1. Catalytic oxidation of silver alkoxide/copper to aldehyde (hydrogen on terminal carbon)/dehydrogenation of ketone with hydrogen-containing carbon in the middle)

If the enhanced oxidant (acidic potassium permanganate) is a primary alcohol (there are two H's on the carbon of hydroxyl group), it will become an acid, because the primary alcohol will be oxidized to aldehyde after initial oxidation, and aldehyde has strong reducibility and will continue to be oxidized to carboxylic acid.

Secondary alcohols (with an H attached to the hydroxyl group on the carbon) will be oxidized to ketones, which are stable and will not be oxidized again.

Tertiary alcohol (no H on carbon with hydroxyl group) does not react with potassium permanganate.

2. Aldehydes and ketones are hydrogenated and reduced to produce alcohols.

3. Carboxylic acid can also be reduced to alcohol under certain conditions (university organic chemistry, reacting with lithium aluminum tetrahydro).

4. under certain conditions, carboxylic acids can also be reduced to aldehydes and ketones (university organic chemistry, Rosenmende reduction)

5. Carboxylic acid and alcohol are catalytically heated in concentrated sulfuric acid to form esters.

6 ester was hydrolyzed with weak acid to obtain carboxylic acid and alcohol.