What should Laura do? The film demonstrates three hypotheses respectively. In each hypothesis, Lola got the money, but due to different methods, the ending of the story was quite different: in two hypotheses, Lola or her boyfriend died, and in the other hypothesis, everyone was happy.
Laura often bumps into some people while running. However, in each hypothesis, due to the subtle differences in time and roller movement, the situation of those who were hit will also change: either at different times or in some hypotheses, they were not hit.
Interestingly, the fate of this man has also changed. This subtle difference brings a series of butterfly effects, and the same person may be lucky or unlucky.
The topic returned to education. As the saying goes, it takes ten years to plant trees and a hundred years to cultivate people. Education is a serious topic, which should not be sloppy. However, education is also special. As far as educational purposes are concerned, every parent has different expectations for their children. Although parents will say, "I hope my children have a good future!" " However, what is the standard of "promising"?
Every child is a special individual. The environment in which he grew up, the things he encountered, the relationship between his parents, his school education, his appearance and posture ... The world seems to be accidental in complex connections, but in fact it must have shaped him. Every child is a roller, or someone who has been hit by a roller. The world is so magical and full of mystery.
For parents who work day and night for their children, there is often a hope that they will find the golden key to educating their children in a book or an example. Does this key really exist?
Every child is a person being shaped. The world is so complicated and changeable, what will parents' babies become?
In the final analysis, is there a way to tell parents what to do to make their children grow up healthily in a changing world?
This is the truth that world-famous educators have been pursuing all their lives. In this chapter, we try to make a brief review of several influential educational methods in the world. These time-tested educational methods can be described as wonderful flowers in the educational garden, but limited by space, we can only pick the essence.
We still want to emphasize that under these seemingly universal truths, don't forget that every child is a special individual. They have their own thoughts and actions and need to go their own way.
Parents in particular should not forget their influence. It is the influence of parents that determines the eyes of children to see the world. Parents are angels waiting for their children. Parents' education is to give their children invisible wings, strong or weak, colorful or monotonous. Parents will guide their children, like Lola, what choices they will make and what kind of mentality they will have in an emergency.
The golden key is in the hands of parents. Apart from parents' "maverick" approach, educators' suggestions become meaningless.
1? Carl Witt: Comprehensive Education Method
/kloc-in 0/800, German country priest Carl Witt had a son, Carl Witt Jr., but Carl Witt Jr. was a very unhappy baby. The father said sadly, "What crime is this?" How could God give me such a silly child? However, the news that Carl Witt had a son spread like wildfire. Since then, there has been one more thing around people, that is, talking about the growth of little Victor.
It turns out that Carl Witt, who has a unique view on education, once vowed to train his son into an extraordinary person to prove his point of view is correct. So, what is the conflict between his views and the educational thoughts at that time?
At that time, people thought that the most important thing for children was talent rather than education. Children's education should start at the age of seven or eight. Karl witte, on the other hand, believes that the most important thing for children's growth is education, not talent, and education for children must also start at the same time as their intellectual dawn.
Although his son was not satisfactory, Carl Witt carried out his plan in a down-to-earth manner. Many things happen. Under his education, when Little Witt was four or five years old, his abilities in all aspects had greatly surpassed those of children of the same age. At the age of seven, Carl Witt Jr. was already famous. The elites from all over the country came to test him with suspicion, and all of them stuck out their tongues and went back. At the age of 9, Little Witt got the king's special permission to enter the university. At that time, he was proficient in translating poems and articles in French, Italian, Latin, English and Greek, as well as literature, history and geography. /kloc-when he was 0/4 years old, Little Witt got a doctorate in philosophy, and he also gave a math lecture in Hanover without a paper. By the time Carl Witt 18 was young, he had become a professor at the University of Berlin.
