Baoding Army Military Academy (hereinafter referred to as Baoding Military Academy) is the first regular military academy in China's modern history. It is located in the suburb of Baoding City, Hebei Province. Formerly known as Beiyang Acceleration Equipment School, Beiyang Army Acceleration School and Army Military Academy in Qing Dynasty. From 19 12 to 1923, Baoding Military Academy held nine sessions, with more than 6,000 graduates, many of whom later became instructors of Huangpu Military Academy. There are Baoding students in the Kuomintang and the * * * production party. Since Beiyang Military Academy, Baoding has trained nearly 10,000 officers, of whom 1600 people have won the title of general.
The main function of Baoding Military Academy is to train junior officers. The study period is two years, including five subjects: marching, cavalry, artillery, engineers and trench. The academic system refers to the regulations of the Japanese NCO School, and the instructors are mostly graduates of the Japanese NCO School. Baoding Military Academy served as eight presidents, and the second president was Jiang Fangzhen (word: Baili), the most famous strategist in the Republic of China.
History of military academy
190 1 year 1 1 month Li Hongzhang died, and Yuan Shikai went to Baoding to take over as governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang. According to the provisions of the "Xin Chou Treaty", the trainers of the small station were not allowed to be stationed near Tianjin, so they moved to Baoding.
In May, 1902, "Beiyang Xingying Jiangyang School" opened in Baoding.
1February, 903, Yuan Shikai invited an army primary school hall, a middle school hall and a university hall to conduct formal military education and training. Later, the Beiyang Army Accelerated Equipment School was built in Baoding, which was the predecessor of Baoding Army Military Academy.
1906 was set up in Baoding campus: the Army Accelerated School of Beiyang Military Division, the Army Military Academy and the Army Preparatory University Hall.
19 12 After Yuan Shikai became the President of the Republic of China, he moved the Army Preparatory University Hall to Beijing and renamed it Army University. On June+10, 5438, Baoding Army Military Academy was opened in the original site of Baoding.
1920 during the summer vacation, the soldiers stationed in the military academy mutinied and robbed the military academy because they could not pay their salaries, and then the school building was set on fire.
Baoding Military Academy 1923 was closed in August.
Famous soldiers who studied in Baoding (including Baoding Military Academy and its predecessor): Wu, Qi, Sun Yue, Li, Wang, Sun, Wang, Chiang Kai-shek, Zhang Qun, Yang Jie, Chen Yuantiao, Li Jishen, Shang Zhen, Ji Fang, Ye Ting, Zhao Bosheng, Dong Zhentang, Bian Zhangwu, Ji Zhentong, Zhang Kexia and Deng. Liu, Tao Zhiyue, Tang Shengzhi, Li Shuchun, Yang Aiyuan, Li, Hao, Joe, Luo, Qin Dechun, Gu, Chen Cheng, Bai Chongxi, Qian Dajun, Herry Liu, Shangguan Yunxiang, Xue Yue, Tao Jun and Hu Zongduo. ...
Chronicle of events
●1June, 993, the preparation office of Baoding Military Academy Memorial Hall was established;
● 1995, the first phase of the memorial building imitating the architectural style of the original military academy was built on the former site of the military academy;
● In 2002, it was expanded to 12 mu, and the reviewing platform was restored;
● June 5438+October 2003 10, Baoding Military Academy Memorial Hall officially opened;
● Invested 65.438+0.4 billion yuan to build Baoding Military Academy Square, the largest in North China, which has been opened to the outside world.
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Baoding Army Military Academy (formerly known as Baoding Military Academy), formerly known as Beiyang Army in Qing Dynasty, is the first regularized military institution of higher learning in China history. From 19 12 to 1923, Baoding Military Academy held nine sessions, with more than 6,000 graduates, many of whom later became instructors of Huangpu Military Academy. There are Baoding students in the Kuomintang and the * * * production party. Since Beiyang Military Academy, Baoding has trained nearly 10,000 officers, of whom 1600 people have won the title of general. It has trained a large number of military talents and played an important role in China's modern history.
Baoding Army Military Academy is located 5 miles northeast of Baoding Old Town, with a total area of about 1500 mu. It is more than two kilometers long from east to west. Now the Healthy Road in South Vietnam crosses both sides of the Cooperative Road in North Vietnam, which is more than one kilometer long from north to south. It is a large-scale regularized military institution of higher learning in China's modern history.
