1, family education
It is not difficult to find that most of the famous women in the history of the Qing Dynasty were born in aristocratic families, enlightened by their fathers and brothers, and became famous all over the world because of their family background. As mentioned earlier, Ban Zhao benefited from his father Ban Biao and his brother Ban Gu; Learn from his father Cai Yong, and Li Qingzhao learn from his father Li.
2. Brothel education
A woman who has fallen into a dusty art stream is beautiful and intelligent, but she was born in a slight cold. Her teaching method is to pass on her talent by mentoring and let it live forever. This is how Sai Jinhua's talent was acquired. The main reason is that China's ancient concept that men are superior to women deprives ordinary women of the right to receive formal education.
3. Temple education
Many frustrated women in ancient China fled into an empty net. With faith, they pass the time and kill their youth by meditation and chanting. Reading classics requires literacy, so the old people in the temple also play the role of teachers. Since the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Quanzhen Daoism was founded, and the life content of Taoist nuns in Taoist temples is generally similar to that of nuns, but the contents of monasticism are different because of the different scriptures they read. Because of the orientation of Buddhist and Taoist believers, their talents are mostly hidden in the secular world, so their influence on traditional society is less than the above two ways.
4. School education
Until today, the world still thinks that girls' school education appeared in the late Qing Dynasty. In fact, as early as the end of the Ming Dynasty, the maverick "madman" Li Zhi had openly recruited female disciples; Yuan Mei, one of the "Three Masters of Jiangyou" in Qing Dynasty, built a garden at the foot of Xiaocang Mountain in Jiangning, which was called Suiyuan, and was called Suiyuan Old Man in the world. He has openly recruited dozens of female disciples, and personally edited Selected Poems of Female Disciples in Suiyuan, and received 28 poems of female disciples. Among them, the most famous are Xi Lampe, Sun Yunfeng and Sun Yunhe. Chen Wenshu, a contemporary poet of Yuan Mei, also recruited female disciples. His female disciples' poems include those in Bi Xu Xian Pavilion. Wu Zao is the most famous female disciple in Chen Wenshu. Wu Zao, whose real name is Pingxiang, formerly known as Yu Zengzi, is a famous female poetess of Zhejiang School and author of Hualien Ci. Due to the growth of intellectual women, women in Qing Dynasty also set up literary groups. During the reign of Kangxi, Gu Zhiqiong founded Jiaoyuan Poetry Society, whose members mainly included Gu Si,
Zi Jingyi, Lin Yining and Qian were called "five sons of Bajiaoyuan" in history. In the middle of Qing Dynasty, the poetess Zhang Qingxi founded Qingxi Music Society, all members of which were from Wuzhong, and were called "Wuzhong Ten Scholars". Although these social activities, such as association and poetry writing, were repeatedly attacked by conservative forces, they were also strongly supported by enlightened literati and recognized by the society at that time. The scenes described in A Dream of Red Mansions, such as chrysanthemum poems, begonia associations, Hongyi Ling Xing and Xiaoxiang essays, are vivid portrayal of aristocratic women's literary activities in the Qing Dynasty.
It is the biggest negative factor to carefully examine the reasons for the backwardness and decline of women's education in China's history and exclude women from the imperial examination. The rise of imperial examinations in Sui and Tang Dynasties and their abolition in the late Qing Dynasty were the main ways for ancient intellectuals to gain fame and climb upward. However, although its regulations have been changing, it is a consistent tradition that women are not allowed to take the exam. It is a pity that there are no women in the imperial examination talent team. A Qing writer Pu Songling wrote Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio? Yan describes a talented woman named Yan who comes from a cultural family. Her husband tried again and again. She claimed that if she passed the exam, she could write the topic, but her husband disagreed. After Yan's wife was accompanied by men's clothing, they were brothers and returned to their original place. The world doesn't know the truth. Yanshi should have obtained, "sunchon fourth. Next year, he will become a scholar, be awarded Tongcheng Order, and have official management. Looking for Henan Road to seal the empire and enrich the princes "; "The elder brother of the Ming ding, there was chaos. I told my sister-in-law: tell the truth: so did my little husband. If you are a man, you can't stand on your own feet, and you are responsible for it. I'm afraid it will spread out, cause the son of heaven to question and make people laugh at the inner ear of the sea. Sister-in-law does not believe it. Taking off your boots and exposing your feet will be awkward at first, and your boots are full of flocs. " With the rumor, I am not sure whether it is true or not, but it is not groundless.
In fact, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, it became a common practice for women to study in scholarly families, and the development of women's talents was regarded as an important investment in future marriage. Scholars such as Mao Qiling, Yuan Mei and Chen Wenshu also recruited female disciples, and many poets sincerely appreciated women's creation and praised their talents. The emergence of a large number of talented women has become a very eye-catching landscape in the literary world of Ming and Qing Dynasties.
By the end of the Qing Dynasty, things were in a hurry. With the introduction of western progressive ideas and the acceleration of social progress, the imperial examination system was abolished and the number of women receiving formal education increased greatly. After the founding of New China, the tremendous energy accumulated by China women factor for thousands of years broke out in decades, and it can compete with a man in many fields, especially in the field of literature and art. The truly talented women are full of immortals and celebrities all over Kyushu, which makes the world sit up and take notice. Social progress and women's educational level are often mutually causal and complementary. Nowadays, men and women are neck and neck in academic qualifications, which is an important symbol of the progress of the times and the great fortune of the country and the nation.