Carl Witt proved his view is correct with facts: although children's talents vary widely, as long as they are properly educated, it is entirely possible for children with low talents to achieve greater success than children with high talents but no good education. Taking an oak tree as an example, they said: if it grows in an ideal state, an oak tree can grow to 30 meters high, but it is very difficult to really grow to 30 meters high. Generally, it may be around 12m or 14m. If the environment is bad, it can only grow to 6 -9 meters. But if you take good care of it, the oak tree may grow to 18 meters or even 25 meters. Similarly, even if a child grows up with the potential of 100 degrees, if left unchecked, he can only become an adult of 20 degrees or 30 degrees at best. But if the education is good, it may reach 60 degrees or even 90 degrees of an adult-that is, it may realize 60% or even 90% of its potential ability. The ideal of education is to make children's potential ability reach 100%.
Carl Witt also believes that children's potential ability is declining. A child with a potential ability of 100 degrees can only become an adult with a potential ability of 80 degrees if he is educated from the age of 5, even if he is well educated; 10 years old, you can only have 60 degrees of ability at most. Carl Witt advocates education from the birth of children. He believes that before the child is born to 3 years old, the brain accepts the future things differently. Their memory of things is not remembered after analyzing their characteristics, but through observation, their impressions of things are printed into their brains intact. This "model education" in infancy will determine a child's life.
Carl Witt's education for his son is strict, but he didn't base his education on his son's pain. On the contrary, he attaches great importance to cultivating little Witt's interest, never cramming, but explaining it to his children through every inch of his life. Different from other children, Serena spent most of her time playing and exercising, but with the help of her father, she found many problems in her life and gained rich knowledge.
Although Little Witt was a blockbuster, karl witte didn't want to train his son into a scholar with only professional knowledge. He said: "I just ... try my best to cultivate him into a healthy, lively and happy young man ... I like people with all-round physical and mental development." Take my son for example. Whenever I see that my son is only keen on Greek, Latin or mathematics, I try to correct his tendency at once. People think that I am only keen on developing my son's brain, which is wrong ... the so-called scholars ... those young people with common sense and wide hobbies are ordinary people, and those who are good at communication and have an interesting life are belittled. How can I train my son to be such a scholar? "
So Carl Witt attaches great importance to cultivating his son's hobbies. In their house, anything that is not interesting and harmonious will never be put, and there are evergreen flowers around the house. He also pays great attention to edifying his son's sentiment. As long as Little Will did a good deed, he immediately praised him: "Well done!" He also made a "behavior record" for Little Witt, and recorded his good deeds on it as a permanent memorial. With his encouragement, his son became a full-spirited, healthy and lively teenager.
Carl Witt's educational methods have influenced many people. These include Dr. Cedez, a famous American psychologist, and Mrs. Steiner, a language professor at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania. After studying and educating Karl Witt (published by 19 18), they were deeply touched and began to train their children with the help of the methods in the book and their own understanding. As a result, little Cedez 1 1 was admitted to Harvard University, and Mrs Steiner's daughter Winifred was able to write poems and essays at the age of 3, and published articles in newspapers at the age of 5.
2? Saidez: gifted education
1905, 6-year-old little Cedez went to primary school like other children. He went to school at 9 o'clock in the morning and was classified as Grade One, but when his mother came to pick him up at noon, he was already a junior three student. In this year, little Cedez finished his primary school.
Dr. Cedez once introduced him like this: "Cedez is only 12 years old this year, but he is very good at advanced mathematics and astronomy, which often give graduate students a headache." He can also recite the Iliad, Odessa and other original works in Greek. Later, he was good at classical Chinese and read the works of Aeschylus, Sophocles, Aristotle and Lothian, just like other children read Robinson Crusoe. He also likes to compare languages and theology, and has rich knowledge of ethics, ancient history and American history. I am also familiar with China's politics and constitution. "
Is such a child really not a child prodigy created by God? Cedez gave an explanation in his immortal book Vulgarity and Genius, telling everyone that this is only the inevitable result of an advanced educational method.
