

Team work has become a very widely used management method for enterprise managers in practice.

China people once commented on themselves privately: One China person is a dragon, and several China people become snakes, compared with people from other countries.

This reflects the lack of team consciousness in China.

In today's enterprise organization form, team has become an important organization form.

Enterprise managers must master the methods of team building, coordination and evaluation in management, and use team management methods to improve management level and efficiency.

6) leadership.

Leadership refers to the ability of enterprise managers to influence the activities of establishing and implementing goals for enterprises.

Therefore, as an enterprise manager, we must fully and correctly use the right of punishment, reward, legality, model and expertise given by the enterprise in management activities, actively influence the management behavior of subordinates and promote the realization of organizational goals.

Effective leadership comes from the management ability, basic literacy and personality charm of enterprise managers. On the basis of strengthening self-cultivation, enterprise managers must actively promote the realization of enterprise goals and embody good and effective leadership ability.

7) innovative ability.

Competition has become the basic feature of current enterprises, and innovation is the cornerstone for enterprises to gain competitive advantage. Similarly, innovation is the eternal theme of enterprise development.

Enterprise managers must have good innovation consciousness and ability, and carry out concept innovation, management innovation and product innovation in time.

An excellent enterprise manager is by no means a conformist who refuses to change.

In management, enterprise managers should constantly sum up their own work experience and management experience, constantly innovate management consciousness, management concept, management mode and management method, and improve management level.

Facing the market competition, enterprise managers should correctly analyze the competitive environment and situation, and constantly innovate products, services and corporate image.

8) Crisis management ability.

Enterprise management faces various factors and there are many unpredictable risks.

In enterprise management, we will encounter different crises, including market crisis, policy crisis, legal crisis, operational crisis and personnel crisis.

Enterprise managers must have two abilities in crisis management: one is the ability to deal with crises.

After the crisis appears, enterprise managers must face it bravely, carefully analyze the overall situation faced by enterprises, the causes and effects of the crisis, take decisive measures in time, control its development trend in time, minimize major problems and minimize the impact of the crisis.

Second, enterprise managers should be good at using crisis to manage.

Predict the crisis and regard it as a kind of pressure and encouragement, so as to effectively avoid the crisis before it appears and promote the healthy development of enterprises.

Four. Idiosyncratic quality refers to the quality that enterprise managers have formed with outstanding personal advantages in management practice in addition to basic quality and professional quality.

Trait is an important sign that different managers are different from each other. Different entrepreneurs have different characteristics, which determine the ability advantages, management styles and management styles of different managers.

In actual management, some managers are good at strategic operation, and some managers have unique management level in cost control or unique skills in lean production, and so on.

Trait comes from different life, work background, work experience and individual differences of different enterprise managers.

It is impossible for everyone to be an expert and expert in various fields.

The training of managers cannot be the same standard and ability as manufacturing assembly line products.

The individual differences of managers form the special qualities of managers.

The idiosyncratic quality is inseparable from the basic quality and professional quality, and comes from the basic quality and professional quality.

1. Establishing favorable personal advantages is a compulsory course for enterprise managers.

Enterprise managers must have a clear and correct understanding of themselves, and must not consider themselves as geniuses or all-around champions.

Everyone has his own strengths and advantages, and correspondingly, everyone will have his own weaknesses and disadvantages.

Managers can only gain their own advantages by giving full play to their strengths in their own fields, constantly improving their abilities and expanding their management advantages.

2. Excellent management team is an organic combination of managers with different characteristics.

If everyone in the management team has the same management level and ability, the advantages that the management team can tap are limited. If the members of the management team have different management advantages and different ability structures, then the team has the advantage of human resource integration.

Teams composed of managers with different characteristics will achieve excellent results and show their strong competitiveness, which is the effectiveness of complementary advantages. Looking at successful teams at home and abroad, most of them are the result of complementary advantages.

Five, the specific embodiment of quality in individual enterprise managers 1, the relationship between the three qualities.

