Early experience
Fang Xiaoru is from Ninghai. Father Fang Keqin was a Feng during the Hongwu period.
Bust of Fang Xiaoru.
Law-abiding officials have their own biographies in the Official History of the Ming Dynasty. Fang Xiaoru was very alert and agile when he was young. His eyes are bright and he reads more than an inch every day. Everyone in the village calls him "Xiao Hanyu". After studying with Song Lian as an adult, the famous literati among Song Lian's proteges are not as good as him. Even the predecessors Hu Han and Su Boheng felt inferior. On the contrary, Fang Xiaoru despised the knowledge of literary writing, and often took it as his duty to preach the way of governing the country with benevolence and realize the peace of the times. He was in bed because of illness, and his family was deprived of food. The servant reported the situation to him. He smiled and said, "The ancients only ate it nine times in thirty days. Poverty is more annoying than my home! " Father Fang Keqin was sentenced to death for the crime of "empty seal". He supported burying the coffin in his hometown and mourning those who made way for them.
Step into official career
Hongwu fifteen years (1382), due to Wu Shen and Shu Jie? The recommendation was summoned by Zhu Yuanzhang. Zhu Yuanzhang admired him very much.
Fang Xiaoru sideways portrait
He was serious and said to Crown Prince Zhu Biao, "This is a dignified talent. You should use him until you are old." And send him home according to etiquette? . Later, he was arrested by his enemies in Beijing. Zhu Yuanzhang saw his name on the case file and let him go.
In the twenty-fifth year of Hongwu (1392), he was called to the imperial court on the recommendation of others. Zhu Yuanzhang said: "Now is not the time to appoint Fang Xiaoru." He was awarded the position of professor in Hanzhong, giving lectures to all Confucian scholars every day, and he enjoyed it. The king of Shu, Chunzhu, heard about Fang Xiaoru's reputation and hired him as the teacher of the Prince. Tell Prince Chen about morality every time we meet. King Shu gave him special courtesy and named the land where he studied as "Zheng Xue".
Acceded to the throne in Zhu Yunwen, recruited him to give lectures as an academician. The following year, he was promoted to a bachelor's degree in poetry, and was invited by important political emperors of the country. Zhu Yunwen likes reading, and whenever he meets a problem, he is called to explain? . When Zhu Yunwen came to North Korea and officials played a role in deciding whether ministerial negotiations could be implemented, Zhu Yunwen sometimes ordered Fang Xiaoru to answer the documents before bending over the screen. At that time, Fang Xiaoru was the head of many ancient books, such as Mao and Yao Leilu. When the official system was changed, Fang Xiaoru's official position was changed to Doctor of Literature. Judy, the prince of Yan, went south and the court agreed to crusade. Both the imperial edict and the campaign were written by Fang Xiaoru.
Assist Wen Jian.
In the third year of Wen Jian (140 1), the Yan army attacked Daming House. Judy heard the news that Qitai and Huang Zicheng had escaped, and wrote to ask Zhu Yunwen to order Sheng Yong, Wu Jie and Ping An to stop military operations [14]. Fang Xiaoru suggested: "Yan Jun's army has been stationed in Daming Mansion for a long time, and the weather is hot and rainy, so it should be exhausted. Quickly ordered Liaodong generals to enter the customs and attack Yongping House. It really decided that the general would cross the Lugou Bridge and go straight to Beiping, and the prince would definitely return to the army for rescue. When we follow the prince with a large number of troops, we can catch him. Since his document has just arrived, we should give an answer for the time being. If the paperwork goes back and forth for more than a month, it will make his soldiers slack off. It won't be too much trouble for us to agree on the situation of converging attack and then destroy Yan Jun. " Zhu Yunwen agreed, ordered Fang Xiaoru to draft letters, sent Shao Qing Yan Xue to gallop from Dali Temple, replied to the prince, completely pardoned the prince's crimes, and told him to stop fighting and return to his territory. He also wrote thousands of words to spread to Yan Xue, took them to the Yanjun, and secretly distributed them to all the soldiers. When Yan Xue went to the state of Yan, he hid the imperial edict and didn't dare to show it to the soldiers, but the prince didn't abide by it? .
