Modern history of the world: the history of the establishment and development of capitalism (/kloc-the rise of capitalism in the 4th century-19 17 Russian October Revolution)
The dawn of the capitalist era (the rise of capitalism)
Renaissance laid the ideological and cultural foundation for the rise of capitalism; The opening of new air routes laid the economic foundation for the rise of capitalism.
The Renaissance
The development process began in14th century, and Italy (the earliest bourgeoisie) extended to European countries in15-16th century.
Humanism thought
Natural bourgeois cultural movement
Dante, the representative poem, is the pioneer of the Italian Renaissance, the divine comedy of "the last poet in the old times and the first poet in the new era".
Art Italy? Finch, Mona Lisa, Last Supper
English Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet
This influence promoted the prosperity of European cultural and ideological fields and laid the ideological and cultural foundation for the emergence of European capitalist society.
The opening of new routes
origin
Reason (1) Subjective: Pursuing wealth, Kyle? Polo's journey; Economic root: the development of commodity economy
(2) Objectivity: geographical circle theory is popular; Advanced shipbuilding technology and navigation technology; Compasses are widely used.
famous book
After 1492, Spain funded the Italian Columbus to cross the Atlantic Ocean and reach Cuba and Haiti, calling the local residents Indians and discovering the new American continent.
Portuguese navigators sailed around the African continent to India.
Magellan sailed around the world
Impact (1) The continents are getting closer and closer, and the world is beginning to become a whole.
(2) The prosperity of industrial and commercial economy along the Atlantic coast of Europe promoted the emergence and development of capitalism.
Knowledge link:
1,14-16th century was the period when "the world" and "people" were discovered. The discovery of the "world" is through the opening of new air routes; The discovery of "man" was through the Renaissance.
2. The earliest integration of the world's continents was achieved through the opening of new air routes;
The integration of today's world is achieved through economic globalization.
3. The core idea of Renaissance is humanism.
Columbus was the first man to set foot on American continent.
Ways or means to establish a capitalist system
Methods/approaches to solving national obstacles
British feudal autocracy ruled the British bourgeois revolution
French Revolution
American and British colonial rule, American war of independence, national war of independence
186 1 Russian feudal serfdom reform: bourgeois reform.
Meiji Restoration of Japanese Shogunate Feudal Rule
Work together to clear the obstacles to the development of capitalism.
Promote the development of capitalism and embark on the capitalist road.
The ideological liberation movement in modern Europe;
14th century-16th century Renaissance,
/kloc-French enlightenment thought in the 0/8th century: representative: Voltaire
Viewpoint (proposition): Oppose feudal autocracy and emphasize freedom and equality;
Significance: It has promoted the ideological emancipation and social progress of the European people.
What the two movements have in common is that they both represent the interests of the bourgeoisie and are both ideological liberation movements.
Knowledge link:
1. It was Voltaire of France who first put forward bourgeois ideas of freedom, democracy and equality.
2. The French Enlightenment laid the ideological foundation for the French bourgeois revolution and the American War of Independence.
3. The French Declaration of Human Rights and the American Declaration of Independence put forward the idea of freedom and equality.
4. The French bourgeois revolution spread the bourgeois ideas of freedom and democracy.
Napoleon spread bourgeois liberal democratic thoughts to Europe through the war, and attacked the feudal forces in Europe.
The establishment of the capitalist system
17-18th century, what bourgeois revolutions happened in the world? What are their common reasons and significance?
Revolution: British bourgeois revolution, American War of Independence, French Revolution.
Common reasons: the development of capitalist economy is seriously hindered.
Common functions: ① clear the obstacles to the development of capitalism and promote the development of capitalism;
(2) Establish bourgeois rule and take the capitalist road.
Western bourgeois revolution
Time 1640- 1688
The feudal autocracy hindered the development of British capitalism.
Leading Cromwell (as the "protector" of the Republic)
From 65438 to 0640, Charles I called the Parliament.
The end of 1688, the palace coup.
Document 1689 The British Parliament passed the Bill of Rights to restrict the king's rights by law, and Britain established the bourgeois rule of constitutional monarchy.
Influence ① overthrowing the feudal monarchy, establishing the dominant position of the bourgeoisie and clearing the way for the development of capitalism; ② Promoted the process of world history.
