1. william morris and his followers

(1) Background of Arts and Crafts Movement:

Contradiction: Ugliness and inferiority of mechanical products+decoration for decoration.

(2) The origin of arts and crafts movement:/kloc-a design movement in the second half of the 9th century. It is characterized by the pursuit of natural patterns and Gothic style, aiming at improving product quality and reviving the design tradition of handicrafts.

(3) William, the initiator of the arts and crafts movement? Moris

Architectural Works: The Red House is a newly-built wedding room of 1859. Designed by designers Weber and Morris. As early as 1865, Jones claimed in his book Syntax of Decoration: "The beauty of form comes from undulating waves and interwoven lines." Dreiser's theory and practice, especially his design of metal products, is simply the direct forerunner of new art.

(4) the characteristics of arts and crafts sports style:

A. emphasize handicraft industry and explicitly oppose mechanized production.

B. In terms of decoration, oppose the artificial Victorian style and the revival style of other classical traditions. Advocating the characteristics of naturalism, oriental decoration and oriental art, a large number of rolling grass and flowers and birds are used as decorative motives.

C advocates gothic and other medieval styles, and pays attention to simplicity, simplicity and good function.

D advocates the sincerity of design and opposes the design trend of grandstanding and flashy.

(5) Design principles:

A. design popularization: product design and architectural design serve millions of people, not a few people's movements.

B. Teamwork: Design work is a collective activity, not individual labor.

2. The main achievements of arts and crafts movement

(1) Architecture and Interior Design. Architecture and interior design are the earliest fields influenced by arts and crafts movement.

The Greene Brothers-Genburg Building in Los Angeles

(2) Furniture design, which is the most influential field of arts and crafts movement.

Style: concise, simple and light.

Representative: Charles of England? Voser is close to the essence of arts and crafts movement in practice-batch and popularization.

(3) Ceramic design, serving for exhibition and appreciation, is not practical, and is busy trying new ceramic technologies.

Features: Natural organic forms such as plants are adopted.

Representative: Coleman Lockwood Ceramics Factory

(4) metal process design, the perfect performance of the combination of technology and art.

Features: strong sense of modernity, Gothic style, geometric modeling, heavy modeling, handicraft production, industrial production.

Representative: Charles? Robert? Abis silverware mostly uses slender and undulating lines.

Art nouveau movement

Art Nouveau Movement: It is a decorative art movement that appeared and developed in Europe at the end of19th century and the beginning of 20th century.

The potential motive of the Art Nouveau movement is to break away from messy eclecticism and excessively pursue true naturalism. Art nouveau advocates that today's art should be based on reality, abandon the elements of the old style and create a new style with youthful vitality and modernity. At the same time, in learning from nature, it is proposed to find the deepest essential root of natural creation and explore the internal process that determines the growth and development of animals and plants. The most typical new art style is extracted from natural plants. Flowing forms and winding lines are full of inner vitality, reflecting the endless creative process contained in the surface form of natural life.

There are many factors contributing to the occurrence and development of Art Nouveau.

The first is social factors. Since the Franco-Prussian War, Europe has enjoyed a long-term peaceful and stable political and economic situation. Many newly independent or unified countries are trying to join all ethnic groups in the world and enter the fierce international market, which requires a new and non-traditional artistic expression.

Culturally, the so-called "holistic art" philosophy is very popular among artists, who are committed to combining all aspects of visual art, including painting, sculpture, architecture, graphic design and handicrafts, with natural forms.

Technically, designers are very keen to explore new structural materials, such as cast iron. For artists themselves, new art reflects their aversion to historicism and the need for a new style to interact with it in the new century. The emergence of Art Nouveau has gone through a long gestation period. Many famous design historians believe that British culture paved the way for Art Nouveau, although for various reasons, Britain itself is not a mature country in this style.

Art Nouveau emphasized that the overall artistic environment, that is, any human factors in the human visual environment should be carefully designed to achieve a harmonious overall artistic effect.

