Before the Spring and Autumn Period, learning was in the official government, emperors would set up "Chinese studies" in the capital, and small and medium-sized nobles set up "township studies" in the areas under their jurisdiction. Both Chinese studies and rural studies belong to official schools, and only aristocratic children have the opportunity to receive official education. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, with the decline of kingship and the change of political power, the status of all classes was constantly changing. In the social transformation, some Wang Guan "dereliction of duty", their culture also "moved down" to the people, some corresponding cultural classics were naturally taken out of the court, private schools began to sprout and spread rapidly throughout the country, so there appeared the situation that "the emperor lost his official position and learned from foreigners", and civilian education began to appear. Confucius was a famous founder of private schools who left a glorious page in the history of education in China during this period, and also a famous civilian educator in early China. His civilian education is the most representative.
Confucius runs schools in private schools, and the subjects he teaches are naturally different from those of official schools. Children from all walks of life can go to school as long as the economy allows and they are willing to study. Confucius put forward an important idea for this: "There is no distinction between teaching and learning", that is to say, anyone who asks for advice, regardless of race, wealth, virtue and stupidity, will be accepted as a student and given education as long as he pays appropriate tuition fees. This educational thought of Confucius is earlier than the equivalent educational thought in the west 1700 years. Confucius not only put forward this principle, but also put it into practice. It broke through the official school barrier that only aristocratic children can receive education, had a huge impact on aristocratic monopoly education, made the educational object have a certain popularity, and played a positive role in the dissemination of knowledge and the cultivation of talents. This is a historic progress. In a word, he made great contributions to the civilian education in China and became the first founder in the history of civilian education in China.
From the Qin Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, although the trend of running private schools was increasing, the development of civilian education did not make great progress. Of course, at this time, the official system of selecting officials, such as the accusation system and the nine-grade system, allowed some capable lower-class people to enter official positions, but attaching importance to family background was the characteristic of this period, so the whole civilian education stagnated.
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In the Sui Dynasty, with the development of feudal economy, in order to further strengthen centralization and expand the class foundation of political power, the right to choose officials was restored to the central government, the nine-product system was abolished and the imperial examination system was implemented. In the Tang dynasty, the method of selecting scholars in the imperial examination was fully implemented. This is a major reform of the official selection system in ancient China, and it is also a new opportunity for the development of civilian education in feudal society. The imperial examination system embodies the equality of selecting talents, establishes the basic spirit of freedom of examination and equality before examination, and provides an effective opportunity to improve the inequality in education.
At the same time, the system of aiding students at public expense, which first appeared in the Han Dynasty, also promoted the development of civilian education to varying degrees. At that time, schools at all levels, from central to local, exempted students from corvee, provided them with accommodation and even gave them money, so that many poor students benefited from this system. Yin-Yang Family School, founded by Jiangsu official school in Yuan Dynasty, specializes in rural cultural education and agricultural technology practice education. These systems have expanded the audience of education to varying degrees and played a positive role in the development of civilian education in later generations.
Undeniably, both the civilian education advocated by Confucius and the civilian education under the imperial examination system have only one direction, and that is official career. Confucius once taught his disciples that "learning to be excellent is to be an official". That is, Confucius' direct purpose is to train political talents for the ruling class. Similarly, the same is true of civilian education under the imperial examination system. When social elites flock to the examination room, the government can control the thoughts of these candidates by controlling the examination content and pre-examination education, which can better alleviate the dissatisfaction of middle and lower class people due to their low status, reduce social unrest, recruit talents for the government and firmly rule the foundation. In a word, the class nature of society creates the tendency of education. No matter what kind of education civilians receive, they will always be a pawn on the ruler's chessboard. They can't control their own destiny, especially the popularization of education.
After the Opium War, with the invasion of China by western powers, the influence of western politics, economy, culture, education and social life gradually penetrated into China. China's imperial examination system of more than two thousand years showed inadaptability in this form, and was finally abolished in 1905. Western-style schools came into being, and the contents and objects of education also changed. At the same time, some people of insight have realized that democracy and science are the best ways to realize China's modernization, and education should be used to save the country. Subsequently, a large number of educators devoted to promoting civilian education appeared in China, such as Kang Youwei, Xu Teli, Tao Xingzhi, Lu Xun, Yan, Ye Shengtao and Mao Zedong, which led the direction of modern civilian education in China. In particular, Yan put forward that education should be suitable for China's national conditions, and made an educational reform plan according to local conditions, pointing out the advanced idea of equality for all, so it was also known as the "father of the world civilian movement". With the efforts of many educators, China's modern civilian education made certain achievements, and civilian schools were established all over the country, especially some girls' schools and rural schools, which expanded the educated groups. This period is an era of political turmoil. On the one hand, educators impart knowledge, on the other hand, they pay more attention to the infiltration of anti-imperialist and anti-feudal ideas.
Of course, despite the efforts of many educators, civilian education has developed to some extent, but it was in a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society at that time, and political turmoil made the development of education face challenges. Large-scale civilian education is still in its infancy.
After the founding of New China, civilian education in China also entered a golden age. It is determined that education in China is a new-democratic education, and its main task is to improve people's cultural level, cultivate talents for national construction and cultivate the idea of serving the people. This new education is national, scientific, popular and fair. The purpose of education is to serve the people. "Education must serve the country, and schools must open their doors to workers and peasants" is the educational direction put forward by New China.
It is not difficult to see from the above-mentioned development process of civilian education that in class society, the class nature determines the inequality of education, and most civilians have lost the opportunity to receive education. At that time, civilian education was only an ornament in the field of education. Only the civilian education led by China can truly give the educated equal opportunities, and ordinary people can acquire cultural knowledge. Civilian education has promoted the democratization and popularization of education in China. Today, the educated have made corresponding contributions to the development of the country with their own knowledge and talents, and the development of civilian education will become more and more mature and perfect.
Excerpted from Baidu netizens, thank you.