How did mediocrity come about? Sedz believes that children who are trained according to certain norms will be restricted, disciplined and suppressed, and will inevitably become mediocre when they grow up. Because they were made lifeless in childhood, their longevity was denied from the beginning. Therefore, the lucky little Cedez was born without any constraints and repression. In infancy, he was not bound by swaddling clothes and ate when he was hungry; He is seldom accused loudly, but always loved and protected; He spent most of his time playing, but it took him very little time to finish the courses that other children had finished in eight years.
Little Cedez's efficient study comes from his strong interest and enthusiasm for learning-he has always studied voluntarily. Father never tied him to a desk, but often took him to nature. Almost all the knowledge he acquired was mastered in the state of near play. Once, his father brought him some glasses. He put them on his eyes playfully, and soon he was dazzled. Then, he looked back and forth at the distance with a nearsighted lens in one hand and a farsighted lens in the other. What did he see? The spire of the distant chapel suddenly appeared in front of him! From then on, little Cedez understood the principle of the telescope and made his first telescope. Another time, while playing outside, little Cedez found an injured kitten, so he took it home and begged his father to cure it. So, Cedez found his doctor friend and cured the kitten's injury easily. This incident fascinated little Cedez with physiology and medicine. He thinks knowledge is really a wonderful thing!
Children's curiosity is precious. In order to satisfy curiosity, some children will take apart the clocks at home, and some children will keep asking questions and upset their parents. Cedez believes that these things need to be handled carefully by parents. Cedez once saw his brother-in-law fighting because the child took off his pocket watch. At that time, Cedez stepped forward to stop him, but he said, "You are still protecting him. Look what he did to my watch! " The child sobbed and said, "I didn't break the watch ... I ... I just wanted to take it apart and see what was wrong ..." The child left home the next day. When his family found him, he was with a circus and refused to go home.
Cedez always understands the problem from the child's point of view and pays attention to protecting the child's mind from harm. He always tries his best not to let children have negative emotions such as frustration and fear. He believes that "a blow can only turn a child into a coward and an incompetent person." It can destroy children. " Quality is also his focus. He believes that a person should be bold and not afraid of failure, and the quality of parents is a mirror of the quality of children. "The so-called near ink is black, near ink is black. All the qualities of children are learned from others. " Seitz said.
Another discovery of Cedez is that music can make a "genius". He noticed very early that when little Saizi in the cradle cried, he would stop and smile happily as soon as he heard the sweet piano. He applied this discovery to education and achieved good results. He concluded that if young Cedez can be called a "genius", then music is the potential factor for him to become a "genius".
3? m？ s？ Steiner: Natural Education Method
When her daughter/kloc-was 0/2 years old, Mrs. Steiner wrote her educational experience as m? s？ Steiner's natural education method expounds the importance of early education. Many viewpoints in the book confirm each other with Carl Witt's educational methods, but more elements are added. Especially for parents with girls, some of these ideas are worth learning.
The Importance of Mothers Mrs Steiner believes that mothers play an irreplaceable role in children's education. It can be said that the future fate of children is sometimes manipulated by their mothers. Those who are not prepared to take on difficulties or hand them over to nannies might as well not be mothers.
The role of prenatal education is that no mother will give her baby harmful things, but they don't pay attention to their diet when they are pregnant. In fact, the mother's food has a great influence on the health of the fetus. In addition, the mother's mood is also very important. A mother who often cries during pregnancy is likely to make the fetus stunted. Some mothers don't want to have children, so they have a grudge against the fetus in their bellies. Physiologists say that the fetus will feel, and such a fetus will not feel happy after birth. Therefore, if you want to raise a healthy baby, your mother should eat reasonably and keep a good mood when she is pregnant.