Art Nouveau opposes any division and grade difference in the fields of art and design. He thinks that there is no distinction between big art and small art, and there is no distinction between practical art and pure art. Artists should never just devote themselves to creating a single "work of art", but should create a comprehensive art that provides a suitable environment for social life. Art Nouveau's attitude towards industry is somewhat specious. Fundamentally speaking, the Art Nouveau movement is not against industrialization. The ideal of Art Nouveau is to provide a modern elegance for the widest possible public, so industrialization is inevitable. Samuel Bing (1838— 1905), the core figure of Art Nouveau Movement, believes that "machines will play an important role in the development of public interests." However, Art Nouveau doesn't like simplicity, and advocates keeping some vital decorative factors, which is often difficult to do in mass production. In fact, because of the experimental and complex nature of new art works, it is not suitable for machine production and can only be made by hand, so it is expensive and only a few wealthy consumers can patronize it.

As early as 1865, Jones claimed in his book Syntax of Decoration: "The beauty of form comes from undulating waves and interwoven lines." Dreiser's theory and practice, especially his design of metal products, is simply the direct forerunner of the new art, but it is the British arts and crafts movement that has the deepest influence on the development of the new art. Morris emphasized the consistency and coordination of decoration and structural factors, so he abandoned the traditional decorative patterns passively attached to the existing structure and strongly advocated the use of natural theme decoration, creating a process of refining from natural forms, smooth linear patterns and plant forms. The designers of the Art Nouveau movement pushed this process to the extreme.

The concept of arts and crafts movement is widely spread in the European continent through various exhibitions and publications. Although the arts and crafts movement was anti-industrial, in the European continent, the attitude of anti-industry was relatively mild, and eventually it turned to accept mechanization in the process of pursuing aesthetic social ideals, which eventually led to a wide-ranging design movement centered on art nouveau and reached its climax during the period of 1890- 19 10.

Art Nouveau has various styles. In different countries in Europe, they have different styles and even different names.

Art Nouveau is a French word named after France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and Italy. Germany calls it Jugendstil, Vienna and Austria call it separatism, and Scandinavian countries call it Arts and Crafts Movement.

In terms of style characteristics, French, Belgian and Spanish new art works tend to be artistic, emphasizing formal beauty, while Nordic Germany, Austria and Scandinavian countries tend to be designed, emphasizing reasonable structure and functional beauty.

Renault: The classic "The Badge of the Dragonfly Woman" is the most typical jewelry in the new art period. The original inspiration came from nature. Driven by curiosity and thirst for knowledge, he integrated himself into this world, trying to explore every detail and all the elements in nature that can be used for decoration.

Female images, butterflies, moths, dragonflies …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Insects have returned to the theme of beauty, and even wasps, beetles and Cao Meng can show their little-known charm. Renee Larik is a magical magician. He is good at capturing delicate details to decorate his beloved jewelry, and explores how to shape ordinary materials into spiritual masterpieces.

Horta (1867- 1947) and Wilde (1863- 1957) are the two most representative figures of the Belgian Art Nouveau movement. Architect Horta likes to use twisted lines like vines in architecture and interior design. This undulating and powerful line has become a representative feature of Belgian new art, and it is called "Belgian line" or "whip line".

Another representative of the French Art Nouveau movement is Germad (1867— 1942). The period from19 to 1905 is an important period for him to design as an important member of the French Art Nouveau movement. Jimad's most influential work is his design for the Paris subway. These designs give Art Nouveau the most famous nickname-"subway style". "Metro Wind" is quite similar to "Belgian Line". The railings, lamp posts and guard posts at the entrance of the subway all adopt undulating and curly plant patterns. The coffee designed by Jimad at 1908 is also a typical Art Nouveau design.

In addition to Paris, Nancy, France is also the center of the Art Nouveau movement.

Nancy's Art Nouveau movement was mainly promoted by designer Emile Galle (1846— 1906).

Anthony? Andoni Claudie (1852- 1926) is a representative figure of the Spanish Art Nouveau movement. He is a romantic architect. His famous designs include Sagrada Familia Church and Mira Apartment.