It turned out to be Guandi Temple, with a temple output of 1000 mu and hundreds of halls. Later, it was changed into a barracks. In the 26th year of Guangxu (AD 1900), it was burned by Eight-Nation Alliance. When the school was founded, it was built by using the original temple property and requisitioning adjacent land. The whole school has four parts: headquarters, branch schools (including small teaching fields), big playground and shooting range. The school headquarters is located in the center, covering an area of 180 mu. Its architectural pattern is modeled after the Japanese NCO School, and it is a brick building complex with strict weather. There are tall city walls all around, surrounded by a river, and the ancient Liu Chengxing is located on both sides of the river. The gate of the military academy is on the south side, and there is a tall zhaobi across the river. The gatehouse is tall and three rooms wide, and its momentum is comparable to that of the gate of Zhili Governor's Office. The red painted gate is decorated with copper nails and rings, and a horizontal plaque with the words "Army Military Academy" is hung on the lintel. There are high stone steps in front of the door, and the south road in front of the stone steps leads directly to the river bank. There are a pair of stone lions on each side of Gaonan Road. A flat bridge was built on the river to connect the big playground. Some houses in the north and south, mainly schools. The North Yard is a living area. The south campus is the center and teaching area of the military academy, which is divided into East, Middle, West and Third Hospitals. The east and west courtyards are classrooms and student dormitories, respectively, with ten rows of blue brick houses with corridors, and the layout is symmetrical. There are corridors between each row of houses, and every two rows form an independent courtyard with a moon-shaped door on the wall. There are about a group of students living in each yard, which is usually called a group of children. The intermediate people's court has a school office and a martial arts hall. The tall Wushang Hall faces south, surrounded by stone fences and carved beams and painted buildings. There are couplets on both sides of the hall door, which read: "Respect your father's words, the marquis of Wu has a strategy, be brief and concise, and try your best to be a teacher;" Serving the country is ambitious and the students are eagerly looking forward to it. " There is a long corridor leading to the school gate in front of the hall. To the north of Shangwutang is an empty yard. There are two ancient poplars standing side by side in the yard, with a bronze bell hanging in the middle. Because officials often give lectures and issue orders here, it is regarded as the center of the whole school. On the east side of the headquarters is a branch school, covering an area of 92 mu. The shooting range is in the north of the campus, covering an area of more than 330 mu. The big playground is in the shape of "[",guarding the headquarters from the north, west and south, covering an area of more than 880 mu, with the largest area in the west.
Baoding Military Academy was founded in the 28th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1902) and closed in the 12th year of the Republic of China (A.D. 1923). In the 26th year of Guangxu (A.D. 1900), Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, forcing the Qing government to sign the "Xin Chou Treaty" which humiliated the country, and Wu Bei Academy, a military training institution based in Tianjin, was forced to move to Baoding. In the 28th year of Guangxu (A.D. 1902), Yuan Shikai, governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang, set up a standing army (new army) outside Dongguan, Baoding, and set up a military and political department (revolutionary reform training department), with three divisions of soldiers, staff officers and coaches, with Liu Yongqing, Duan and Feng as general managers respectively. With the approval of Yuan Shikai, Beiyang Army General School was established outside Dongguan, Baoding, with Feng as the general manager (that is, the principal). In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (AD 1906), it was replaced by Duan. In the 29th year of Guangxu (AD 1903), Beiyang Army renamed Yang as Beiyang Army Equipment School, and at the same time renamed Beiyang Army School and Army Camp School. Guangxu thirty-three years (Wu Gong 1907), renamed the Army University Hall (referred to as Luda). During the Republic of China (A.D. 19 12), it was changed into an Army Military Academy after the reform. At the same time, the Beiyang Army Joint School was established in the south of Baoding Army Military Academy, and later renamed the Army Accelerated School (the area from the provincial mental hospital to the municipal tuberculosis prevention and treatment hospital), which was abolished and changed to a barracks. People used to call these two military academies Baoding Military Academy.
