1. For the detailed content of anthropological "development and types of human society", human society and its development law 2009-10-1918: 00: 46 Source: Netease Education Channel posted 0 mobile phones to watch news content: This chapter requires candidates to learn and master the basic principles of historical materialism. Focus on understanding the dialectical relationship between social existence and social consciousness, the law of basic social contradictions, the driving force of social development and the fact that people are the creators of history, and improve the awareness and ability of correctly understanding history and reality and the law of social development by using historical materialism. Part three: the role of people in historical development. ※. People are the creators of history. Who is the creator of history? How to treat the historical role of people and individuals? This is a long-term puzzle in the history of social cognition. Historical materialism solved these problems scientifically for the first time. It not only reveals the motive force of social and historical development from the perspective of object, but also answers the role of people and individuals in social and historical development from the perspective of subject. (1) Before the emergence of Marxist philosophy, the dominant historical view was idealistic historical view. Based on the basic premise that social consciousness determines social existence, idealistic historical view denies that the mode of production of material materials is the decisive force of social development, obliterates the historical role of the people and advocates that a few heroes create history, so this view is called heroic historical view. The emergence of heroic historical view has its profound cognitive root, social historical root and class root. From the perspective of cognitive roots, it produces a heroic historical view. Mainly because it stays on the surface of historical phenomena, exaggerates and absolutes the role of a few heroes who are active in front of the historical stage, especially their consciousness, and puts the unknown people and their historical activities out of people's sight. From the social and historical roots, the generation of heroic historical view is lower than the level of social productive forces, and most people are engaged in the production of material materials. A few people engage in political rule and monopolize spiritual and cultural life. The broad masses of the people are in a helpless position in the private ownership society, exploited and oppressed, their enthusiasm suppressed, and their historical creativity has not been fully exerted and recognized by the society. However, a few exploiting classes hold economic and political power, and they are arrogant and overbearing. It seems that they are dominating history at will. This provides social soil for the emergence of heroic historical view. From the perspective of class roots, in order to safeguard the interests of the exploiting classes, thinkers dare not admit the historical role of the broad masses of the people out of class prejudice, but need to serve themselves with the heroic historical view. This is an important reason for the emergence and long-term dominance of the heroic historical view. Contrary to historical idealism, historical materialism holds that "all history is originally composed of individual activities, and the task of social science is to explain these activities". People are people in the real society. To explain the problem of historical creators, we must comprehensively, concretely and historically examine and analyze the role of people in social and historical development. (2) Realistic people and their activities are the premise of the existence and development of social history, which is composed of realistic individuals and their activities. The so-called realistic person is "not a person who is in some illusory isolated and fixed state, but a realistic person who is in the process of development and can be observed through experience and carried out under certain conditions." This realistic person is a person who engages in certain practical activities based on his own needs and social needs, is in a certain social relationship and has initiative. Only by treating people as realistic people can we correctly grasp the essence of people and their activities and the relationship between people and social history. Labor is the basic activity of human beings. Labor not only creates man himself, but also the essential strength of man is confirmed through certain creation. Labor is the most basic practical activity and the most basic way of human existence. The history of labor development is the key to understand the mystery of social history, as well as the process of social history creation and the creator of history. The first or most basic activity that people create history is productive labor. The realistic essence of human beings is the sum of all social relations. This is another important viewpoint of Marxism about human nature. It tells us that human beings are not just "classes". The essential attribute of human beings is social attribute, not natural attribute; The essential attribute of human beings is manifested in various social relations, especially in economic relations; The essence of human beings is changing and developing, not eternal. This view emphasizes the unity of individuals and society, and requires people to understand and grasp the essence and role of certain groups and individuals from certain social relations, including class relations. In a certain historical stage of social development or in different social relations, individuals or groups with different social attributes have different roles in social and historical development. (3) To understand and grasp the historical creators and their activities from the overall connection and specific process of social history, and adhere to the following principles when investigating the problems of historical creators: First, historical materialism is based on the overall process of social history to explore the problems of historical creators. Secondly, historical materialism examines and explains historical creators and their activities from the perspective of the inevitability of social and historical development. Finally, historical materialism examines the role and nature of human historical activities from different levels of the relationship between man and history. (4) The decisive role of the people in the process of creating history People are a historical category. People refer to all people who promote social and historical development in quality, accounting for the vast majority of the social population in quantity. In different historical periods, people have different contents. It contains different classes, strata and groups. The most stable people are always the working people and their intellectuals who are engaged in the production of material materials. 1. In the process of social and historical development, people play a decisive role. People are the main body of history. It is the creator of history. The role of the people in creating history is consistent with the process of promoting social progress by the basic social contradiction movement. In the process of solving the basic social contradictions, the people are social forces that conform to the requirements of the development of productive forces, have the desire to change the old relations of production, and advocate changing the old social system and old ideas. The general wishes and actions of the people represent the direction of historical development.