In the third year of Wen Jian (140 1), in May, Wu Jie, Ping 'an and Sheng Yong sent troops to disrupt the traffic lines of the Yan army. Judy also ordered Vu Thang to write a letter to Zhu Yunwen, pleading with her previous request. Zhu Yunwen wanted to answer, and Fang Xiaoru said, "If the army stops fighting at this time, it will be difficult to concentrate later. May the emperor not be confused by the prince. " Zhu Yunwen killed Vu Thang and refused Judy's request? . Soon, Yan Bing ransacked Pei County and burned the grain ship. At this time, the army that crusaded against Hebei was exhausted, and the road to deliver salaries in Texas was cut off, which made Fang Xiaoru deeply worried. Because the prince is kind-hearted, his younger brother Zhu is treacherous and cunning, and he is deeply loved. He once wanted to seize the crown prince, but Fang Xiaoru plotted to alienate them, causing internal chaos among them? . So he reported this suggestion to Zhu Yunwen, and sent thousands of security guards Zhang An to Peiping to give Yan Shizi a letter with the emperor's seal. The Prince received an unopened letter and sent it to the Prince's army with Zhang An, so Fang Xiaoru's discord could not be implemented? .
In May of the 4th year of Wen Jian (1402), Yan Jun arrived in Jiangbei, and Zhu Yunwen sent a letter to collect troops from all over the country. Fang Xiaoru said, "It's too urgent. Send someone to make a promise to the prince to cut land, delay for a few days, and the troops recruited in the southeast will gradually gather. The northern army is not good at sailing and fighting in the river, and it is still difficult to know the outcome. . "Zhu Yunwen sent Princess Qingcheng, the prince's cousin, to the prince's army to state the conditions for solving the territory, but the prince did not listen. Zhu Yunwen ordered people to assemble the water army on the river, while Chen Xuan led warships to surrender to Judy, and Yan Jun crossed the river on June 1st? . Zhu Yunwen was worried and scared, and it was suggested that he go to other places to try to recover. Fang Xiaoru insisted on guarding Nanjing for reinforcements. Even if he fails, he should die for his country. On the ugly day, Jinchuan Gate opened wide, Yan Jun entered the city, and Zhu Yunwen set himself on fire. On this day, Fang Xiaoru was also put in prison.
Destroyed clan
At the beginning, when he left Beiping with his army, Yao entrusted Fang Xiaoru to, saying, "Nanjing is under attack.
Statue of Fang Xiaoru
The next day, he won't surrender, hoping not to kill him. Kill Fang Xiaoru, and the seeds of reading in the world will be extinct. "Judy nodded and agreed.
At this point, Judy wanted Fang Xiaoru to draft the imperial edict. Fang Xiaoru was called into the imperial court, and the voice of grief resounded through the whole stage of the hall. Judy came down from the bed to express her condolences and said, "Sir, don't worry about yourself. My plan is just to imitate the way Zhou Gong assisted him to become a king. " Fang Xiaoru asked, "Where is Zhou Chengwang?" Judy replied, "He set himself on fire and died." Fang Xiaoru asked again, "Why don't you become the son of the king?" Judy said, "The country depends on an adult king." Fang Xiaoru said, "Why not be the brother of the king?" Judy replied, "This is our Zhu family's business." Turning around, he motioned for the waiters to give Fang Xiaoru a pen and paper and said, "Sir, you must draw up a letter for the world to see." Fang Xiaoru threw the pen on the ground, crying and cursing: "If you die, you die. I will never draft a letter. " Judy was angry and ordered Fang Xiaoru to share it equally in the market? . On June 25th (1July 25th, 402), Fang Xiaoru died generously and put all his eggs in one basket, saying, "God is worried about war. Who knows why? The treacherous courtiers got their wish and tried to take control of the country. Loyal officials are angry and sad, and blood and tears flow; Sacrifice your life with blood and tears, or ask for something else. Alas, this is probably not my complaint. " He is forty-six years old. His protege, Liao Yong, grandson of Liao Yongzhong, Duke of Deqing, and his brother Liao Ming packed his bones and buried them in the mountain outside Jubaomen.