Education begins with training the five senses. Mrs Steiner believes that children's abilities will never be developed unless they are developed and utilized. So, she began to train her daughter from listening. She can't sing, so she adopts the method of reciting. She found that with the change of poetic tone, the children's reaction also changed. In addition, she bought a Jason Chung with seven music scores and tied it with different color hair bands to cultivate children's sense of hearing and color. There are many such Tao: crayons, color picture books, and copies of famous paintings ... Winnie likes them very much. "I will never force her to do anything. Children are living things, so it is natural to constantly exert her energy. " Mrs Steiner said, "I just want her energy not to be wasted. Children always have something to do, they will never eat their fingers because they have nothing to do, and they will be depressed or even cry because of boredom. "
The functional language of language is a tool of thinking. The so-called means to develop children's minds is to start teaching children languages as soon as possible. If parents can step up their efforts to teach their children accurate language before they are 6 years old, this child will certainly develop rapidly. Mrs Steiner also stressed that children should not be taught that incomplete language. "I have been trying to speak accurate and beautiful English to my daughter since she was born." Winnie is less than 1 year old. A friend said to her, "Winnie, let me see your woof-woof." Winnie corrected, "It's not the bark, it's the dog." My friend was very surprised.
Typewriters were very popular in Mrs Steiner's time. So she used this tool to teach her daughter to type and practice spelling. Winnie learned to write poems and articles on a typewriter before she was three years old. It is much easier to learn to write with a pen after that. Winnie also likes reading very much. Mrs Steiner pays great attention to the choice of books. She believes that what a person reads at first often determines his reading preference throughout his life.
When she first became interested in mathematics, Winnie was very resistant to learning mathematics, which gave Mrs. Genstein a headache. Later, she found out that Winnie didn't like math because her teaching method was wrong. One-digit math professor suggested that she start with numbers. So Mrs Steiner brought her daughter into the digital world with games. As the game becomes more and more complicated, my daughter's interest in mathematics is growing.
Not only is the game the same as Little Witt and Little Cedez, but Winnie also gets a lot of knowledge from the game. In order to make her develop in all aspects, Mrs Steiner played a game that matched her. For example, "blindfolding" games can develop the sense of touch, making dolls can enhance the flexibility of fingers, and "card games" can improve memory.
It is also necessary for children to cultivate social skills. Winnie was the president of the American Youth Peace League. Once, she came into contact with a teenager who was tired of the world because of paralysis. In order to help him, she taught him Esperanto. Children soon become lively, communicate with children all over the world in Esperanto, and live a very fulfilling life.
4? Montessori: Special Education Law
/kloc-One day at the end of 0/9, a special exam was being held in Rome. It is special because the test questions are specially prepared for normal children, but some of the candidates are mentally retarded children. However, the result is even more unexpected. All the mentally retarded children have passed the test, and their scores are not worse than those of normal children.
It was Montessori who created this miracle. At that time, he was the principal of the Italian National School for Special Children and the first female doctor of medicine in Italy. The achievement comes from Montessori's practice of his own point of view: the mental illness of children's psychological defects is mainly an educational problem, not a medical problem, and educational training is more effective than medical treatment.
Faced with these achievements, Montessori is not satisfied, but thinks deeply: Why are normal children's achievements not better than those of mentally retarded children? If mentally retarded children can achieve this result, can normal children do better?
Montessori's conclusion is that the intellectual development of most normal children is delayed by incorrect educational methods.
Montessori believes that the future of mankind depends on most normal children, and their education is a major event that cannot be ignored. To this end, she left the high position of the principal, returned to Rome to re-register as a student, and began to study the scientific education methods of normal children.
Seven years later, Montessori Children's Home was formally established and became the experimental base of Montessori's educational theory. To this end, Montessori said: "In the past seven years, I have always had a hunch that the principles of educational methods that have been successfully applied to children with mental retardation must also be applied to normal children, and the effect must be better." So, what are the aspects of Montessori's educational thought?
Children prefer "work" to games. In Montessori's vocabulary, the word "work" appears frequently. Her so-called "work" generally refers to the operation of combining hands and brains and coordinating body and mind. She believes that work is a human nature and a human characteristic. "The child's' desire to work' symbolizes a' life instinct'. In a smooth environment, the instinct of this kind of work will naturally emerge from the inner impulse. " Therefore, it is necessary to write teaching AIDS suitable for children (Montessori prefers to call them "working materials"). Montessori found that children like to operate teaching AIDS and get satisfaction and fun from them. In Montessori's teaching AIDS, teaching AIDS have replaced toys and become important assistants. According to human senses, Montessori designed various unique teaching AIDS, such as a pink tower made of 10 pink wood, to train children's sense of touch and vision.
