With the embryonic form of accounting legislation, the Central Committee of the Zhou Dynasty set up the position of "chief accountant", which is the highest accountant. Its main responsibility is to use copies of books, figures, official documents, household registration, maps and other documents to assess the work of officials at all levels and to check and listen to their accounting reports.
Warring States period
The Jurisprudence compiled by Wei Wenhou Li Li is the earliest written code in China, which contains many provisions related to accounting. Most importantly, it clearly stipulates for the first time in the history of China that accounting books and security are protected by law. In addition, in the accounting law and miscellaneous law, there are also specific provisions on accounting vouchers, accounting seals, warehousing and measurement.
Qin dynasty
The provisions on accounting in the law are more specific. For example, in the law in force, it is strictly stipulated that accountants must be honest and upright, the accounts are consistent with the facts, the records are accurate and the calculations are correct. At the same time, specific provisions are made on issues such as accounting handover and property loss.
Han Dynasty
Provisions have been made on the setting and classification of accounting books, the registration method of accounting books, the calculation of accounting units and profits, the custody and inventory of accounting vouchers, accounting reports and property, and a relatively complete system has been initially formed. For example, the Accounting Law specifically stipulates the procedures and time for the allocation of accounting books, and severely punishes those who fail to report in time or make false reports.
Tang and song dynasties
Historically, in the heyday of China's feudal economic development, the "four-column inventory settlement method", which laid the foundation for today's account balance, was produced in the development of accounting methods. In the setting of accounting institutions, Bibu, an institution specializing in auditing, was set up, and accounting legislation was also more perfect. It not only stipulates that those who violate the accounting system will be severely punished, but also limits those who conceal and repeat economic reports and make false payments to be severely punished. The relevant provisions even stipulate accounting reports.
Yuan Ming Qing dynasty
In some important codes at that time, there were corresponding provisions on the accounting system, which were more specific and perfect than before.
After the Revolution of 1911
Due to the expansion of foreign political and economic exchanges, a large number of successful accounting theories and practices from the West were introduced into China, which promoted the process of legalization of accounting work. In March, 2005, the Senate of Beiyang Warlord passed the first relatively complete accounting law in China's history, which consisted of nine chapters and 36 articles, and was called "People's Third Accounting Law" in history. Later, some professions were promulgated. However, due to the fall of Yuan Shikai, the Beiyang Army was divided internally and the warlords all over the country were fighting, which made it unable to play its due role. 1938+0935, the Kuomintang * * also promulgated the "Accounting Law", 10 chapter 127, the content is detailed, specific item by item. In addition, the accounting law was later promulgated by 1945.
The establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC).
In 1949 and 12, the Ministry of Finance set up a special agency to manage the national accounting work, and the accounting legislation was gradually carried out. In 1950s and early 1960s, a series of professional accounting systems were issued mainly in the name of the Ministry of Finance, which formed a relatively complete system of accounting laws and regulations.
The eighties
Economic development and reform and opening-up policies have accelerated the pace of accounting legal system construction. 1985 1 The promulgation of the Accounting Law, which was deliberated and adopted at the ninth session of the Sixth National People's Congress on May 26th, marked the birth of the first basic legal document on accounting in People's Republic of China (PRC). The establishment of the socialist market economic system has put forward a series of new topics for accounting work.
the nineties
199365438+On February 29th, the Fifth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress made a decision on amending the Accounting Law of People's Republic of China (PRC). The revised "Accounting Law" has expanded the scope of implementation, and the position and role of accounting work has become more prominent, which is more suitable for China's own accounting reform and the need to integrate specific affairs with international practices; 1October 10, the 12th meeting of the Ninth National People's Congress revised the Accounting Law again, and its specific provisions are more suitable for the requirements of economic development for accounting reform. 36860.88868888686
Briefly describe five stages of the development of public administration. Public administration can be divided into three different stages of development: pre-traditional stage, traditional public administration mode stage and public administration reform stage. Each stage has its own management mode. The transition from the previous stage to the next stage is not easy, and the transition from traditional public administration to public administration has not yet been completed. But it's only a matter of time.
Because the theoretical basis behind the new model is very strong. This reform movement is called "new public administration". Although this name has caused controversy, it is not only booming, but also the best embodiment of the management model adopted by most developed countries. The traditional administrative model is a great reform compared with its era, but that era has passed.