The course of British bourgeois revolution shows that it takes a long and tortuous process for the new system to replace the old one.
America is fighting for independence.
Time 1775- 1783
The reason is that British colonial rule hindered the development of capitalism in North America.
Leading Washington (leading body: Continental Congress)
Fire at Lexington from 65438 to 0775.
Turning point 1777 Saratoga Jiajie
1At the end of 783, Britain recognized American independence.
Document 1776 Continental Congress-Declaration of Independence (the birth of the United States); 1787 constitution (federalism, presidential system)
shadow
Ring (1) ended the British colonial rule and realized the independence of the country.
(2) Establishing a more democratic bourgeois political system is conducive to the development of American capitalism;
(3) Promote revolutions in Europe and Latin America.
French Revolution
Time 1789- 1794
Feudal autocracy hindered the development of French capitalism.
Leading robespierre
Start 1789.7. 14 Parisians capture the Bastille.
During the document revolution, the Declaration of Human Rights was promulgated: 1789. Everyone is born free, equal in rights and inviolable in private property.
After the Great Revolution, the Napoleonic Code was promulgated, which consolidated the bourgeois rule and became the bourgeois legislative norm.
Influence ① destroyed the feudal rule of France, established bourgeois rule ② spread the progressive thought of bourgeois freedom and democracy.
③ It has a great influence on the development of world history.
Consolidation of hierarchical governance of French state-owned assets
Comment on Napoleon;
Contribution: Napoleon promulgated the code (the greatest contribution) to safeguard the interests of the bourgeoisie;
Through the war, the idea of bourgeois freedom and equality was spread; It hit the feudal forces in Europe.
Disadvantages: The Napoleonic Wars harmed the interests of the people of the invaded country.
Beethoven, a great German composer, wrote the Heroic Symphony for Napoleon, which marked his maturity in thought and art.
Documents issued after the bourgeois revolution in Britain, France and the United States
The political system established by the joint action of documents after the national revolution
The British Bill of Rights protects the bourgeois revolution by law.
The fruits of victory consolidated the rule of the bourgeoisie. Constitutional monarchy
The US Constitution 1787 is federal and presidential.
Law "Code" Democratic Republic
5. Three documents:
Material 1, without the consent of the parliament, the king has no right to repeal laws or stop the implementation of laws. ...
Material 2. With good intentions, with in the name of people and the rights of these colonies, I solemnly declare that these joint colonies have since become, and should naturally become, free and independent United States, and they have lifted all subordinate relations with the British king.
Material 3: Everyone is born free, with equal rights, and private property is inviolable.
Material 1. 1689 The British Bill of Rights marks the establishment of the British constitutional monarchy bourgeois rule.
Material 2: 1776 The American Declaration of Independence declared that North America 13 colony was independent from Britain, and the United States was born.
Third, the French Declaration of Human Rights embodies the idea of opposing absolute monarchy and feudal hierarchy.
17- 19 Two revolutions in British political and economic fields.
Name and influence
Politically, the British bourgeois revolution overthrew the feudal monarchy and established bourgeois constitutional rule, which cleared the way for the development of capitalism.
The economic and industrial revolution has created great productivity and promoted the rapid development of the economy.
Britain became the most developed capitalist industrial country in the middle of19th century.
The relationship between them established the leading position of the bourgeoisie in the bourgeois revolution and provided the premise for the industrial revolution.
The industrial revolution promoted the development of British capitalist economy and consolidated the rule of the bourgeoisie.
Material 1, without the consent of the parliament, the king has no right to repeal laws or stop the implementation of laws. ...
Material 2. 1764, the British cotton processing capacity was 3.8 million tons, and by 1789, the British cotton processing capacity increased by 32.4 million pounds; 1740, the British pig iron production was 17000 tons, and by 1800, the pig iron production increased to 250,000 tons.
Please answer: (1) What document does the material 1 reflect from which country? What role did its promulgation play?
The role of the British Bill of Rights: Britain established the bourgeois rule of constitutional monarchy.
(2) What period and circumstances did Material II reflect? What does this mean?
During the British industrial revolution, the British economy developed rapidly; Explain that science and technology are the primary productive forces.
