Children are neither born good nor born evil, but born irrational, so they are immoral. At the beginning of life, children do not have the ability of rational autonomy, but they must be guided to develop this ability through education.
Education cannot simply include forming a habit (for example, by rote memorization), because habitual action is not a moral behavior. The purpose of all education must be to finally guide children to think independently and become truly moral, independent and action-oriented individuals.
Kant's concept of "autonomy" was deeply influenced by Rousseau. Rousseau's famous view is that "obeying the rules we set for ourselves is freedom". The main point of this view is: 1. Obeying the rules is freedom. There has never been arbitrary behavior in the world. Only activities within the framework of rules, systems and laws are free. His bottom line is not to interfere with others and society. This "rule" is "we made it for ourselves", which has two meanings. First, the subject of this rule is "oneself" rather than others, and second, the purpose of this rule is "for oneself" rather than others. What we create ourselves is not imposed by the outside world or others. If you obey the "rules" imposed by the outside world or others, it is undoubtedly painful. What about freedom? Our own rules are freely revealed and grown from our hearts. They are pure natural, green and ecological. Formulating for ourselves means that this rule must conform to our own heart, and it also means that after such a rule is formulated, we should consciously, voluntarily and rationally abide by it. 3. "We" does not refer to an individual, but a group, which refers to "all rational people".
Kant believes that our rationality is autonomous, because his fundamental theoretical principle is not trying to compete with external reality, but the law stipulated by rationality for itself and thus for the empirical world. Moral law is also the law that reason sets for itself. Only when this behavior is purely for self-interest, it has moral value. The main fact of moral law is that it is an unconditional obligation. Morality must force us only because of our rationality, not because we may have any special desires or preferences. That is, morality is recognized as binding by all rational people, which forces us to respect the intrinsic value of all rational people.
Therefore, education should strive to cultivate "rational people". It is necessary to guide children from "the state of being forced by natural desires" to "the state of doing proper behavior just because they understand that it is proper behavior".
How can we cultivate children to form moral quality? The educational process is divided into three parts: cultivation, training and teaching or training. In the "nurturing" stage, children's natural needs for food, warmth and emotion must be met, and in the "training" stage (when children grow up), training should be strengthened. If children are left to their own devices, they will remain animals, and they will never become teachable if they act on their direct impulses. Therefore, they must be forced to control their own desires as a necessary prerequisite for developing rationality. But this compulsion must be kept to a minimum, and the child must be allowed to have the maximum freedom consistent with his own safety and the freedom of others. In the stage of "teaching or training", children must develop their thinking and understanding abilities and learn the skills and knowledge they need in adulthood. In all these teachings, children must never be taught to do things mechanically, but must always be guided to understand the meaning of what they do. It is the ultimate goal of education to guide children to understand the unconditional value of virtue and rebuild the habit of just behavior that gives a correct foundation.
In addition, because the development of human beings from the natural state of infants to the autonomous state of adults is similar to that of the whole human beings, the main task of education is not only to develop personal moral quality, but also to strive to achieve human perfection.
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