I. Holiday

China people have the habit of asking for help. For example, China people especially like gourd, because it sounds like Fulu. When decorating the wedding room, I like to put red dates, peanuts, longan and melon seeds, which means early birth. In fact, there are similar prayers, such as painting five bats or five tigers on the Five Blessingg. When renting a shop in Guangzhou, write the negative first floor as the rich first floor. In China, people are forbidden to grow mulberry trees at home. These seemingly ordinary life phenomena actually contain the truth of taking time off.

The following two classes talk about interchangeable characters, variant characters and ancient and modern characters.

Universal words are actually such a situation of using words. It is in that ancient written language that when people write words, they use a word with the same or similar pronunciation instead of the correct word. This word is called Tong Jia.

Someone said, can I use it like this now? For example, if I want to write a letter, can I find a homophone instead? Is this a holiday? This is not a pass, this is a typo.

Only the ancients had this privilege. Why? Because what we are defining now is based on the similarity or similarity of archaic sounds, it is also called archaic sounds.

Then in a public holiday, the replaced word is called a public holiday, and the replaced word is called the original word, also called "orthography".

For example, as we know, the article "Historical Records of Xiang Yu" at the Hongmen Banquet said: "You must thank Xiang Wang yourself."

There is a flea in it. Does it mean flea? That's not true. This flea is for use in the morning and evening.

"Flea" means "early", and early morning and evening are the words in this sentence.

There are many foreign words in ancient books. Why is this happening? Because after burning books and burying Confucianism in the Qin Dynasty, or before burning books and burying Confucianism in the Qin Dynasty, we were underdeveloped because of recording tools.

For example, when the ancients wrote, he had to write on bamboo slips and wooden slips, which was inconvenient to transport, or it was difficult to get materials by carving on that turtle shell, so many people listened to his facial knowledge. Someone told him, and he wrote it down.

In his literary genre, Zhu also had such a similar exposition. So it is easy for him to write a lot of typos when he writes. That's what he meant. He used another word to express it.

"The Book of Songs. National style. "Zhongnan" said: "What is Zhongnan? There is a discipline and a hall. " This Jihetang has puzzled China scholars for thousands of years.

Mao Heng of the Han Dynasty explained: "Discipline is the foundation. Tang, Bi Daoping is like a hall. " He obviously interpreted this hall as a hall.

But this sentence explains that the hall in the hall is not smooth. What's wrong with this Zhong Nanshan? Not going well. This problem was not solved until the Qing Dynasty.

The example of the five kings cited in the book Jing Yi and Wen Shu: "Ji reading is Qi, Tang, and reading is Tang."

What does he mean? He said it was a common word. Their original characters should be Qi beside the wooden characters and Tang beside the wooden characters. There are these two kinds of trees on the mountain, which makes sense.

There is another situation that can produce interchangeable characters, which is what Zheng Xuan said in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Zheng Xuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "The beginning of the book is too hasty, there is not a word, or the metaphor of phonetic notation is borrowed, which is just interesting."

When you started writing this word, your brain suddenly got stuck and you couldn't remember how to write that word, so you borrowed a word with similar pronunciation. This situation is also easy to produce interchangeable words.

Teacher Wang made a little thinking question here. What did we say in junior high school and senior high school? In this sentence, many textbooks annotate "Say Yu", saying that Yu is pleasant. So are they universal characters? Generally, college textbooks are not marked with interchangeable words. Why? Let's go back and have a look.

Second, variant characters

Generic words can be substituted for each other, but this substitution is conditional. They must have the same or similar pronunciation, and they are temporary replacements. Does not mean that fleas can replace morning and evening at any time.

However, in our Chinese character system, there is a word that can be completely replaced under any circumstances. This character is a variant.

The appearance of variant characters may be related to the creation of characters by people in different times. It may also be related to artificial words in different regions. It may also be related to people's psychology of seeking novelty and novelty. If you want to use it like this, I won't use it like this. I want to make a slight change. It is also related to China people's calligraphy activities. Because ancient printing was underdeveloped. So it is not so easy to unify the glyphs. Everyone has his own way of writing.

We see that the book "Bei Biezi" has a lot of words, and the writing is slightly different. These are all variants.

How are variant characters formed? Summarize it roughly. For example, variants with the same word formation.

? The same word-making method

1, variants with different meanings and symbols

Because of the different ideograms, it can produce variant characters.

A, singing, there is no difference between words. "Yong", "Yong."

B, what you see, what you see one by one, means to see. "Look" and "Look"

C, sigh, a mouth owes a sigh. "sigh" and "sigh"

Why does this debt also mean that it is related to the activities of the mouth? Our language has a yawn. Yawning is venting in your mouth.

D, two drives, a horse, these are all drives. "drive" and "push"

E, two geese, one is beautiful and the other is a bird. "goose" and "yi"

F, two songs, one saying and one owing. "Song" and "Song"

G, two cylinders, one is a bucket and the other is a tile.

"Cylinder" and "Qi." This tile and that tile are both pottery. We have a proverb: "A crock will not break from a well." This crock is either clay or pottery.

H, two bottles, bottles also have this kind of writing, a tile and a lock, both are ok. "bottle" and "bottle"

L, two cannons, we see that chess is written next to the word fire, and some are written next to the word stone. Because of what? In ancient times, the trebuchet was first used to throw this kind of gun, and later it was improved, that is, the gun.

J, two cups and one dish. "cup", "cup."

K, there is a bowl, a stone, a piece of wood and a plate. "Bowl", "Dan" and "rice." It is a stone bowl and a wooden bowl, as well as a general bowl.

2. Variants of different phonetic symbols

Is to change the phonetic symbols to produce variant characters.

A thread, a gentle spring. "ok", "ok." Can represent this sound.

Smoke, time, bugs and cannons are all like this.

B, smoke: "smoke", "smoke"

C. Time: "Time" and "Time"

D. Earthworms: "Earthworms" and "Earthworms"

E, cannon: "cannon" and "fire"

3. Variants with different meanings and sounds.

A. Leftover: "Leftover" and "Twilight" are written with multiplication as phonetic symbols.

There's another one. Where is it used as a phonetic symbol? Just use the left and upper right corner, and this one is the phonetic symbol. This shell in the lower right corner indicates that there is money left.

Don't be surprised that the word on the right in ancient books means surplus, and its meaning is more suitable for expressing surplus.

B, cannon, cannon, cannon and this stone cannon, the right side has become a barge. Together, they represent sound.

? Caused by simply changing the position of the component.

Also: "He" and "Hui"

Goose: "Goose" and "Goose"

Li: "Li" and "Tie", put this dress on the left and the wood in the lower right corner together, and it becomes the tie we are writing now.

Like peaks and groups, they change positions in this way.

"peak" and "peak"

? Different word-making methods

There are many ways to make Chinese characters, some are knowing characters, and some are pictophonetic characters.

(1) from: any number, which is known. Author: Feng Xin, this is sound and form. "You" and "You"

2: Qiu Shan, this is knowledge. Sanzang: This is the sound. "Yue" and "Yue"

(3) There is land: landscape soil, knowledge, water and soil are also known, soil is also sound and shape. "Dragon", "Dragon" and "Earth"

This is a variant of Chinese characters caused by different word-making methods.

Teacher Wang asked everyone to think in front, "What should I do if I learn from time to time?" Is it a common word? Maybe some people haven't decided yet. Want to know the exact answer and reason, please see the next lesson, ancient and modern characters under the words used in ancient books.