The early development of a baby is similar to that of some animals. For example, mother butterflies usually lay their eggs in the middle of branches, and young butterflies must eat especially tender leaves when they are born. How can she eat tender leaves? Because the young disc is most sensitive to light, it climbs to the brightest place as soon as it is born, and that branch must be the most tender leaf. But when the young butterfly becomes strong enough to eat rough leaves, its light perception disappears completely. This process follows its inherent development law and is not controlled by any external force. Man has discovered the secret-children are self-developing.
The process of human growth is actually the process of psychological growth, not the process of intellectual growth, which is attached to psychological growth.
If we understand the scientific law of children's growth and let children develop naturally according to the inherent law of spiritual embryos, he will certainly become a talent.
Chapter 2 ~ The first step for children to know the world
Actually, skills are not important. Before the age of six, children don't need to learn any skills at all What they need to learn is how to master skills. "All children's intelligence develops from feeling to concept." "Guide children from sensory training to concepts." "There is nothing in intelligence that is not originally derived from feeling."
Words capture feelings, stabilize feelings, clarify feelings, deepen feelings, and make vague and fleeting feelings become clear objects belonging to him. Montessori said that this thing is called "intelligence". Intelligence is the development from feeling to concept.
Intelligence is this process, and the rise of every feeling in this process is mostly related to experience and experience. Children are born with this ability. This ability is different for everyone, and this process is different for everyone.
Chapter 3 ~ Where does creativity come from?
There is a consensus in the field of psychology that personality equals creativity. The process of cultivating people should be the process of cultivating personality. But we often misunderstand personality, thinking that naughty and irritable people are full of personality. In fact, people with personality have a unique feeling about the world and a unique mentality. The secret is that in fact, every life is born unique, but in the process of growing up and being educated, what we are born with is annihilated.
Chapter 4 ~ Children must feel for themselves.
Childhood is a period of starting sensory experience, creating sensory experience and being sensitive to sensory knowledge. At this time, if you get the result from your own experience, it becomes a part of your life and your own, but what others teach you is the sensory experience of others, and sensory experience is irreplaceable! Creativity cannot be taught.
Chapter V Psychology and Intelligence with Different Qualities
Beating and scolding children will cause stress and fear to them. This kind of pressure will overemphasize children's feelings about something, stimulate children's understanding of one aspect of something and ignore all of it. When a child who has been beaten and scolded has established a certain concept, what her eyes see is not the objective reality, but the stimulated thing. This world is not the original world, but the world he has processed. Stress makes children's grasp of things biased and unable to fully understand the essential problems. Suffering befalls the child. In the process of self-organization, those children who get love and tolerance have a clear and accurate grasp of things, because their discrimination ability has not been hurt.
Only through the cognitive process of the brain can we get the object, which is called intelligence. Some children are considered smart and quick-witted when they are young, but they are not good at learning and creativity in all aspects when they grow up. The reason is that someone taught him or artificially stimulated him.
Chapter 6 ~ Why do children like to do one thing over and over again?
We know that children like to do one thing over and over again. For example, listening to a story repeatedly doesn't bother you for ten days and a half. What is absorbed from the story is first the logic, then the situation, and finally the concept. Be sure to carefully choose books for your children and let them absorb good things.
Children like to touch wood. Nature is wonderful, and the essence of life may be linked with natural things. If we see a beautiful piece of wood on the road, a piece of wood as big as a square brick, you will definitely pick it up. If it's a plastic block, you probably won't pick it up.
Chapter 7 ~ Internal process of children's psychological development
The child's mind is not yet to the point where he can solve problems by "talking". He couldn't say it, so he cried. In addition to expressing emotions, crying is also a manifestation of children's mental retardation.
Children's thoughts are absorptive! Kindergarten teachers should be the best people. Kindergarten teachers can't be teachers in the general sense, but should be a true, good and beautiful psychologist. Teaching children to paint should be a true, kind and beautiful painter; Musicians who teach children piano should be true, kind and beautiful. But the reality is just the opposite. As Hegel said, "We have not changed the situation of' standing on the ground with our heads'".
Human development should be all-round. The difference between people lies in their feelings about the world. The finer and richer your feelings are, the better your life will be. The rougher your feelings are, the lower your life will be.
Chapter 8 Sensory Training-The Only Way for Children's Intellectual Development
You can't dictate teaching before you are six. The most basic sensory training is sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch.
Children are born artists, which we ordinary adults can't understand. Because the artist's mind is different from that of ordinary adults, watchmaking is reflected in color expression. Van Gogh used colors to express his feelings, Cezanne was obsessed with expressing the structure of objects with colors, and Monet tried to compose a composition with strange colors. He believes that only the simple eyes of children are true and impartial.
The so-called sensory training leads to the concept. The connotation of this concept is that sensory training is self-fulfilling. Because feeling must have its own experience, it will eventually produce a result-concept, so it is also called self-education.
Chapter 9 ~ Love is soil, love is sunshine, and love is everything to children.