2. Historical significance. Let's learn from history and guide the future.

From the most utilitarian point of view, MBA teaching should be well deserved. MBA students study to earn more money in the future, which should be the most pragmatic. So what do they study? Ford, Taylor, Ichiro Honda and Dell, whose family history is far or near, are not classic cases of courses such as marketing and human resource management? It is important for people to learn from daily life, but if someone can preserve, sort out and refine it and then spread the essence to the whole world, the effect will be greatly improved. History is actually the experience and lessons of predecessors. If it is handled well and used by us, no matter individuals, enterprises or countries, it will certainly benefit endlessly.

Of course, many friends here mentioned the artificiality of historical research. For this problem, I think from the perspective of personal use history, teachers should consciously cultivate students' independent thinking ability, especially for subjective things, they should pay more attention to the process of analysis rather than the result.

For example, Zeng Guofan, you said he was a bad guy, but he said he was a good guy. What's the point? He is not my neighbor, and he will not give me money or shave my head. It doesn't matter whether he is a good person or a bad person. The key is to see where his words and deeds are good and bad. Why say yes, why not? What is worth learning and learning from? Get rid of its dross and take its essence. This is the purpose of our research.

Besides, enhance national self-esteem and self-confidence. Personally, we should not simply be proud that we were born in China.

Because people are actually equal, China has a splendid history of thousands of years, which was created by our ancestors. It doesn't mean that our generation is from China, so we are superior to others, and it doesn't mean that we are smarter and more capable than others. Learning our history is by no means for us to show off to others.

But we also have something to be proud of. We should be proud of our hardworking and intelligent ancestors and have the confidence to create a more brilliant tomorrow for ourselves. Be proud of our country and love it from the bottom of your heart. From the point of view that the country uses history as a tool, it is necessary for the country to instill history into all citizens in order to enhance people's sense of belonging, honor and overall cohesion. Only in this way can the country develop better and faster, which is why many things have no guiding significance for our future life. We still need to protect and explore them, because these are our common historical origins as China people and a solid foundation for maintaining our relationship and enhancing our mutual recognition.

In addition, from the strategic perspective of the survival and development of the whole country, we study history to understand our neighbors and the world we live in.

3. The significance of history is an inherent need. Each of us is eager to know our own human history and always asks "what happened to us and where we came from". This inner desire for time and space can fill the panic about the living environment. And history, although a little far from ourselves, is still in this sense. Learning and understanding the sense of span brought by history can greatly lengthen people's attitude towards life.

Second, the needs of life, the role of history is not reflected in a certain thing, nor is it a temporary response with any strategy in the story. It permeates all aspects of people's ideas and lives, just like the "educational function" mentioned by an old gentleman in the audience at that time. To be exact, it should not be an educational function, but a warning. As for history, we haven't lived to know the truth of history. What we can know is the influence of these historical carriers on the cultural field. We know that these people who wrote history at that time had mixed understandings of things, and such understandings were often different from history. Just compared with literary creation, historiography has less ideas, less perfection of echo and more real vicissitudes, including helplessness. We learn and understand history, which virtually enriches our experience. How should I put it? What a leisurely walk it is when we ordinary little people can accept and transform our lives from a historical perspective.

The meaning of history literally means what happened, recorded in words, so that future generations can understand it.

I think:

The existence of history can let us know what happened, and we can refer to it when similar situations happen, so that we can avoid detours;

It allows us to sum up the law of the development of things and better promote social development and change.