First of all, the pre-traditional model
Obviously, some form of public administration already existed before the theory of bureaucracy was perfected at the end of 19. Public administration has a long history, with the rise of government concept and civilization. As Gladen pointed out, since the emergence of the government, a certain management model has existed.
Second, the traditional public administration model.
/kloc-At the end of 0/9th century, another model became popular all over the world, which is the so-called traditional administrative model. Its main theoretical basis comes from scholars from several countries, namely Woodrow Wilson in the United States and Max Weber in Germany, who are related to the bureaucratic model; Frederick taylor systematically expounded the scientific management theory, which also originated from the application of American private sector and provided a method for public administration. Unlike other theorists, Taylor did not pay attention to the public sector, but his theory has a wide influence in this field. These three theorists are the main influencers of the traditional public administration model. For other countries, we should add Northcote and Qu, who have exerted an important influence on the administration of countries outside the United States, especially Wilson's administrative system. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, Northcott and Qu first put forward the idea of appointing officials by examination and morality, and put forward the views of justice and administrative neutrality.
Third, the new public administration management model
In 1980s and 1990s, a new management mode appeared in the public sector, aiming at the defects of the traditional administrative mode. This method can alleviate some problems of the traditional model, and it also means that the operation of the public sector will change significantly. This new management method has many names: managerialism, new public administration mode, market-based public administration, post-bureaucratic mode or enterprise. By the late 1990s, people were more and more inclined to use the concept of "new public management mode".
Please briefly describe the four stages of the development of accounting computerization. The development of computerized accounting has gone through four stages: the initial exploration of manual bookkeeping, the promotion and development combined with other businesses, the infiltration and integration of accounting professional judgment, and the integrated management of ERP system combined with internal control.
(A) the preliminary exploration of simulating manual bookkeeping
The primary stage of realizing accounting computerization and accounting computerization.
(2) Promotion and development combined with other businesses.
In the rich development stage of accounting computerization, more accounting subsystems have been introduced to form a complete accounting software system, including accounting processing subsystem, report processing subsystem, current management subsystem, salary accounting subsystem, fixed assets accounting subsystem, material accounting subsystem, cost accounting subsystem, sales accounting subsystem and so on.
(C) the introduction of accounting professional judgment infiltration and integration
The advanced stage of the development of accounting computerization has realized the computerization of accounting management.
It is based on the information provided by computerized accounting system, combined with other data and information, and with the help of the theory and method of decision support system, it helps decision makers to make scientific decision-making plans.
(D) Integrated management of ERP system combined with internal control
Internal control is divided into internal accounting control and internal management control.
The module used to process accounting data in enterprise resource planning (ERP) software applied by enterprises also belongs to the category of accounting software.
Five stages of the development of foreign management thoughts 1
Traditional management stage
The earliest management activities of human beings began with primitive family groups.
With the continuous expansion of human practical activities,
The social organization structure has also developed from simple to complex.
Management activities also extend to all areas of society. 18
In the 1960s, the western countries represented by Britain began.
After the first industrial revolution, people began to put scientific ideas
When applied to the management process, there are many outstanding contributions.
Thinkers, economists and management scientists have entered biographies.
In the stage of unified management, its representatives are Adam Smith and Cha.
Jules Babbage and robert owen.
(1) Adam Smith's Division of Labor and Economic Outlook
Human point of view. Smith published The Wealth of Nations in 1776, realizing that
Because division of labor can improve labor productivity, and
Put forward the view of economic man, thinking that people are in economic behavior
Pursue completely private interests.
(2) Charles Babbage's homework research and remuneration.
System. Babbage published Machinery and Manufacturing in 1832.
Industry economy ",that is, to improve work efficiency, we must
Studied the working methods in detail, and put forward the salary.
The profit distribution system is a modern labor wage system.
It has made important contributions to the development and perfection of.
(3) Personnel management in robert owen. Owenti
It is necessary to shorten the working hours of workers, raise wages and improve
Housing, and reform experiments in their own enterprises prove that:
Only by attaching importance to people's role and respecting people's status can we manufacture factories.
Make greater profits.
In the traditional management stage, management is basically in products.
The experience stage created scientific management for Taylor and others later.