Montessori kindergarten has a slogan: "Love and freedom, beauty and ideals."
"Love is patience, love is kindness, love is not jealousy, love is not boastful, not puffed up, not rude, not selfish, not angry ... just like the truth. Everything is tolerant, everything is believed, everything is hoped, everything is patient, and love is an endless wait. "
"Children are the father of adults, children are the father of mankind and children are the father of civilization."
Chapter 10 ~ From love to independence
Without independence, adults have no strength to bear the burden of life, otherwise, so many people will not give up their ideals in their thirties! If children are not independent, they are easily enslaved by external forces. He is always cautious. Under the long-term repression, the child gradually loses himself and becomes a lost lamb.
Chapter 11 ~ "Teaching" children may be enslaved children.
Don't teach your child anything, let him draw by himself and develop his creativity and thinking first. After he is six years old, his basic concepts are established, and then you teach him skills.
Chapter 12 ~ How to understand children
Children need a long time to observe and think. The younger the child, the longer it takes. After long observation, he will have insight and insight. The children will see through you. Long-term observation is also a kind of concentration. Montessori said: "Concentration is the quality of scientists." One can't succeed without this quality.
Chapter 13 ~ Freedom and discipline
With freedom, children will choose what they are interested in; Because he is interested, he will do it repeatedly and become focused; In the long-term concentration, he gradually perceived and grasped the law of things; Grasping the laws of things, he is willing to abide by them and has self-control. What kind of discipline can surpass this discipline?
Chapter 14 ~ Let go of old and backward educational experience and move towards understanding love.
Grandpa bought a beautiful car for his grandson. Grandson wanted to tear down the car and see why it left, but the family thought it was a pity to tear it down, so they hid the car on the top of the wardrobe. A few years later, the child grew up and took out the car at home, but the child had long since stopped playing. What family members deprive is not the car, but the opportunity for children to know the world.
Chapter 15 developing mind and mastering knowledge
For children, the first six years of life are as precious as gold. I know that many parents let their children recite dozens or even hundreds of poems during this time. Parents think it's developing intelligence. The situation expressed in poetry belongs to the world of adults, and it is impossible for children to understand it. Who knows what poems this will force children to recite?
Eric Fromm, an American psychologist, once said that "love", like other arts, needs learning to master. Just like studying medicine, you can't be born a doctor. You must become a doctor by studying.
Every parent must also learn and try to understand love. Austrian psychologist alfred adler said: "The real essence of maternal love is to care about the growth of children, that is, to care about the separation of mother and child."
How can children be loved when they grow up? Give children the opportunity to grow up, let them feel your love, and provide conditions and help for every detail of their development and life. These must be based on your understanding of children's life development, which is love.
Chapter 17 ~ Willing to obey because of love, but able to obey because of will.
Because of love, I am willing to obey. Because I am willing to obey, the obedience of children is almost infinite. My hands are numb, and my feet are blistered when I walk. They decided to obey in love and perform obedience in will.
Chapter 18 ~ Three stages of children's obedience
For children, obedience is a kind of glory and happiness. Think of lovers who love each other before the veil of love is lifted. How glorious he is when she asks him to do something! A submissive person is a self-fulfilling person.
In the first stage, children are sometimes obedient, but not necessarily, which may give you the impression of "willfulness".
In the second stage, children are no longer hindered by lack of control.
In the third stage, the child will be eager to obey, when obedience just turns to the person he thinks is excellent.
I love my teacher, and I love truth more.
Chapter 19 ~ How to form a child's excellent character
Many adults pursue truth, goodness and beauty, but this process is very difficult. They struggle with themselves most of the time and are ascetics all their lives. However, if a child develops a sound personality at the age of 0 to 6, kindness becomes his inherent driving force, and his life is to constantly improve himself.
The nation stands proudly in the world with its character, and people stand proudly in the society with its character.
A person's ability depends not on how many books he has read, but on the perfection of her personality. Such people have no psychological barriers. There is a power in people who have no obstacles. This kind of power drives him to concentrate all his attention on one thing and concentrate on doing it well.
Therefore, many people find that some people can develop well without education. Some people have a good education, but their lives are a mess. This shows at least one thing: you have read a lot of books, but you may still be incompetent. If you look at others and the world with a positive attitude, you will feel very comfortable. If you feel that you are in danger everywhere, everything is difficult, and someone will always plan you or obstruct you, you will be distracted and depressed, and you will not be able to concentrate on the most important issues. Triviality binds us to small things and keeps us away from our goals in life.
Chapter 20 ~ How to create a good environment for children?
"The environment must be alive, and teachers can pursue self-growth. If the teacher remains the same, it will be impossible to create a living environment for the children. " This sentence also applies to our parents. If an adult's living condition is rigid and closed, then the family environment created must be lifeless, which will restrict the growth of children. If the living conditions of adults are open and mobile, then adults can perceive the flow and growth of children's lives and help children grow up.