Baoding Military Academy attaches importance to basic education. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was an army primary school in all provinces (at that time, Zhili Army Primary School was located in Yaocun, Dingxing County), and its students were mainly selected from the children of flag-bearers stationed in various places. Secondly, a Han student with excellent physical fitness and academic performance is selected from high primary schools in various counties. Their age is between 14 and 5 years old, and they all enjoy free treatment. After graduating from the army primary school, its outstanding students were promoted to the army middle school. At that time, there were four army middle schools in China. The first army middle school was in Qinghe Town, the second army middle school was in Nanjing, the third army middle school was in Wuchang, and the fourth army middle school was in Xi 'an. After graduating from army middle school, he was organized into a "student team". He lived in Baoding Military Academy for half a year and passed the rigorous training and examination. Only those who pass the exam can be promoted to the Army Military Academy. Therefore, the quality of military school students is relatively neat.
After the founding of the Republic of China 19 12, army primary schools in all provinces stopped enrolling students. Baoding Army Military Academy reopened, and the students enrolled this year were designated as the first phase of Baoding Army Military Academy. In the fourth year of the Republic of China (AD 19 15), four army middle schools were merged into two army officer reserve schools (one in Qinghe Town, Beijing, and the other in Wuchang, Hubei). In the sixth year of the Republic of China (A.D. 19 17), the last class of students who entered the army primary school had already gone to school, and the army officer reserve school had no new students. This summer, Qinghe No.1 Middle School Preparatory School enrolled a group of freshmen from Grade Two and above in ordinary middle schools (four-year system), all of whom were selected on the basis of strict examinations. In the spring of the seventh year of the Republic of China (A.D. 19 18), all the students who entered Baoding Military Academy from the former army primary school had graduated, and the Army Department changed the enrollment system. Baoding Military Academy recruits a group of students directly from ordinary middle school graduates. First, these students will be sent to companies under each division to serve as soldiers for nine months. After the expiration, they will pass the exam before they can enter the military school. This is the eighth student of Baoding Military Academy. In the sixth year of the Republic of China, 19 17, students enrolled in the Army Reserve Officers School were promoted to Baoding Military Academy in the tenth year of the Republic of China (192 1). This is the ninth and last student.
The main function of Baoding Military Academy is to train junior officers. The study period is two years, including five subjects: marching, cavalry, artillery, engineers and trench. The teaching contents and methods of Baoding Military Academy are based on German and Japanese military education and combined with the actual situation in China, and gradually get rid of the old training methods in tianjin railway station. The academic system is based on the Japanese NCO school, and most of the teachers are graduates of the Japanese NCO school. The first official headmaster was Jiang Baili.
After the founding of the Republic of China, in order to cultivate local forces, the provinces successively established the "Wujiang Guild Hall". In order to expand the military strength, each division also set up a "student corps." But only Baoding Military Academy is a well-equipped and well-trained military academy.
The faculty and the leaders of Keke also hired more students studying in Germany and Japan, as well as outstanding graduates from the Army University and our school. Education and training have always been carried out in accordance with the military division system. The captain is a major and serves as a technical coach in life management and military subjects, and the military subjects are served by lieutenant colonel instructors; Technical courses include chopping, physical exercise, martial arts and so on. , and by the technical instructor (usually captain), technical assistant to assist in technical training. In the eighth stage, the formation of students was reformed. Various services and arms are mixed, and general military courses and life management teams are mixed (except specialist training). The team leader has been promoted to the technical secondary school level, and the company is also responsible for eating.
The cavalry and the trench division are under the responsibility of the cavalry division captain, and the heads of arms and military instructors are reduced from lieutenant colonel to major.
Classroom education, at least half a day to teach courses, in addition to military tactics, weapons, surveying and mapping, building bases and model orders, but also add physics and chemistry, mathematics, history, geography and so on. Each class lasts one and a half hours. The demonstration manual is the guideline for the coach's military action. General knowledge and foreign languages are supplementary education, and civilian teachers are hired to enrich students' military knowledge and prepare conditions for gradually and comprehensively learning various military exercises. Technical training, first for all kinds of coaches on the playground, and then to practice in the coaching field. Field exercises, from simple to complex, then gradually enter comprehensive joint exercises. Live-fire shooting includes shooting range, horse-riding training includes racecourse, artillery training includes gun field, and engineers include earthwork field and bridge-building field. Blasting exercises choose places that will not cause harm. Auxiliary skills such as gymnastics, chopping, martial arts, etc. , there are professional instructors, all in the compound. The armory exercise was held in the equipment playground outside the back door of the school. Most of these trainings last for one hour, formal drills usually last for two hours, and field exercises last at least half a day. When the subject is complex and far away from the school, it will increase to one to several days. The big exercise also carries tents and cookers to organize life in the exercise area.