What is the law of human success? Just like children are born to grow taller. Montessori believes that life develops naturally. From the moment of fertilization, life follows the laws of nature and starts its own activities according to the predetermined plan of nature. What drives development is "internal demand".
When a newborn baby is hungry, it will look for milk fragrance by itself. It is under the impetus of "internal needs" that human beings seek what they need and achieve the goal of becoming talents. So are the children. Therefore, independence is not only the purpose of children's growth, but also the condition for children's growth. If adults blindly choose instead of children, children will become passive containers and the natural order of children's growth will be disrupted. On the other hand, children who lose initiative will also reject passive arrangements, lose interest in exploring things they don't like and don't need, and have no desire to learn.
Adults should respect children's "inner needs". In addition to letting go, support is also important. For example, "internal demand" allows children to learn to adapt to the environment, and adults can build bridges for it to make the adaptation process smoother. Montessori called it a "prepared environment", and her "Children's Home" is a model.
The golden age of education Montessori believes that life starts from the day of conception, and education should also start from that day. The golden age of education is 0-3 years old. During this period, with the internal help of "absorbing mind", babies will unconsciously absorb a large number of external impressions, thus completing the accumulation from scratch. At this time, his brain will develop rapidly, and the older he is, the more difficult it will be to inspire and cultivate. The research of modern scientists also proves Montessori's point of view.
Montessori also attaches great importance to children's sensory training. She put forward the viewpoint of "sensitive period", and believed that all kinds of organs have a certain sensitive period during the growth of children. If his needs are met during this period, his senses will develop rapidly with twice the effort. She even broke the routine and put writing before reading, which achieved good results.
Freedom and Order "Freedom" is the basic principle of Montessori education, but this freedom is based on order. Montessori allows children to freely choose and operate teaching AIDS according to "internal needs", but when playing the next thing, the first thing must be put away. She disapproves of using corporal punishment or rewards to induce children to observe discipline and study, thinking that this can only have the opposite effect.
5? Spencer: Happy Education
Spencer was a famous British educator at the end of19th century, and an advocate of modern western science education thought. He believes that "the long-standing misunderstanding of education only regards education as an ascetic life in a serious classroom, while ignoring natural education and self-help education that are more meaningful to children." Therefore, he put forward the concept of "escape education and happy education", emphasizing that "the education of children should follow psychological laws and conform to the natural order of children's psychological development", thus revealing the essence of science education and becoming a milestone in the history of modern education.
Spencer's idea comes from his thorough understanding of children's nature. For example, all children will be interested in something. They may spend an afternoon observing the activities of a nest of ants, but they don't want to spend 20 minutes reciting a poem. Parents may think that children's observation is a waste of time, but they don't know that children can learn a lot from it under the correct guidance. When Spencer discovered that his son was interested in ants, he joined his son's "interest group". On the first day, they just looked; The next day, Spencer came up with a "research plan": What do ants eat? How to divide the work? What kind of job? Take what? A series of questions aroused little Spencer's interest, and the research lasted for a summer. Little Spencer not only learned a lot of knowledge, but also unconsciously learned the method of systematic learning.
Spencer also emphasized the importance of a good family environment for children. He believes that if parents really love each other, there is no need to explain to their children what friendship and kindness are; If the family atmosphere is equal and harmonious, and family members appreciate each other, children will learn to be considerate and care for others.
Spencer believes that if children want to grow up happily, they must cultivate their happy, confident and positive personality. To this end, we must avoid some misunderstandings:
Excessive criticism "You are so stupid! Such a simple question will not! " Swearing at children is actually a sign of disrespect for children. Children also have self-esteem, self-confidence and self-love. If their normal needs are distorted, they will have physical defects when they grow up.
All children want to attract their parents' attention. For children, indifference and numbness are the most deadly behaviors.