The management system laid the foundation and began to move from empirical management to scientific management.
Management transformation.
2
Classical management theory stage
Classical management theory came into being from the end of 19 to the 20th century.
In the 1920s, the school divided management into three main parts.
Function-planning, organizing and controlling. Classical management theory
Theories mainly include scientific management theory and classical organization theory.
Open.
2. 1
scientific management theory
This school of management thinks that we can start from the perspective of "science"
Point analysis of completed work and supervision of labor,
Through the analysis of objective facts and the application of experience
Data should be able to find the best way to get the job done.
(1) Taylor's scientific management theory. Taylor 19 1 1
The publication of Principles of Scientific Management has laid a solid foundation for scientific management.
The cornerstone of theory. Its theory mainly includes the following six aspects.
Face: determine reasonable working standards; Working method standard
Change; Rational distribution of workers; Differential piecework wage system; implement
Functional foreman system; Exception management.
(2) Lillian Gilbraith and Frank Gil
Bryce's principle of simplifying work. Mr. and Mrs. Gilbraith.
Great progress has been made in action research and labor simplification.
Break, and summed up many different characteristics in labor.
Action, improve labor efficiency.
(3) The principle of Gantt's work plan. Gant's contribution
Mainly includes: Gantt chart, task bonus system, non-money
Factor theory. Gant also believes that improving efficiency is the most important source.
Spring is the working method of managers, not workers.
(4) Harrington Emerson's efficiency principle. bend
Lyndon Emerson's thought is embodied in 12 efficiency factor.
Then, it explains how to use resources effectively. Emerson
Sen also noticed the classics used by military personnel.
The position and function of testing and consultant.
2.2
Classical organization theory
Taylor's scientific management theory prevails in America.
At the same time, French organizations represented by Fa Yueer came into being.
Development of management theory, management thought and management theory.
Made outstanding contributions.
(1) Fa Yueer's general management theory. Fa Yueer
19 15 publishing industry management and integrated management, the first time.
Put forward management plan, organize, direct, coordinate and control.
Function, and established the basic principles of 14 management.
(2) Weber's administrative organization theory. the Kingdom of Wei（220-265 A.D）
Bob's main contribution to management thought is to put forward "principles"
Think of the administrative organization model. " Weber will be an ideal government.
The characteristics of organizational system can be summarized as: clear division of labor and clear hierarchy.
Grading system, personnel appointment and full-time management personnel
Change and abide by the rules and regulations and the relationship between people in the organization.
Wait a minute.
(3) James Mooney's organizational principles. Mooney
According to my own experience in the enterprise and * * *, to
Studies of other types of organizations indicate that in each organization
In the whole, that is, in the whole, there is a structure of tasks and powers.
Have a professional division of tasks and power levels. admit
Because there are natural organizational rules or principles.
(4) Lindahl urwick's management principles.
The administration of Lindahl urwick was published in 1944.
Principles of Management is an important milestone in literature management. Strategic points/disasters
Wick learns about the management process from Taylor
Scientific investigation is the guiding principle, and the composition management is pointed out.
Three functions of management process. Urwick of the Moon according to the law.
Analysis principle of control function. Finally, he concluded
Indirect objectives of management: order, stability, initiative and creativity.
Collective spirit.
The hypothesis of human nature of classical management school is "economic man"
Assumption management method emphasizes institutionalization, standardization and regulation.
The goal of modeling and management is to pursue the efficiency of enterprises, which
Its contribution is not only to confirm the field, function and
Principles, etc. Many modern management techniques belong to this school.
Direct product of.
three
Behavioral science theory
The scientific management theory represented by Taylor pays more attention to it.
Date of receipt: 2008-12/08
Development course and trend of western management thought
Wang Ming, Zhang Yongfeng, Zhoushi
(
Shandong University of Science and Technology Jinan Campus Jinan City, Shandong Province
25003 1)
Western management thought has experienced from the traditional management stage to the modern management theory stage.
、
A profound change from material-oriented to people-oriented
Investigate the development of western management thought.
It is beneficial to correctly absorb and digest its advanced management ideas.
Realize the development of management science
. In the production process, organizational control research is aimed at people.
Factors are less noticed. Although scientific management prevails,
Some management scientists have begun to pay attention to the study of people in management.