Fang Xiaowen, the elder brother in Fang Xiaoru, studied hard and had a sincere attitude. He died before Fang Xiaoru. Brother Fang Xiaoyou and Fang Xiaoru went to the execution ground together, wrote a poem and died. His wife Zheng He's two sons, Zhong Xian and Zhong Yue, hanged themselves early, and their two daughters jumped into Qinhuai River and drowned.
Fang Xiaoru's works were banned from now on, and bibliophiles in Yongle period were all capital crimes. But there are still people who risk their lives to hide it, such as "Hou", which makes Fang Xiaoru's articles handed down from generation to generation. ?
What's behind you
After Zhu Gaochi ascended the throne, he told Deuce: "The ministers of Wen Jian have all been executed for public. they
Fang Xiaoru's inscription
Those whose families became official slaves were released to the people and returned to their fields. Only one person who approached the border guards stayed in the garrison, and the rest were put back to their hometown. "
In the 13th year of Wanli (1558), in March, the descendants of those who were demoted to frontier defense because of Fang Xiaoru's conviction were released, and there were more than 1,300 people in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Sichuan and Guangdong. But when Fang Xiaoru died, there were no descendants. Only Fang Keqin's brother Fang Kejia has a son named Fu Xiao. In the twenty-fifth year of Hongwu (1392), Fang wrote to the emperor, requesting tax relief in Ninghai County, and was demoted to Qingyuan Wei. Because he was incorporated into the army, he had to avoid death when he wiped out the "top ten families" in Fang Xiaoru. Fang's son was later released to the people. [3 1] During the Sejong period of the Ming Dynasty, Yu Bin, a native of Songjiang, claimed to be a descendant of Fang Xiaoru. Scholars at that time believed his words and compiled the Record of Returning to the Ancient. Not long after, Fang realized that it was untrue and sued the government to settle the matter. In the early years of Ming Shenzong, loyal ministers praised and catalogued the Wen Jian Dynasty by imperial edict, and built the Biao Zhong Temple in Nanjing. The Biao Zhong Temple was led by Xu Huizu who praised Biao, followed by Fang Xiaoru.
Literary achievements
Fang Xiaoru's political theory, historical theory, essays and poems are all excellent, and most of them are included in Xunzhizhai Collection. His literary works, such as Mosquito Pair, Finger Metaphor, Witch Crossing, Nose Pair, Wu Poetry, Car Ride and so on, have their own characteristics.
"Clear theme, bold discussion". This is one of the important features of Fang Xiaoru's literary works. For example, he satirized the evil and self-deception of witches in society by telling the story that a witch lied by "treating ghosts" and was finally scared to death by pretending to be a ghost with a tragic ending.
He is also good at expressing cynicism in the way of "combining heat with cold, expressing feelings by form". Such as "Wu
Statue of Fang Xiaoru
Poems belong to this category. In this paper, the image of Zhang Shicheng is used to satirize those in power who are partial to hearing and partial to believing, and despise employing people, and the image of "Qiantang hooligan" is used to make friends with Wu Shi, exposing the social foundation of the grandiose trend. "Strict selection of materials and deep excavation" are also the characteristics of his literary works. Zhiyu can be regarded as an example. It is an argumentative essay, which consists of two parts: narrative essay and argumentative essay. The former part describes, and the latter part expounds the truth contained in the narrative. According to the metaphor, the two are closely combined and complement each other.