Basic quality is the most basic requirement for managers; Professional quality is the professional requirement for managers to perform their duties; Traits are individual management advantages embodied by different managers.

As a whole, the three constitute the organism of managers' quality and are indispensable.

Represented by a structural diagram, just like a pyramid, the basic quality is the bottom of the tower and the foundation; Professional quality is the foundation of managers; Traits are spires, reflecting personal characteristics and advantages.

Different management styles and abilities.

The quality structure of a qualified manager should be composed of good basic quality, solid professional quality and special quality with competitive advantage.

Due to individual differences, different managers will have different structures in quality structure, and different structures will constitute different management styles and management abilities.

B. Effective ways to improve the quality of enterprise managers 1. Ways to improve the quality of enterprise managers The quality of enterprise managers is not innate, but mainly depends on acquired education and training.

Especially in the echelon construction of enterprise managers and the training of successors, enterprises should attach great importance to the improvement of enterprise managers' quality.

At present, the ways to improve the quality of enterprise managers are: 1, promotion at work.

In order to improve the ability of managers, enterprises consciously and systematically give special treatment to managers in their work arrangements.

For example, through job rotation, we can understand the operation of other departments and broaden our horizons; Improve the thinking height of dealing with problems through the high-level agency model; Arrange special work, test and improve the ability to handle special affairs.

Job promotion is an effective way to improve the practical ability of enterprise managers.

For example, IBM has a "long bench plan" to set up reserve talents for managers and important positions.

These people have detailed training plans, especially the promotion at work.

2. Concentrate on teaching.

Send managers to long-term education and training institutions for systematic study and training.

This method is more common: universities and training centers within enterprises; External training institutions; And MBA and EMBA education in universities.

The advantage of this training method lies in systematization and standardization.

It is especially suitable for improving the theoretical literacy of enterprise managers.

3. Short-term training.

Short-term and special training organized by enterprises requires the participation of enterprise managers to improve their abilities and skills in one aspect.

Such as marketing training, financial training, decision-making ability training, specific management tools and other special training.

Short-term training is highly targeted and is an effective way to "recharge" in time.

4. Post-education support and consolidation.

After training and education, managers return to practical work. Due to the lack of corresponding environment and other management support, managers can't apply what they have learned and unconsciously return to the pre-education situation, and the management level can't be really improved.

In order to avoid this phenomenon, enterprises must do a good job in two aspects: first, the training and education of enterprise managers must be targeted and organically combined with the development plan of enterprises; Second, enterprise managers can provide space through display management.

5. Self-cultivation of enterprise managers.

Enterprise training and education is not everything.

You have to learn by yourself to improve your basic quality and basic business.

The ancients' ideal of "self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country and leveling the world" should start with self-cultivation and finally level the world.

In order to improve personal quality, enterprise managers must also start from self-cultivation and be a man, constantly strengthen moral and professional cultivation, establish the view of "lifelong learning" and constantly improve their own quality.

Second, the key points to improve the quality of enterprise managers. Enterprise is an important subject to improve the quality of enterprise managers, but the quality education of enterprise managers is a complex systematic project. To do these jobs well, enterprises must grasp the following key points: 1. Establish an effective evaluation mechanism and method.

The premise of effective education is to teach students in accordance with their aptitude. First of all, it is necessary to evaluate enterprise managers correctly and effectively, understand the present situation of enterprise managers' quality, and clarify the requirements of enterprises for enterprise managers' quality now and in the future, so that the education of enterprise managers can be targeted.

Some large enterprises have established human resources evaluation Center, which is also an exploration of evaluation methods.

2. Establish enterprise training institutions.

The advantage of internal training institutions lies in their familiarity and understanding of enterprises, which is conducive to improving the effectiveness of enterprise training. In this regard, corporate universities of McDonald's, IBM, Haier and other enterprises are all successful cases.

Due to the limited strength of enterprises, the establishment of internal training institutions must integrate external resources and cooperate with corresponding universities and training institutions.

3. Combining training with management practice.

4. Establish a learning organization and form a long-term mechanism.