It can give spiritual support to a nation and a country, produce strong cohesion and centripetal force, and transform it into a powerful material force in the process of people understanding and transforming the world, and unite as one in the face of difficulties;

When we are uncertain about the future, we can strengthen our goals, enhance our confidence and ensure that we will not lose our way;

We can learn from it and face challenges more calmly.

History mainly plays a reference role, and its role is intangible. Whether it helps or hinders depends on how to understand and use it. In my opinion, escaping from history is escaping from reality. There are many reasons, such as the need to maintain harmony, the need to maintain political power, the need to obtain higher interests through behavior or other reasons.

5. How to understand the role of all ethnic groups in the historical development of China? The Chinese nation is the product of historical integration. The Chinese nation is the most populous nation in the world and one of the oldest. As Mr. Fei Xiaotong pointed out: "As a conscious national entity, the Chinese nation was born in the confrontation between China and western powers in the past hundred years, but as a free national entity, it was formed by thousands of years of historical process." (See Selected Works of Fei Xiaotong, Beijing Normal University Press, 1992, p. 602. The Chinese nation is the product of historical integration. As early as the late Neolithic Age, many tribes and tribal alliances have emerged in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, resulting in different and interactive cultures. In the ancient legend of China, the Yellow Emperor defeated the Yan Emperor. The joint victory of Yan and Huang over Tai Hao, the abdication of Yao, Shun and Yu are all historical traces of conflict and integration in the external development of the tribes in the Central Plains. Archaeological findings prove that around 3000 BC, the Neolithic culture in the lower reaches of the Yellow River-Longshan culture in Shandong Province had a great influence on Longshan culture in Henan Province and Longshan culture in Shaanxi Province, the inheritors of Yangshao culture in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. There is an interpenetrating connection. Liangzhu culture (the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), which is roughly equivalent to Longshan culture in Henan, is more closely related to Longshan culture in Shandong. In the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the development of the Han nationality has been formed. According to some historians, Xia's ancestors developed from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River to the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and Shang's ancestors developed from the lower reaches of the Liaohe River to the Central Plains. The ancestors of the Zhou Dynasty developed from the Weishui River Basin to the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties formed a unified feudal slavery country. The ancestors of the Chinese nation, ten thousand years ago, had millions of people. At the beginning of Zhixia (2 1 century BC), there were13.55 million people. In the heyday of the Western Zhou Dynasty (11-8th century BC), the population reached about 20 million. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (77 BC1-2266 BC), with the merger, the original imperial capitals of Dongyi, Xirong, Nanman and Beidi merged with the Chinese nation in the Central Plains, forming a situation of "five people building the world together". The original Qin, Chu, Wu and Yue have all been sinicized. Despite the constant war, due to the progress of science and technology, the development of productive forces and the expansion of territory, unprecedented reunification was achieved in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty (the second year of Emperor Hanping, namely AD 2). The Han nationality was basically formed in the Han Dynasty. The Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 220-589) was another peak of the integration and development of the Chinese nation. During this period, not only the residents in the Central Plains were more integrated, but also a large number of ethnic minorities in the northwest and north were further integrated with the Central Plains. During the Sixteen Kingdoms Period in Wuhu, Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jiedi and Biandi were transformed into ethnic groups. Residents in Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and other places have extensive and profound exchanges and integration with residents in the Central Plains. By the Tang Dynasty (AD 6 18-907), the territory and population of the Chinese nation had expanded and increased unprecedentedly. At the peak of the Tang Dynasty, the total population was about 80 million. During the last thousand years (960- 19 1 1), the development of the Chinese nation became more mature. In the Song Dynasty (960- 1279), Liao, Xixia and Jin were established in the north. The vast area north of the Great Wall is further unified and integrated. Among them, Nuzhen established the State of Jin (115-1234), which pushed her power to the north of Huaihe River and established its capital in Beijing and Kaifeng successively. The Yuan Dynasty (127 1-6554) and the Qing Dynasty (A.D.1644-191) were established by Manchu. The entry of ethnic minorities into the Central Plains has expanded and strengthened the relationship with the Han nationality, and also promoted the integration of ethnic groups and the Han nationality in the conquered areas. The territory of the Yuan Dynasty was extremely vast. Under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, not only the residents of the Central Plains and the northern regions were further integrated, but also the relations between the ethnic groups in the northwest and southwest regions and the ethnic groups in the Central Plains were further strengthened. At the same time, Central Asian residents who believe in * * * religion have flooded into China, taking them as the main body and forming a huge population on the basis of absorbing indigenous people. Today's territory of China was formed in the Qing Dynasty (because many territories were occupied by foreign powers in the late Qing Dynasty, the territory at that time was larger than it is now). In this beautiful and rich land, the Chinese nation composed of dozens of ethnic groups has matured. The population of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty reached 208.09 million in 3 1 year (A.D. 1766) and increased to nearly 400 million (398.94 million) in Daoguang 13 year (A.D. 1833). In modern times (AD 65494), all ethnic groups in China were more awakened and their national consciousness was constantly enhanced. "Forty million compatriots went to the national disaster together to resist foreign aggression" became a unanimous voice. The establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) marks the complete maturity of the Chinese nation. Since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) for half a century, the Chinese nation, composed of 56 ethnic groups, has achieved complete national reunification and true equality among ethnic groups. The integration of all ethnic groups has also developed to a new stage. This is a national community with distinctive personality and profound commonness, which is a great power accumulated in the past ten thousand years. Second, the characteristics of the historical integration of the Chinese nation. The nations with a long history and a large population in the world are the products of long-term and extensive integration, and they also have common laws. The integration of the Chinese nation is more typical. It has at least the following four characteristics: 1. Throughout the development history of the Chinese nation for nearly ten thousand years, the hinterland of its integration is the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, and the core of its integration is the Huaxia nationality, followed by the Han nationality. Before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, foreigners, Rong ethnic groups, barbarians and Germans competed to extend to the Central Plains and were finally integrated by the Chinese nation. "Five people create the world together", so does the Han nationality. The main reason is that ethnic minorities from Saibei and the Western Regions invaded and even occupied the Central Plains. In the end, most or even all of them were sinicized, which expanded the number of Han people and improved their quality. It was on this basis that the Chinese nation was formed. The population of the Han nationality accounts for more than 90% of the total population of the Chinese nation, which is because the Han nationality has integrated a large number of other components in its long-term development. As a result of this integration, the range of activities of the Han nationality has gradually expanded. 2. The profundity of content was first formed by the Yellow River.