The fourth feature is that he is good at metaphor and using writing skills such as comparative fable. The most representative genera are nasal pair and mosquito pair. Mosquito Pair is an ethical essay that discusses the philosophy of life as the theory of things, which has been sublimated from the specific trivial matter of daily life of being bitten by mosquitoes to an important philosophical principle of life.
"Ming History" said, "Fang Xiaoru, a worker, is full of wine and heroic. Every article is published, and the sea is arguing. " The General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu is even more "uninhibited, quite different from Dongpo and Longchuan".
In addition, Fang Xiaoru also wrote Textual Research on the Rites of Zhou Dynasty, Zhi Yi Zi, Warlords' Notes, Highlights of the History of Song Dynasty, A Record of the Emperor's Basic Life, Wen Tong and so on.
Fang Xiaoru's Collection of Re-engraving and Searching for Zhai is kept in the warehouse of Ninghai Cultural Relics Institute. This book was found by a collector in Ninghai. It has a full set of 18 volumes, each of which is 26.5cm long, 1 6.6cm wide and1cm thick. Most of Fang Xiaoru's political essays, historical essays, poems, etc. They are all collected in it, as well as his literary works Mosquito Pair, Finger Metaphor, Crossing the Witch and Nose Pair. Because Fang Xiaoru's books were banned after his martyrdom, they were rarely circulated. 1928, Ninghai Taigong Hu? Qian deeply felt that "Ninghai is the hometown of its growth, and Ninghai can't be engraved", and it was republished with Chenghua as the base, and it was named "Re-engraving the Collected Works of Xunzhizhai", with a total of 40 volumes, including the collection volume and the appendix volume; The content of the book is just like Chenghua edition, but the content is far beyond the scope of Chenghua edition.
Historical evaluation
Zhu Yuanzhang: This scholar should be an old talent.
Yao: Killing the dutiful son will kill the seeds of reading in the world.
Zhu Gaochi: If Fang Xiaoru's generation is loyal to the minister, they should be lenient.
Li Zhi: Filial piety is extremely sensitive since childhood, with bright eyes and reading an inch every day. For the leading actor, he is so mellow that everyone in the village calls him Xiao Hanzi.
Money: the home of the top ten filial sons, punish them with encouragement. The more excited you are, the more excited you are. As for the broken tongue and broken bones, Zhan Zong ignored burning the tomb.
Emperor Qianlong: Yongle was a vassal at that time, but he committed the crime of dispatching troops and plotting to seize the country. Should be without hesitation. Although JiTai, Huang Zicheng and others are reckless and ignorant, Fang Xiaoru is too pedantic to assist the young master. However, it is a pity to trace his respect for the Lord and hoe away that strong heart. Moreover, the general trend has gone, and it is still necessary to raise money to survive and resist words; Although he died of Zhan nationality and never came back, he was a famous teacher who lived up to his mission.
Zhang: When an emperor succeeded, he was given by heaven. Conquering the world is beyond human power. Qi, Huang, Fang, Lian and others are eager to seek the loyalty of the country, but lack the strategy to win. But his loyalty inspired him, and he saw that the knife tripod was as sweet as an iron pot. He was immortal and still alive. Can those who show no sympathy for state affairs and express gratitude for their deaths really be mentioned in the same breath? I can't see that success or failure is also a common theory.
Cai Dongfan: Fang Xiaoru is pedantic, but neither of them is available nor successful. Although the imperial edict of Cao is still a loyal minister, death is enough to thank the old Lord. Why do you want to arouse the prince's anger and reduce him to ten families? What is the enmity between these ten families, which will surely make them mutually assured destruction?