Gaudi's design is strongly expressionist. Stalactite sculptures and decorations inside and outside Sagrada Familia Church, as well as stained glass and stones attached to it, make it look like a mythical building. Mira apartment also forms walls and balconies with horizontal wave curves, and the prominent part forms a unified whole with the building by using the natural form of plant pedicle mustard, which seems to be a perfect sculpture art. Because there are almost no straight lines and planes, the furniture in the apartment has to be specially designed and manufactured.

Apartments Mira

Barcelona, Spain, 1906- 19 10

Mila apartment was planned as a "model" of residential buildings in the urban expansion of Barcelona in the19th century. The house consists of two free-form patios. Underground is the underground parking lot for residents, which was an absolute innovation at that time!

The main frame is built by an iron support system, which makes it possible to have an independent facade facing the street. The construction of parabolic brick arch roof is another feature. Due to the different sizes of arches, the roof has become uneven. This roof is famous for its many wonderful chimneys and vents.

Sagrada Familia cathedral

Barcelona, Spain, 1883- 1926

Gaudi spent most of his life designing Sagrada Familia Cathedral, which became the most important reflection of his life as an architect. The basement and chorus show the style of Gothic revival, which constitutes the origin of the whole scheme style.

The east facade completed by Gaudi before his death is famous in the world for its fantastic form, which also makes the architect himself famous in history.

The most amazing thing is the nave of the church. Gaudi designed many different models for this purpose, which were not built until today. Here is a brand-new formal language completely released from decoration. The hyperboloid geometric form drawn from nature gives it the power to declare. This official language, inspired by nature, is rich in Christian symbols, which are manifested in the number of towers, countless sculptures and subtle colored windows that are still being made.

"Do you want to know where I found the sample? A tall tree, it holds the trunk, the trunk holds the branches, and the branches hold the leaves. Since the artist God created them, every independent part has grown harmoniously and powerfully. "

In the era when functionalism prevailed, Gaudi's works were always ignored. After World War II, the rise of "organic architecture" made him a pioneer of this trend. Contemporary famous architects? Corbusier called him "the pioneer of postmodernism", and from a certain point of view, he was well deserved.

McIntosh (1868— 1928) is an architect and designer in Glasgow, England. He was unique in British design in the late19th century, and had an important influence on the Austrian design reform movement "Separatists" in Vienna.

As early as 1865, Jones claimed in his book Syntax of Decoration: "The beauty of form comes from undulating waves and interwoven lines." Dreiser's theory and practice, especially his design of metal products, is simply the direct forerunner of the new art, but it is the British arts and crafts movement that has the deepest influence on the development of the new art. Morris emphasized the consistency and coordination of decoration and structural factors, so he abandoned the traditional decorative patterns passively attached to the existing structure and strongly advocated the use of natural theme decoration, creating a process of refining from natural forms, smooth linear patterns and plant forms. The designers of the Art Nouveau movement pushed this process to the extreme.

There are many factors contributing to the occurrence and development of Art Nouveau.

The first is social factors. Since the Franco-Prussian War, Europe has enjoyed a long-term peaceful and stable political and economic situation. Many newly independent or unified countries are trying to join all ethnic groups in the world and enter the fierce international market, which requires a new and non-traditional artistic expression.

Culturally, the so-called "holistic art" philosophy is very popular among artists, who are committed to combining all aspects of visual art, including painting, sculpture, architecture, graphic design and handicrafts, with natural forms.

Technically, designers are very keen to explore new structural materials, such as cast iron. For artists themselves, new art reflects their aversion to historicism and the need for a new style to interact with it in the new century. The emergence of Art Nouveau has gone through a long gestation period. Many famous design historians believe that British culture paved the way for Art Nouveau, although for various reasons, Britain itself is not a mature country in this style.

Art Nouveau emphasized that the overall artistic environment, that is, any human factors in the human visual environment should be carefully designed to achieve a harmonious overall artistic effect.