6. The Importance of History Reading history makes people wise.

This "wisdom" is very rich in connotation: first, by studying history, we can understand what happened in ancient and modern China and abroad and broaden our knowledge; Second, everything has a cause and effect. At present, any phenomenon in human society has its past and is closely related to it. Just like you are 14 years old today, your existing figure, personality and knowledge are all related to your past growth. When you understand the past, you will understand the present.

For example, the embarrassing relationship between China and Japan is related to Japan's invasion of China; * * * Terrorist attacks are the legacy of historical conflicts between regimes or countries; Wait; Third, history will not repeat itself, but it is similar to some extent. If you know history, you can predict its essence and development trend and help you make a decision. Do you know "one country, two systems"? Its wisdom is to make two kinds of people live in harmony and meet their different habits and needs in a corresponding way.

This is the creation of * * *, but his inspiration also comes from history, such as the "North-South official system" used in the Liao Dynasty, "Governing * * * with Han, and governing the people with state." Are you clear? Draw experience, lessons and enlightenment from history.

In short, when you study history seriously and with interest, you will find that your own ideas will be different, and you will see the problem more thoroughly and clearly than others. This is the wisdom that history has given you. I chose history when I graduated from high school, and I majored in history in college. Now she is a middle school history teacher. I once doubted my choice, but with the deepening of my study, I became more and more aware of how happy I am.

Ha ha. Students majoring in history can not only be history teachers, but also be administrators. They can also enter the museum as lecturers, researchers and staff.

Compared with other subjects such as English, it may be that the scope of employment is not too wide. I suggest you take it as an interest and read more history books. It's not that professionals don't need to read too much, but that reading works of cold gold is more suitable for interested people.

I wish you find wisdom and happiness in your historical interest.