Problems, the development of a new school-behavioral science.
School.
3. 1
Interpersonal relationship management
The most important representative of interpersonal relationship theory is beauty.
American behavioral scientist Elton Mayo. From Mayo to Hawthorne
Through experiments, the following viewpoints are obtained: ① People are fake "social people"
Settings; (2) There are informal organizations in enterprises; ③ Leadership.
The strength lies in improving employee satisfaction. Mayo interpersonal relationship
Departmental theory overcomes the shortcomings of classical management theory and lays the foundation.
The basis of behavioral science is introduced.
3.2
Behavioral science theory
Maslow is the main representative of behavioral science theory.
"hierarchy of needs theory", Herzberg's "two-factor theory"
On ",McLelland's achievement motivation theory, McGregor.
"X theory -Y theory", Lei Wen's group dynamics theory,
Black and Morton's "management grid theory" and so on. behaviour
Science is the development of both management theory and management practice.
To sum up, its appearance and development make enterprises and managers re-understand.
Recognize the status of employees.
Behavioral science theory regards the management object as "society"
People "and" self-actualized people "think that employees are hard-working and well-equipped.
Self-discipline, creativity and courage to take responsibility,
Dominated by spiritual needs, that is, management.
The task of a researcher is to create a job that enables people to give full play to their talents.
As an environment, give subordinates more autonomy and encourage subordinates to participate.
And management and decision-making.
four
Modern management theory
Modern and contemporary management theory started from the Second World War.
Since its formation, management theory has followed scientific management and behavior.
Following the scientific theory, the development of management theory and practice
Fruit, formed a hundred schools of thought contend, a hundred schools of thought contend situation, with
Management theory is unprecedentedly prosperous, which is called "management theory".
On the stage in the jungle.
The management college process is contracted by French management experts.
Joel founded and thought that management is a universal and practical management.
Process, pay attention to the research of management process and function, theoretically
On this basis, the general management principles are summarized.
Establish management theory.
Barnard in the United States is the main representative of the system school.
Watch this. System theory holds that organizations at all levels of society are small.
Every department of the enterprise, even the whole society, is
The cooperation system consists of two partners.
One person's system.
The representative of the school of decision theory is Simon of America.
And March. This school has absorbed behavioral science, system
Basic theory, operational research, computer programs and other disciplines.
Developed on the basis of. They believe that decision-making runs through management.
In the whole process, the organization is composed of individuals as decision makers.
A system consisting of.
The representative of the empirical school is the Germans in the United States.
Luke, Dell, Si Long, etc. The school believes that related companies
Industrial management science should be based on the reality of enterprise management.
Development, taking the management experience of large enterprises as the main research object,
Generalize it, theorize it and then teach it to enterprises.
Industry managers and students.
The quantitative school regards management as a measuring tool and method.
Methods, and help managers to carry out complex production.
And make decisions on operational issues. They believe that as long as they manage
Management, organization, planning and decision-making are a logical process.
It can be expressed by mathematical symbols and operational relations,
This problem can be expressed by a mathematical model.
The earliest researcher of contingency theory school is British.
Ms. Woodward, this school believes that management should be based on
The specific conditions of the organization are random. This school
Based on the open system theory, each group has its own emphasis.
The weaving environment and internal subsystems have their own characteristics.
And directly affect the design and management of the organization.
Although the management thought of "jungle stage" is from the perspective of research,
Each has its own emphasis, but they all break through a single perspective.
Naive and narrow-minded, I began to look at the enterprise with complex eyes.
People and things, study management problems in a systematic way. Eager hope/persistence
Nader and his successors Simon and March put forward the "decision"
The hypothesis of "human" has made great progress in understanding human nature.
Take a step. However, the management thought in this period had a certain process.
Pay more attention to business strategy, financial control and group.
However, hard factors such as organizational design exist in management concepts.
And the tendency to treat people like things.
five
Contemporary cultural knowledge management stage
Modern management theory developed to the 1980s.
At first, management theory and practice developed rapidly.
Exhibition, formed a new trend of thought of modern management theory, such as money.
Strategic management theory represented by Deller and Ansoff.
Total quality management represented by Deming and feigenbaum.
Theory, etc. , is for management theory and management practice.
Outstanding contributions, especially organizational culture and cultural management.