There have been two major riots in Baoding Military Academy, which seriously affected the teaching quality. The first time was in five years of the Republic of China (A.D. 19 16). Yuan Shikai failed to proclaim himself emperor. After being dissolved as a model group of minions to restore the imperial system, it was inserted into the sixth phase of the military school. Because there were too many grievances in the group, it caused the opposition of the students in the fifth phase of the school, which led to the war between the two sides. First hit with fists, bricks and sticks, and then move the knife and gun, causing casualties. Although the school tried to discourage it, it didn't help. Later, the Beijing government sent Yin Chang, a general of the War Department, to Baoding to subdue both sides before the conflict was resolved.
The second time was in the summer of the ninth year of the Republic of China (A.D. 1920), when the Zhi-Wan War broke out, Qu Tongfeng, commander-in-chief of the former enemy of the Anhui Army, was captured in Songlindian, and the fifteenth division of the Anhui Army surrendered to the Zhi army. During the summer vacation, the military academy was used as a temporary shelter. Because the 15 division was in arrears for several months, it caused dissatisfaction among junior officers, and there was a mutiny. The military academy was looted and set on fire, and it had to be closed.
In order to strive for an early start of school, the eighth cadet of the military academy organized a reunion to appeal to the dignitaries. Zhang is an engineering student, wearing the uniform of a military academy officer, pulling a rickshaw to attract customers on the streets of Beijing. The newspaper immediately published the news on the topic of "Officers and students pulling rickshaws". All the newspapers in Beijing published the news, which caused a sensation. Zhang's talk to reporters and Zhang's self-report were also published in the front page. Zhang's main idea is: I studied in Baoding Military Academy, aiming to serve the country. I have no place to live because the military academy was robbed by soldiers. I came to Beijing, and my life was empty. In addition to military uniforms, I am reluctant to give up. In order to make a living, I had to pull a rickshaw to live, earn my own living, give consideration to both public and private affairs, be aboveboard, endure difficulties temporarily and wait for school to start. I will continue to pull rickshaws until the military school starts. This action is also a great mockery of the Beijing warlord government. In the tenth year of the Republic of China (A.D. 192 1), school started in October. The ninth batch of students (that is, the last batch of students enrolled in the preparatory military school in 19 17) also entered the school at the same time. At this time, some instructors have left school to make a living, and the principal has changed hands, which has triggered a wave of salary demands and made teachers feel uneasy about teaching. The eighth and ninth students barely graduated.
Although there were some problems at the end of Baoding Military Academy, on the whole, the learning quality was still very high and it was recognized as the orthodox military education in China. With its good military quality, it has been paid attention to by military organs in various provinces in military education and staff service, and has become a military art system. When Dr. Sun Yat-sen founded Whampoa Military Academy, he also took Baoding Military Academy graduates as the backbone of military education. From the Revolution of 1911 to "Seven? During the July 7th Incident, a large proportion of graduates from Baoding Military Academy served as senior commanders. Although Chiang Kai-shek tried his best to cultivate his own system-Huangpu Department, the academic qualifications of Baoding Military Academy graduates are still the most reliable guarantee for military academy education. Since its establishment, Baoding Military Academy has advertised that "it is the duty of soldiers to defend their country and obey orders" and "it is important for soldiers not to ask politics", which has formed the characteristics of Baoding Military Academy students as professional soldiers.
Baoding Military Academy is famous at home and abroad, which is closely related to the emergence of talented people and their influence on China's modern history. After the reform in the Republic of China, only 1 1 year, the number of graduates reached 6553. Many graduates have become famous figures in the history of modern revolution in China and made immortal contributions to the revolutionary cause of the people of China. For example, Comrade Ye Ting is a famous military general of our party. During the Northern Expedition, the "Iron Army" he led frightened the enemy, and he served as the commander of the New Fourth Army during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period. Martyrs Zhao Bosheng and Dong Zhentang were famous leaders of Ningdu Uprising. Comrade Zhao Bosheng served as deputy commander and chief of staff of Wu Gongjun, and Comrade Dong Zhentang served as commander of Wu Gongjun, who made glorious sacrifices for the revolutionary cause successively. Comrade Zhang Kexia and He Jifeng, deputy commanders of the underground party member and the former Kuomintang 33rd Army, led the firewire uprisings of the 59th Army and the 77th Army respectively at the critical juncture of the Huaihai Campaign, which made great contributions to the successful victory of the Huaihai Campaign. Like Zhu Guo and Wang Changjiang, he also contributed to the revolutionary cause.