Russell said that when a person is born, it is like the condensation of water vapor in the air, turning into raindrops and snowflakes falling into the mountains and the ground; Just like the snow on the snowy mountain, it melts and becomes a stream, which gradually flows down; In adolescence, this stream is getting bigger and bigger, rushing and jumping, and the water is rushing; In youth, the Nujiang River will roar down. In middle age, it became the Yangtze River, and the current was wide and deep, magnificent; In old age, it is particularly broad and slow, with rich treasures and experiences, and finally flows into the sea. His whole development state should be like this. If there is such a state of development, the environment he created will be alive and full of vitality.
Chapter 2 1 on the physical and psychological problems of "eating"
Eating is an important area for children to build their minds in their early years. Eating can develop intelligence and build self-esteem and will. For example, if we take our children shopping, if you give them the right to "choose", they will refuse many tempting foods and choose what she needs most. This is a process of willpower building. But in fact, many of our parents want to interfere with their children.
Adults like all kinds of food on the table and taste everything. But children are different. Children sometimes eat the same thing and then eat nothing. Sometimes children like to eat meat, but they are reluctant to eat it, and then they may eat nothing for a day or even two. Adults began to worry and tried their best to let their children eat. Sometimes children eat it to comfort adults, which leads to indigestion, fever and tonsillitis. Think of the tiger in the forest. After eating a meal, they always don't eat for days, just drink water and hunt when they are hungry. I believe that children's stomachs are definitely not as good as tigers'. Why not let the children digest the meat? I often find my children always like this. Sometimes they eat a plate of meat, sometimes they only eat one meal, and sometimes they only eat vegetables. But judging from the diet for a week, the nutrition is still relatively balanced. He looks strong and happy and seldom gets sick. Long-term observation has made me understand that children's bodies know that they are hungry, and they can adjust themselves and their diet structure through their own feelings. So I often put different foods on the table, and the children choose their own time and food. Don't say, "No matter how hard we work, we all have to eat and sleep."
Chapter 22 ~ What's wrong with children?
In some traditional kindergartens, children can't move freely most of the time and have to sit at the desk and listen to the teacher. In this way, children lose the freedom and opportunity of self-development. For example, a child wants to play with water now, but the teacher asks him to draw. When wishes and actions cannot be unified, it is impossible for children to concentrate on painting. What should I do? He began to imagine, using imagination to make up for the activities he could not get. She imagined herself playing with water, or made up a story to comfort herself. After a long time, children's mental energy and activities are separated. People are divided. (This has yet to be verified ~ Ailian said)
A child has a psychological code in his heart, which is what we call a psychological embryo. Psychological codes need to be deciphered by children themselves when they grow up from 0 to 6 years old, and no adults can decipher them. If a child wants to get close to this goal, his inner psychological code will tell him that you should get close to this goal and work hard for it. He should walk over at this time, but this process is forbidden by adults. In order to achieve this goal, children may struggle with adults, but their strength is very weak. When children can't do what they want to do, they just rely on imagination to do what they want to do. Heart and activity are separated.
Freedom and letting children do what they want is the best way to treat fugue.
Fromm clearly tells us in The Art of Love that parents' true love for their children is to care about their growth. This is the best you can do. Because caring for people's growth is an extremely complicated and difficult process. If a mother cares about the growth of her children, it means not only the hope of a family, but also the prosperity of a society and a nation.
A game is a game. When we try to put our knowledge into the game, we will have psychological obstacles when we study for a long time. (? Is it? )
Ideas are wisdom, boldness is courage, and practice is strategy.
Chapter 23 ~ Is Montessori's educational thought suitable for children in China?
Education is a science. Early human education is basically like this. Everything laid before the age of six is the foundation of the whole life, not the foundation of a culture, a school or a major.
The purpose of education is to cultivate children's development potential, adapt to the environment and make use of it.
It is worth noting that one-sided understanding of Montessori education as operating Montessori teaching AIDS is an extremely dangerous signal, which may mean vulgarizing Montessori education, operating teaching AIDS for one or several hours every day, abandoning educational ideas and focusing only on educational methods. However, we believe that ideas and methods can not be ignored, ideas are more important than methods, and ideas determine the direction of education.
appendix
Love and freedom, rules and equality
Stimulate children's enthusiasm for growth with the emotion of love;
Use free space to determine children's creative enthusiasm and self-awareness;
Form children's social order and inner wisdom through internalizing rules;
Guide the harmony and civilization of the future society with equal relations.
Teachers love you because you are you, not because of anything else. I'm not because your story is good, I'm not because you got 100, I'm not because of what you did today, I'm because of you, and you are enough for me to love you. This is what we call the highest state of life. Life is noble, because life is noble, so the energy displayed in his life is love.
"My children have awakened the love in my life."
Love children and let them be themselves.
Being your own master is not what we thought before, but you can carry out your plan according to your own will, and your plan will not be destroyed by anyone.
Seven rules ~
What kind of freedom should children have when they grow up?