(3) What is the relationship between the two materials? (See table above)
/kloc-further establishment and consolidation of the capitalist system in the 0/9th century
18─ 19, what is the development trend in Europe and America? What changes have taken place in the field of science and technology in Europe and America?
Development trend: the capitalist system is further established and consolidated;
The United States consolidated the rule of the bourgeoisie through civil war; Russia established the capitalist system through bourgeois reform.
Science and technology field: successively completed the industrial revolution and entered the "age of steam".
The war between the United States and the North
Time 186 1 year-1865.
The reason is that slavery in southern plantations hindered the development of capitalism in the north.
Leading Lincoln (186 1 became president of the United States in March)
Beginning 186 1 April, the southern army began a civil war.
Turning point 1862 The Emancipation Declaration raised the revolutionary enthusiasm of the people and slaves, and the war situation began to benefit the north.
1865 Ending the Northern Victory
The second bourgeois revolution, which influenced American history, abolished slavery, safeguarded national unity, cleared another obstacle for the development of capitalism and created conditions for the rapid development of capitalist economy in the future.
Documents promulgated in the American bourgeois revolution
Keep the name for use.
The War of Independence 1776 "Declaration of Independence" declared the independence of British North American colonies and the birth of the United States.
Civil War 1862 "Emancipation of slaves" enhanced the revolutionary enthusiasm of the people and slaves, and the war situation began to benefit the north.
Two bourgeois revolutions in the United States
The War of Independence (Washington) and the Civil War (Lincoln)
Reasons: British colonial rule hindered the development of capitalism in North America, and slavery in southern plantations hindered the development of capitalism in the North.
Time1775-17831861-1865
Turning point 1777 Saratoga's emancipation proclamation
Documents Declaration of Independence, Constitution and Emancipation of Slaves.
Ending British colonial rule, realizing national independence and establishing a more democratic bourgeois political system are conducive to the development of capitalism and promoting the later revolutions in Europe and Latin America. Abolishing slavery and safeguarding national unity have cleared another obstacle for the development of capitalism and created conditions for the rapid development of capitalist economy in the future.
It is beneficial to the development of capitalism to jointly clear the obstacles to the development of capitalism.
18 ——1the development of American bourgeoisie in the 9th century.
Obstructing British colonial rule, black slavery in the south
Settle the war of independence, civil war
Leading Washington Lincoln
A civil war characterized by national independence and safeguarding national unity
As a result, we got rid of British rule, abolished black slavery and safeguarded national unity.
Together, they cleared the obstacles to the development of capitalism and promoted the development of American capitalist economy.
Learn the spirit of patriotism, dedication and courage.
Enlightening national unity and social stability is the premise of a country's economic development.
Lincoln, Washington and Roosevelt are considered as the three greatest presidents of the United States.
Washington, D.C.-Leading the American War of Independence, achieving national independence and establishing the United States.
Lincoln: leadership-civil war, safeguarding national unity and liberating slaves. Roosevelt-With the implementation of the New Deal, the American economy slowly recovered and the capitalist system was consolidated.
The historical turning point of Russia and Japan
186 1 year Russia reformed Japan's Meiji Restoration.
Character Alexander II, Emperor Meiji
The feudal serfdom hindered the development of capitalism, and the feudal rule of the shogunate and the invasion of foreign enemies seriously hindered the development of capitalism.
Content serfs are free men in law; Politics of farmers paying for land redemption: abolishing vassals and setting up counties and strengthening centralization
Economy: allow land sales, introduce advanced western technology, and encourage the development of modern industry; Social life: educating and developing education.
It influenced Russia to abolish serfdom and embark on the capitalist road, which was conducive to the development of capitalism, retained a large number of feudal remnants, and transformed Japan from a closed feudal country into a capitalist country, getting rid of the crisis of becoming a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country; When you are strong, you will embark on the militaristic road of foreign aggression and expansion.
Japan's foreign policy:
Before Meiji Restoration: During Meiji Restoration: Opening to the outside world; After Meiji Restoration: Opening to the outside world, aggression and expansion.
Common ground between Russia 186 1 Reform and Meiji Restoration in Japan;
Are bourgeois reforms; They have all embarked on the capitalist road, which is conducive to the development of capitalism.
Many feudal remnants have been preserved.
How did Russia's 186 1 reform and Japan's Meiji Restoration solve the land problem?