Art Nouveau opposes any division and grade difference in the fields of art and design. He thinks that there is no distinction between big art and small art, and there is no distinction between practical art and pure art. Artists should never just devote themselves to creating a single "work of art", but should create a comprehensive art that provides a suitable environment for social life. Art Nouveau's attitude towards industry is somewhat specious. Fundamentally speaking, the Art Nouveau movement is not against industrialization. The ideal of Art Nouveau is to provide a modern elegance for the widest possible public, so industrialization is inevitable. Samuel Bing (1838— 1905), the core figure of Art Nouveau Movement, believes that "machines will play an important role in the development of public interests." However, Art Nouveau doesn't like simplicity, and advocates keeping some vital decorative factors, which is often difficult to do in mass production. In fact, because of the experimental and complex nature of new art works, it is not suitable for machine production and can only be made by hand, so it is expensive and only a few wealthy consumers can patronize it.

Wartime design

During the two world wars, which lasted for a long time and covered a wide range, most countries and regions implemented the wartime system, and all walks of life turned to the military track, and the design also turned to serve the military enterprises accordingly.

Aircraft began to be used in World War I, but it became more common and played a greater role in World War II.

A New Deterrent Force in World War II —— Aircraft Carrier (Shipborne Aircraft)

The most lethal and representative of the highest military technology in World War II was the successful test explosion and application of the atomic bomb.

Achievements of World War I (1914-1918)-Tank Age

Hiram Maxim machine gun (666 rounds per second)

19 14 The design scheme of tracked tanks was put forward in swinton, England. 19 15 was produced by Foster and Lincoln Company and put into actual combat.

World War II (1939- 1945)- "The Age of Airplanes"

Aircraft began to be used in World War I, but it became more common and played a greater role in World War II.

A New Deterrent Force in World War II —— Aircraft Carrier (Shipborne Aircraft)

During the war, the design of ammunition has made great progress-it embodies the design principle of portability and efficiency.

Famous designer-Raymond Lowe (USA)

Design products: portable tents, marching stoves, military kettles, helmets, sappers' shovels, military uniforms and parka hooded military coats, canned food, washing powder, etc.

Postwar Japanese design

First of all, two characteristics of Japanese design:

First of all, it is more national, traditional, moderate and historic, based on traditional Japanese aesthetics and religion.

The second is a modern, developed and international model developed by relying on the experience learned from Europe.

Three stages of Japanese design development

1945- 1952 is the recovery period of Japanese design-drawing lessons from American experience-"Industrial Technology Laboratory of Industrial Design Institute", "Japan Industrial Designers Association" and "Design Association"

1953- 1960 is a growing period-paying more attention to European design experience-and a number of outstanding enterprises have put forward higher requirements for the company's design (Hitachi, Panasonic, Sharp, Sony, Canon, Ricoh, Fuji, Shiseido, Toyota, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Honda, Toshiba, etc.).

196 1 year will be a period of great development-"dual track system"

On the one hand, clothing, furniture, interior design and other systems learn from tradition and maintain traditional style.

On the other hand, in the field of high-tech design, it is designed according to the needs of modern economic development, such as automobiles, communications, electronic audio-visual equipment and so on.

"Japanese style": it is characterized by careful calculation, careful thinking and meticulous consideration.

Modernist Design —— Design in 1960s and 1970s

Background: Ten years after the war, the economy and people's livelihood recovered, and the economies of various countries flourished. Post-war changes: there is a relative surplus of industrial products, and the products are updated quickly.

New requirements for design:

(1) With the expansion of material and wealth, consumers' aesthetic requirements have also increased accordingly;

(2) Adapting to new materials and technologies, the design performance is diversified.

The change of design concept: diversification

Background: The crisis of modernism lies in its connection with capitalism in many aspects.

The economic system encourages consumption and pursues novelty. Modernist design: based on mass market, emphasizing standardization, requiring different types of behaviors and traditions to be transformed into a fixed and unified model, and relying on a huge and unified international market. The guiding ideology is to make products that are suitable for anyone, and the same is overwhelming, but it often backfires and is not suitable for anyone.