Theory has an important influence on management theory and practice.
The theories of organizational culture and cultural management mainly include Ipa.
The "7S" management theory, represented by Ska and others, is ouchi's
Z theory, Shengji's learning organization theory, etc.
The "7S" management theory represented by Pascal, etc.
It is strategy, structure, system and people that determine the success or failure of an enterprise.
Staff, style, skills, common values and other seven key factors.
Elements, form a complete network, ignoring any one factor.
It will affect the coordination and management of the whole network.
Ouchi tried to "Japan's business management model"
The success of the United States ",put forward both in line with American culture and
Absorb Japan's super-long pipe management mode and brand-new knitting mode.
Z-organization, and try to distinguish in McGregor.
Based on "X Theory" and "Y Theory"
When breaking through.
Shengji combines western system dynamics with eastern culture
Combined with the methodology of holistic view, the idea of "five practices" is put forward.
Learning organization concept based on refinement. Learning organization
It is the innovation of organizational management theory, and its essence is to connect people.
The organic combination of organization and management makes the concept of "people-oriented" come true.
Run through the whole design and operation process of the organization.
Organizational culture and cultural management theory introduce culture.
Management, people-oriented and culture-oriented.
Means, broke through the traditional management mode, open.
It has opened a new realm of western people-oriented management and enlightenment management.
Humanistic trend of ideological evolution.
In short, management is essentially the management of people, but also the management of people.
It is the basic analysis unit for studying human beings, organizations and management.
The emergence of humanistic management thought is also a social and historical article.
The product of management science is an objective social history.
And the requirements of practice. On the one hand, as knowledge becomes a classic.
The leading factor of economic growth, knowledgeable people become the driving force.
The "primary productive force" of economic growth has become a decisive factor.
Management performance and the benefit of the whole enterprise are the most fundamental factors, and it is necessary to
Humanistic management has become an inevitable trend of management development.
Potential. On the other hand, the rapid development of science has given people
The material life of mankind has brought about great changes, but it has also brought
There is an irreversible negative effect that people gradually realize.
To oneself is the ultimate goal of mankind, and so is management.
People-oriented management has become the inevitable choice of modern humanistic care.
choose Implementing humanistic management and promoting people's all-round development
The ultimate goal is the inevitable trend of the development of management thought.
Briefly describe the four stages of attachment development: 1 and early attachment (from birth to 6 weeks).
Inherent signals-grasping, smiling, crying and staring into adults' eyes-help babies to start intimate contact with others. Once the adults react, the baby encourages her to stay nearby, because intimacy makes them feel comfortable. Babies of this age can recognize the smell and voice of their mothers. However, they haven't formed an attachment to her, because they don't mind staying with unfamiliar adults.
2. The "attachment in formation" stage (6 weeks to 6-8 months). At this stage, babies react differently to familiar caregivers and strangers. With the communication between babies and their mothers, they experience that sadness can be alleviated, and they know that their actions can influence the behaviors of people around them. They begin to develop a sense of trust-expecting caregivers to respond when they signal. However, even if they can recognize their mother, the baby will not protest when they are separated from her.
3. "Clear" attachment stage (6-8 months to 18 months -2 years old).
Now, the attachment to familiar caregivers is obvious. Babies show separation anxiety, and when the adults they depend on leave, they will become sad. The emergence of anxiety means that the baby has clearly understood that anxiety still exists when the caregiver can't see it.
In addition to protesting the departure of parents, older babies and toddlers are trying to keep him alive. They prefer to approach, follow and climb on him. Moreover, they regard familiar caregivers as safe bases (safe bases regard caregivers as bases to explore the environment and get emotional support from them).
4. Formation of interactive relationship (18 months to 2 years and above). By the end of the second year, the rapid development of representation and language enabled toddlers to understand the comings and goings of their mothers and predict their return. As a result, separation resisted the decline. Now, the child negotiates with caregivers and uses requests and persuasion to change her purpose.