It is the fault of many parents to leave regrets to their children. They impose their own choices on their children and create their own regrets with their own hopes. When children are exhausted by their parents, success is out of reach. And truly wise parents know how to help their children find their own strengths and talents and go their own way.
Ask children to be perfect. "This is not good for you, and that is not good either!" Why not look at the advantages of children? Don't parents themselves have many shortcomings? Excessive picky will only make children lose self-confidence and feel that they are useless.
6? Suzuki I: Talent Education
/kloc-one night in 0/955, Matsumoto Conservatory of Music in Japan welcomed a group of distinguished guests-the famous Vienna Art Academy Choir. In order to welcome the guests, 30 children and pupils from the Conservatory of Music played Bach's Roddy Concerto.
The members of the choir were all surprised. They didn't expect a group of children to perform such a difficult song so well. "miracle! Really unimaginable. " The choir director said, "May I listen to the children's solos?"
It is pointed out that a first-grade pupil. He played Bach's Concerto No.1 E Short Tune very well.
The youngest child is the next to be ordered. She played Vivat's g? Moore's concerto is equally wonderful.
The choir members were shocked at first, and then deeply moved. Who created such a miracle?
He is Mr. Ichiro Suzuki, a famous Japanese educator and musician.
As early as the establishment of Matsumoto Conservatory of Music, Suzuki said: "I am not very interested in running a conservatory of music. What I have been doing in Tokyo is to help people in the art world correct some shortcomings and mistakes. What I want to do is early childhood education, and I want to educate children with my new ideas and methods, instead of cultivating geniuses. Through years of repeated research, I am full of firm confidence in how to cultivate and improve children's ability by playing the violin. Therefore, I intend to devote myself to this education in the future. If you agree with me, I can help do some work in this area. " In this way, Suzuki launched a talent education movement centered on Matsumoto Conservatory of Music. This movement was evaluated by American media as "the revolution of violin education law initiated by Suzuki".
The so-called "violin education method" is to make children's brains fully active by teaching them to play the violin, so as to obtain excellent abilities. This ability is not only manifested in music, but also in the academic performance of children with excellent musical performance trained by Suzuki. An intelligence test of children who graduated from kindergarten talent education and training shows that the average IQ of these children is around 160, while that of ordinary children is 100.
However, these children were not specially selected by Suzuki for experiments. In other words, he is just a part of ordinary children. Suzuki believes that ability is not innate, but acquired in the process of constantly adapting to the living environment. In particular, the vigorous vitality of childhood can never be resisted, and educators should have the correct ability to develop children's inner feelings. This is Suzuki's "ability training rule".
Suzuki emphasizes the influence of environment and family on children. In order to cultivate a child into a kind, sensitive and capable person, his family life must be full of joy and love. So, to what extent is the child's ability cultivated? Suzuki's answer is, to the highest point of cultural ability in that era. "If the children of the Stone Age are now adopted and educated by me, it will probably not take long for them to be trained into young people who can play violin sonatas created by Beethoven." Suzuki said.
Suzuki is very concerned about the inner world of children. He believes that adults should "heart-to-heart" with children in order to truly understand them. Children like to make public rather than blame, like to learn from games, like to explore with their own interests, and like to go from easy to difficult. These are the laws of natural science. Adults' utilitarian mentality and skepticism often hinder children's development.
7? Do Hu Hui: Practical Education
In 1980s, with the rapid development of Japan's economy, education has become a topic of concern to the whole society: people have realized that education is no longer a kind of consumption, but an investment. There are not a few educators who hold this new concept of education, and Do Hu Hui is one of them.
Unlike many educators who are good at theory, do Hu Hui pays more attention to the practicality of education. He believes that the best way to improve children's ability is not to let parents become "practitioners of education." Because parents should not only understand their children's unique psychological dynamics, but also constantly explore ways to educate their children in life and study practice according to their personality characteristics.
Many Hu Hui's works are rich. Here are some examples of his views:
Teach children how to make their brains smarter. Do Hu Hui thinks that people