Russia 186 1 year reform: farmers bought their land with money; Meiji Restoration in Japan: Land was allowed to be bought and sold freely.
How did Russia and the United States solve the problem of free labor needed for the development of capitalism respectively?
Russia: Abolish serfdom through the reform of 186 1 year; America: Emancipation of Black Slaves through Civil War.
Reform that changes the nature of society: Russia's reform in 186 1 year; Meiji Restoration in Japan; China: Shang Yang's Reform
17 to 19 what is the main trend of world political development? How did you do?
Main trend: the establishment of capitalist system
Performance: Britain and France-overthrew feudal autocratic rule through bourgeois revolution and embarked on the capitalist road.
The United States-through the war of independence, got rid of British colonial rule and embarked on the capitalist road independently.
Through the civil war, slavery was abolished and bourgeois rule was consolidated.
Russia-through the reform of 186 1 year, the feudal serfdom was abolished and the capitalist road was taken.
Japan-through the Meiji Restoration, embarked on the capitalist road.
The development course of the proletarian movement
Exercise: 19 The workers' movement rose in Europe in 1930s and 1940s.
The constitutional movement is the first mass proletarian political revolutionary movement in the world.
Theory: The Birth of Marxism-1848 Publication of * * * Manifesto
Practice: Paris commune: the first attempt of the proletariat to establish political power
Success: Russian October Revolution-the first socialist revolution in human history, established the first socialist country-Soviet Russia.
The Development and Application of Marxism in China
1, China first accepted Li Dazhao's Marxism.
2, Mao Zedong and other * * * Marxism in the period of new democratic revolution:
Found a revolutionary road from the city to the countryside, and the countryside surrounded the city, and finally formed Mao Zedong Thought.
3, Deng Xiaoping and other * * * in the period of socialist construction of Marxism:
The implementation of reform and opening up has found a Socialism with Chinese characteristics road; Put forward the concept of "one country, two systems"
Ideological emancipation movement
Europe:
1,14-16th century-Renaissance, which laid the ideological and cultural foundation for the emergence of capitalist society in Europe.
2,18th century-Enlightenment, France, promoting the ideological emancipation and social progress of the European people.
China: 1. Hundred-day reform: laying the foundation for the spread of bourgeois ideas.
2. Yan Fu, a bourgeois enlightenment thinker, encouraged intellectuals to learn from the West and cracked down on feudal diehard forces.
3. The New Culture Movement inspired people to pursue democracy and science and created conditions for the spread of Marxism in China.
The discussion of truth standard laid the ideological foundation for the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and the reform and opening up.
5. Deng Xiaoping's talk in the south further emancipated people's minds and had a far-reaching impact on building socialism with China characteristics.
Modern science and technology-two scientific and technological revolutions
Industrial revolution, the second industrial revolution
Time 65438+11960s
Invented Jenny's spinning machine and steam engine (watt)
Steamboat (America) Train (Stephenson) Durable Light Bulb (Edison "Inventor")
Internal combustion engines (this time Carl), cars, planes.
It marks the invention and application of the steam engine and the widespread use of electricity.
Characteristic age of steam electric age
Influence has created great productivity, promoted rapid economic development, changed social outlook and improved people's lives.
Explain that science and technology are the primary productive forces.
The latest achievements of natural science
National domain name achievement title
Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, the founder of modern natural science.
Mathematics creates calculus.
Mechanics has established a complete theoretical system of mechanics. (The three laws of mechanics are called "Newton's three laws")
Darwin wrote the idea of "evolution" in the Origin of Species, which established biology on a complete scientific basis for the first time, overthrew creationism and species invariance and dealt a heavy blow to the foundation of theocracy.
own
Stander physics put forward the theory of relativity in the early 20th century.
Promote the revolution of physics theory, provide theoretical basis for the invention of atomic bomb and the application of atomic energy, and open the door to the atomic age. One of the greatest scientists of the 20th century.
World cultural masterpieces (achievements of modern literature and art)
Domain national writing works
Literary Olev? Tolstoy's War and Peace and Resurrection Anna? Karenina: The Mirror of Russian Revolution
Art Van Gogh in Holland? High sunflower loves life.
Beethoven's third symphony, Hero Symphony, marks the maturity of thought and art..