At this time, the baby began to consider his mother's wishes, needs and emotions, and realized that his mother's departure was temporary, not abandoning him. Her mother loves him and has established a bilateral relationship with him. Research shows that almost all babies can form some attachment relationship with caregivers at the age of 1 year. )
Please briefly describe the ten stages of China's poetry development. China's poetry has a long history, which can be roughly divided into four periods and ten stages: the so-called pre-Qin period is its germination and maturity. After thousands of years of primitive poetry, it can only be called pre-art; When the curtain of civilization was opened, poetry was still in its infancy in the Xia and Shang Dynasties for more than a thousand years. It was not until the Yin and Zhou Dynasties and the end of the Warring States that the two cultural and historical paths, The Book of Songs and Songs of the South, developed into real poems. In the transition period of feudal society in the Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period, China culture was basically formed, and different schools of poetry aesthetic consciousness of Confucianism, Taoism and Qu Sao appeared. This laid a glorious starting point for the development history of China's poetry.
Four stages and ten stages: germination and maturity (pre-Qin); Expansion and development (Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties and Two Songs); Deepening differentiation (Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing); Synthesis and melting (modern, modern).
Five stages of water supply development (1) flood control construction stage
(2) the stage of water supply construction.
(3) Priority protection stage of water resources
(4) Landscape construction stage.
(5) ecological restoration stage.
What are the five stages of China's poetry development?
Anyway, I remember the Book of Songs-Chu Ci-Yuefu-Han Yuefu-folk songs in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties-Tang poetry-Song ci-Yuanqu-Ming and Qing novels-modern poetry.
Three stages of the development of Zhuzi's prose. Zhuzi's prose refers to the works of various schools in the Warring States period, which reflects the ideological tendency, political opinions and philosophical views of different schools. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "a hundred schools of thought contend and nine streams converge." Representatives of various schools of thought have written books and published their own social and political opinions. All kinds of philosophers' articles have their own styles.
Its development can be roughly divided into three periods. The first period is the late Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period. The main works are The Analects of Confucius, Laozi and Mozi. The second period was the mid-Warring States period, and quotations were still popular, but they were not just records of later learning like The Analects, but the collective works of a group of teachers and apprentices. Memory is not limited to a single quotation, but generally takes the form of dialogue. His major works include Mencius and Zhuangzi. The main features are rich words, fluent reasoning, and many fables and metaphors in writing. Mencius is based on dialogue, full of eloquence, vivid discussion and magnificent momentum. Zhuangzi's reasoning and argumentation are characterized by unrestrained writing, rich imagination and extensive use of fables and romanticism. The third issue is the late Warring States period, which completely got rid of the bibliography and became a monograph. They are no longer the collective writings of a school, but the personal essays of scholars; It is not based on refutation, but on positive arguments. This is the result of a hundred schools of thought contending constantly. His major works are Xunzi, Han Feizi and Lv Chunqiu. The main features are rigorous argumentation and penetrating power. Xunzi's prose is analyzed in detail, and repeated metaphors and arguments are very reasonable. Han Feizi is sharp and incisive in writing, detailed in analysis, good at explaining abstract truth with simple fables, and powerful in arguments. They all had a far-reaching influence on philosophical prose since the Han and Wei Dynasties.
Briefly describe the three stages of educational technology development: 1. 1.2.
As a new field of educational technology, most people in the field of educational technology in the United States regard visual teaching, which arose in the field of American education in the 1920s, as the beginning of the development of educational technology. However, it was not until the end of 1960s that the field of educational technology formed and developed into a specialized field of educational practice. The American Association for Educational Communication and Technology (AECT) published the field of educational technology: the expression of definition 1972 in June. This paper summarizes three teaching practice methods related to the formation and development of educational technology, mainly including:
(1) audio-visual teaching
Some scholars believe that the development of audio-visual teaching promotes the application of various audio-visual equipment in teaching, and then forms a learner-centered personalized teaching idea and method.
(2) Program teaching
The development of program teaching promotes the concrete application of learning theory (mainly Skinner's reinforcement theory) in teaching, and then forms a learner-centered personalized teaching thought and method.
(3) systematic teaching
The development of systematic teaching promotes the application of the holistic method of systematic science in teaching, and then forms the ideas and methods of teaching process design, implementation and evaluation.
These three teaching practices generally began in the 1920s and 1930s, developed independently, and gradually influenced and used for reference in the 1950s and 1960s.
Therefore, in order to understand the formation and development of educational technology, it is necessary to investigate the development of the practice of these three teaching methods at that time, and understand the formation of the basic academic thought and practice mode of educational technology from the integration of these three teaching practices.