Design in 1960s and 1970s: Society coexisted with various markets, and the markets reflected the needs of different cultural groups. Each group has its own specific behavior, language, fashion and tradition, and has its own different consumption needs. Style: high-tech style

The development of science and technology and the change of aesthetic concept

Background: During the Cold War, world powers engaged in an arms race.

1. The rapid development of aerospace and computer technology "Cosmic style" prevails-silver gray+airplane modeling.

2. The emergence of various new materials and the colorful plastic age.

3. Post-war economic recovery

The society has entered a stage of rich development, and consumers' requirements for products are increasingly diversified.

Second, world-leading Italian design.

Ponty: Our family and lifestyle are exactly the same as our beautiful life ideals and interests.

Design features: the harmonious relationship between production and culture.

Features of Italian design style:

(1) has both modernist characteristics and Italian national characteristics and cultural connotations;

(2) It not only has the high technology of design, but also retains the fine tradition of technology;

(3) Highly rational, with strong personality style and human touch.

Low-cost plastic furniture, lamps and other consumer goods show a new style with their light, transparent and gorgeous colors, which completely breaks the design characteristics embodied in traditional materials and the absolute and eternal value associated with them.

Bauhaus School of Architecture

In April 19 19, 1, the first brand-new modern design education institution-Bauhaus National Institute of Architecture was established in Weimar, Germany. The word Bauhaus was coined by its founder and first chairman, Gropes, between 19 19 and 6544. It has cultivated a whole generation of modern architecture and design talents, and also cultivated a whole era of modern architecture and craft design style, which is called "the cradle of modern design".

Advocate free creation in design and oppose imitation and ruthlessness.

B combine handicraft industry with machine production, and advocate understanding the characteristics of modern industry while mastering handicraft industry.

C. emphasize basic training. Basic courses such as plane composition, three-dimensional composition and color composition developed from modern abstract painting and sculpture have become one of Bauhaus's greatest contributions to modern industrial design.

D, pay equal attention to practical ability and theoretical literacy.

Combine school education with social production practice.

In terms of design theory, Bauhaus put forward three basic viewpoints: ① the new unity of art and technology. The purpose of design is people, not products. ③ Design must follow the laws of nature and objectivity. These viewpoints have played a positive role in the development of modern industrial design, making modern design gradually move from idealism to realism, that is, rational and scientific ideas have replaced artistic self-expression and romanticism.

The first stage (19 19- 1925) During Weimar period, the idea of "unification of art and technology" dominated by Gropes formed the combination of art education and handcraft.

The second stage (1925- 1932)- Deso period-Hans Meyer (28-30) and Mies van der Rohe (30-32)- integrated teaching of design and production.

The third stage (1932- 1933), the Berlin period, lasted for 6 months and was forced to close permanently.

The historical function and influence of Bauhaus

1. Bauhaus's modern design art thought

(Pay attention to functional, technical and economic factors)

(1) the unity of art and technology;

(2) The purpose of design is function, not product;

(3) The design must follow the natural and objective laws.

2. The influence of Bauhaus on design education

(1) Bauhaus established a set of teaching methods and teaching system of design art, and realized that "technical knowledge" can be taught, while "creativity" can only inspire. It laid a foundation for the establishment and development of the scientific system of industrial design.

(2) Bauhaus's design practice has truly realized the unity of technology and art, formed a truly rational design principle, and filled the gap between modern art and technology, handicraft industry and industry.

(3) Bauhaus design education has created German design style: highly rational and rigorous functionality.

British "popular" design

Background: The younger generation who grew up after the war are tired of the monotonous and indifferent design of modernism style, and are eager for the emergence of new consumption concepts and new cultural styles. Emerging pop culture (soap opera, jazz, swing dance, video games) is catching up with traditional elegant culture. Therefore, the colors and decorations of art are reused.