Hu Shi: ① Fang Xiaoru was a great man in the early Ming Dynasty. Outsiders often say that there are very few martyrs in China, or very few people died for their beliefs, but if you think about it carefully, this is not true. 2,500 years ago, our sage Confucius advocated that "it is our tradition to kill people and not harm them". In the history of China, there are many martyrs with independent thoughts and personalities. Fang Xiaoru was a man who died for his ideas, beliefs and thoughts. After the Prince of Yan entered Nanjing, Fang Xiaoru was killed by ten families because he refused to draft the paper. At that time, Yao advised Ming to leave seed for the scholar, but Ming didn't listen, and finally destroyed nine families and ten households. Even if only one word of Fang Xiaoru is left, it is guilty. This is the political thought of Ming Chengzu who wants to destroy Fang Xiaoru. (2) So there were no political thinkers for 200 years after the Ming Dynasty. Before14th century, China's political thought was by no means inferior to that of Europe, but why it was suppressed for nearly 500 years was because of the tragedy of Fang Xiaoru's murder. ?
Anecdotal allusions
edit
Read the seed
He is the first scholar in China history who is called "the seed of reading". This title was created by Yao, a senior adviser to the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
Yao knew Fang Xiaoru, and before he broke the city, he asked for instructions, saying that Fang Xiaoru, who valued honesty, would not give in easily. He hoped to show mercy and not do harm, otherwise the seeds of studying in the world would be gone.
Judy promised at first, but in the Golden Hall, due to Fang Xiaoru's extreme uncooperative, Judy ruined his ten families.
When it comes to Fang Xiaoru, people with lofty ideals throughout the ages will feel very heavy. Only the reputation of "reading seeds" is loved. Knowledge changes fate, no matter how dynasties change and things change, reading and seeking knowledge is always a truth in the world.
Fang Xiaoru's works
Destroyed ten families
Only the torture of "exterminating nine clans" in history can have history.
A fragment of the TV series Zheng He's Journey to the West
Since then, Fang Xiaoru and Jing Qing have been the only "ten-nation extinction".
After Judy acceded to the throne, Fang Xiaoru, the "reading seed" and the first scholar, drafted the announcement of the accession to the throne. Fang Xiaoru, who was orthodox and extremely loyal to the former power, of course refused.
Due to Fang Xiaoru's request, when Fang Xiaoru refuted Judy's interpretation of usurpation as "assisting the Duke of Zhou to become king", Judy was patient, saying that this was a matter for the royal family, which meant to let Fang Xiaoru avoid it. It happened that Fang Xiaoru was sincere and refused to promise.
The first time I saw the "Ten Clans" in Zhu Zhishan's unofficial history, it was generally considered as unofficial history.
The Biography of Fang Xiaoru in Ming Dynasty is that Ding Chou killed Qi Tai, Huang Zicheng and Fang Xiaoru and enslaved their families, which means that Ming Chengzu only killed Fang Xiaoru's paternal family. According to historical records, the record in "Li" is: "The Book of the Governor of Nanjing Town" contains not only the defects of the previous edition, but also the records of orthodox clans. With a population of 847, the nephew of the people of the good nationality and the high seas must marry the brother Ding of the good nationality, the grandson Chongxi of the good nationality, and Zhuang Xiaoxun, the family and Sun Chongjian. " . According to "Li" records, these people who were killed were all the patrilineal lines of the Fang family, and the names of matriarchal lines and wives were not listed. And "Kill (Fang Xiaoru) and Treat Its People" recorded in Ming History can confirm each other.
The Biography of Fang Xiaoru in the Ming Dynasty did not record the words of 10 exterminators and 847 people (873 people in one work), but a large number of documents recorded that he was exterminated by 10 exterminators, such as Ninghai County Records, Fang Xiaoru Biography of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty, Ming History, Filial Piety of Huang Zongxi, Filial Piety of Founder and so on. In addition, Xi Zongzhi, compiled during the Chongzhen period, also recorded the story that Fang Xiaoru was conquered by ten clans, and also recorded the story that Fang Xiaoru's youngest son was rescued and escaped from the world, and continued Fang's surname under the guise of Yu's. In the second year of the apocalypse, Fang Xiaoru X Sun Fuque wrote a letter and was given a T-shirt.
The so-called "ten schools of thought are destroyed" is only caused by later generations exaggerating the facts in order to produce dramatic effects.