Many graduates of this school have become the backbone of the democratic revolution. For example, Mr. Li studied in the military academy that participated in the Revolution of 1911. In order to prevent the Qing army from attacking the southern rebels, he took the risk of bombing the Caohe Railway Bridge, and became the vice chairman of People's Republic of China (PRC) after liberation. Comrade Ji Fang served as the platoon leader of the death squads of the Northern Expeditionary Army in the Revolution of 1911 and also participated in the Yuan War. After liberation, he served as a member of the NPC Standing Committee and the sixth vice chairman of China People's Political Consultative Conference. General Zhang Tingfu, who was stationed in the fourth town of Wuhan (in the 28th year of Guangxu, A.D. 1902), led two battalions to conquer the Governor's Mansion during the Revolution of 1911 and was assassinated. Mr. Sun Yue, commander of the National Army and deputy commander of Beijing Garrison, joined the League when he was in Baoding Military Academy, and took his mansion (in the Temple of Fire, now the title of Happiness Street) as the secret assembly point for joining the League. In October, 13th year of the Republic of China, in A.D. 1924, with the cooperation of General Feng Yuxiang, he launched a mutiny in Beijing, arrested and imprisoned Cao Kun, president of the Beiyang warlord government, which promoted the historical process of China. After the national army led by him entered Baoding, the responsible party and trade union cadres imprisoned by Cao Kun and Wu were released, such as Chen, a member of the Railway Federation of Trade Unions and a cadre of Changxindian Branch, He Liquan, president of Baoding Branch, and Bai, vice president. Mr. He Sui joined the League in the Military Academy, and later served as the staff officer of Wu Luzhen, commander of Beiyang Six Towns. He actively assisted in overthrowing the imperial system of the Qing Dynasty and participated in the revolutionary action of establishing the Governor's Office of the Yan-Jin Allied Forces in Baoding. After liberation, he served as a member of the NPC Standing Committee Law Committee. In addition, there are Deng, Liu Yuexi, Chen, Wu Yiwu, Liu Ruxian, Zhou, Li, Shang Zhen, Wang Faqin, Xi Huang, Shen Tao, Wang Zizhai, Liu Jianfan, Ni Dexun, Zhang Wen, Tong Baoxuan, Zhang Bi, Weng Juqing, An Suyan, Liu Yaokui and Qian Dinghe. There are still many people who joined the revolutionary camp through tortuous roads, such as Zhang Zhizhong, Fu, Tao Zhiyue, Chu Xichun and Liu. Of course, many students in Baoding Military Academy have become the senior military and political leaders of Beiyang warlords and Kuomintang counter-revolutionary camp, such as Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Qun, who graduated from the Army crash school. Bai Chongxi (Minister of National Defense), Chen Cheng (Chief of Staff of the National Government), Li Shuchun (Deputy Chief of Staff of the General Staff of the National Government) and Qin Dechun (Deputy Chief of Staff of the Ministry of National Defense of the Kuomintang Government) all graduated from military schools, as well as Gu, Herry Liu, Xue Yue, Luo, Ma Fawu and other senior Kuomintang generals.
After the closure of Baoding Military Academy, Cao Kun moved Wujiang Pavilion to Caohe. After the fall of Cao Kun, Wujiang Pavilion was closed and became the barracks of the lineal, Fengxi and Kuomintang armies. Every time the guard is changed, the school building is destroyed. In 26 years and 1937 "seven? After the July 1st Incident, Baoding became an important stronghold of the Japanese invaders. After Japan surrendered in 34 years of the Republic of China, 1945, the school building was demolished. After the liberation of Baoding, it was converted into a farm and livestock farm. Although Baoding Military Academy has become a historical relic, its influence and deeds have left an important page in the modern history of China.
The former site of Baoding Military Academy 1993 was announced as a cultural relic protection unit in Hebei Province; In 2006, it became a national cultural relics protection unit.