Pop art and design

Pop art: Pursuing the most popular form, color and structure in daily life, forming a popular, civic and symbolic style, and pursuing the purpose of appealing to both refined and popular tastes.

Features: popular, short-lived, consuming, cheap, mass-produced, young, humorous and secretive.

Design slogan: art should not be elegant, art should be equal to life.

Artistic means: splicing, amplification, combination and imitation.

Pop design appeared in the 1950s, also known as pop art, popular art and new Dadaism, representing the taste of popularization and popularization. Its heyday was in the 1960s, and its main activity centers were in Britain and the United States. It represents the expressionist tendency of industrial design in the 1960 s to pursue form alienation and entertainment. It reflects the social and cultural values of the younger generation who grew up after the war and tries to express themselves and pursue novelty. Popular styles have different forms in different countries. For example, the American telephone company adopted the most popular Mickey Mouse image to design the telephone, while the Italian pop design embodies the characteristics of soft sculpture, such as designing the sofa into a lip shape or making it into the shape of a big glove.

Pop design: expressionist tendency, rebellion against orthodoxy, pursuit of perfection, neatness and elegance, alienation of form and entertainment.

Products focus on formal expression and pure surface decoration, rather than modern concepts such as function and reasonable production. Pop design emphasizes flexibility and consumerism, that is, the life span of products should be short to adapt to changing social and cultural conditions. Pursue popularization and popular taste, and oppose the lofty pretensions of modernism. Emphasize the symbolic meaning of consumer goods, not their form and aesthetic quality.

Design elements: the most common and common industrial products or wastes.

The characteristics of pop design: mixed styles.

(1) The theme of design creation is directly derived from the day of full commercialization.

The world is always commercialized.

(2) The concise image of the design works is taken from daily necessities.

(3) The design style basically accepts the direct influence of commercial art. ..

postmodernism

It is a tendency of anti-culture, anti-aesthetics and anti-literature, which came into being in 1960s and was popular in Europe and America in 1970s and 1980s. It is a movement aimed at resisting the pure methodology of modernism, which is widely embodied in literature, philosophy, critical theory, architecture, design and other fields. The so-called "postmodernism" does not mean that it lags behind "modernity" in time, but in terms of the development and evolution of artistic style.

Its essence is an intellectual's anti-rationalism and political indifference, which shows the public's dissatisfaction with politics, helplessness and even active use for practical purposes. ) and emotional hedonism.

Postmodernism is not a specific style, but a series of attempts to transcend modernism. In one case, this means reviving the artistic style abandoned by modernism, while in another case, it means opposing the object art or things including yourself.

Industrial age: characterized by large-scale production (and standardization) under specific time and space conditions.

Post-industrial era (information age): It is the era of computers. Although it is also an era of economies of scale, it is no longer subject to time and space conditions like the industrial age. People can engage in production anytime and anywhere, and products (not just information) can circulate around the world instantly.

Postmodernism is not a specific style, but a series of attempts to transcend modernism. In one case, this means reviving the artistic style abandoned by modernism, while in another case, it means opposing the object art or things including yourself.

Industrial age: characterized by large-scale production (and standardization) under specific time and space conditions.

Post-industrial era (information age): It is the era of computers. Although it is also an era of economies of scale, it is no longer subject to time and space conditions like the industrial age. People can engage in production anytime and anywhere, and products (not just information) can circulate around the world instantly.

Deconstruction is a school that rose in the field of architectural design in the late1980s.

The core of this theory is the antipathy to the structure itself, which holds that the symbol itself can reflect the truth, and the study of individuals is more important than the study of the overall structure. Deconstruction not only denies constructivism, which is an important part of modernism, but also denies the principle of classical aesthetics (harmony and unity).

Example: In the 1980s, a western artist performed a pantomime in China. After playing a piece of classical music with the viola, he suddenly got up, dropped the viola on the ground, stepped on it severely, and then quickly pasted an abstract painting (a reconstructed painting of the viola) on the canvas with pieces of the viola. The original perfect and harmonious violin shape no longer exists, but the fragments left by it can be reborn in another art form.