During this period, there was a sudden change in the West: Renaissance (14 ~16th century).
China lags behind the West, which began in the early Ming Dynasty.
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The dynasties of the same period after China.
In contrast, it is more interesting:
Jiankang Song 420-479, Nanjing, Jiangsu
Jiankangqi 479-502, Nanjing, Jiangsu
Liang Jiangsu Nanjing Jiankang 502-557
Jiangsu Nanjing Jiankang Chen 557-589
Northern Dynasties Northern Wei Dynasty 386-534 Pingcheng Shanxi Datong
Luoyang, Henan Luoyang
East Wei 534-550 leaves Linzhang, Hebei Province
BAIC 550-577 Ye Hebei Linzhang
Western Wei 535-557 Chang 'an Shaanxi xi 'an
Beizhou 557-58 1 xi 'an, Chang 'an, Shaanxi
Sui 58 1-6 18 Daxing 'an, Shaanxi Province
Tang 6 18-907 Chang 'an, Shaanxi
the Five Dynasties
No.907-923, Kaifeng, Bianhe, Hou Liang, Shiguo
Luoyang, Late Tang Dynasty 923-936 Luoyang Henan
Houjin 936-946 Bianhe Kaifeng
No.947-950 Houhan Road, Bianhe District, Kaifeng City, Henan Province
Later Zhou 95 1-960 Bianhe Kaifeng
Ten countries ⑤ 902-979-
Song and Northern Song Dynasties 960- 1 127 Kaifeng, Henan Province
Southern Song Dynasty 1 127- 1279 Lin 'an, Zhejiang Province
Liao 907- 1 125 Huang Du
(Shangjing) Liaoning
Bairin Right Banner
Xixia 1038- 1227 Xingqingfu Yinchuan Ningxia
Jin1115-1234 Acheng, Huining (Heilongjiang)
Zhongdu Beijing
Kaifeng, Henan Kaifeng
Yuan 1206- 1368 Metropolitan Beijing
Beijing Ming 1368- 1644 Beijing
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Middle Ages
Medieval history, also known as medieval history, refers to the period from the demise of the Western Roman Empire in 476 to the outbreak of the British bourgeois revolution in 1640. The formation, development and disintegration of feudal system is the main line of European history in this period. However, the development of feudal society in the world is unbalanced. When Western Europe just entered the feudal society in the 5th century, China had already completed the feudal social course of about 1000 years.
In European feudal society, kings, nobles and feudal lords of all sizes formed a pyramid hierarchy, but their rights and obligations were limited. "I am a minister, not a minister", which makes the feudal countries in Europe in a state of separatism for a long time. Oriental China is "king all over the world?" On the coastal land, is it very different from the centralized feudal monarchy in Wang Ju? The rulers of various countries are still waging wars, plundering and annexing each other, and many countries have never had a unified and stable regime. Feudal landlords exploited farmers by virtue of land ownership and political power. In Europe, Christian churches have become tools of feudal rule, and they jointly safeguard the feudal system with secular feudal owners. The labor of peasants and serfs was embezzled by feudal lords in the form of servitude, land rent in kind, various taxes and church tithes. Farmers resisted constantly, but the scale of the uprising was generally small, and there was no large-scale peasant war that overthrew a dynasty many times like China.
Regardless of the west or the east, the feudal economy is mainly a self-sufficient natural economy with a farmer as the basic production unit. Because farmers can have some basic means of production and living and obtain certain products of labor, their enthusiasm for labor is much higher than that of slaves. The popularity of iron tools in the Middle Ages, coupled with the continuous progress of production technology, greatly enriched social wealth and promoted the development of commerce. 14 and 15 centuries, in the Mediterranean coastal areas, capitalist workshops and handicrafts specializing in commodity production appeared in cities with developed commodity economy. 16 and 17 centuries, capitalism sprouted in cities south of the Yangtze River in China. Capitalist relations of production are produced in feudal relations of production, which shows that feudal society has come to an end. Since then, the rise of capitalism in some European countries has formed an irreversible momentum.
Medieval Europe was a so-called "dark age", with backward culture and ignorant thoughts, while in China, it was a period of highly developed culture and science and technology, with a strong cultural contrast between the East and the West. Religion occupies a dominant position in the ideological field in vast areas of the world. Buddhism, Christianity and Islam have become the "state religions" in many countries. Confucianism dominated China's ideological field. Although this cultural phenomenon once promoted the consolidation of feudal society, it became an obstacle to social progress and scientific development after the rise of capitalism. With the emergence of the seeds of capitalism, the Renaissance in Europe was a great liberation of human thought, which promoted the prosperity of culture and art and the great leap of modern science. In the East, due to the long-term bondage of feudal ideas, social development tends to be slow, and it has since fallen behind the West.
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1, definition:
The word "Middle Ages" was first put forward by Beyonce, an Italian humanist historian, in the15th century. He called the Millennium of the 5th ~/kloc-0th/5th century in Western Europe the Middle Ages, which means a historical period between the two cultural peaks of classical culture and Renaissance. /kloc-at the end of 0/7, Keller, a German historian, divided the whole history of mankind into three periods for the first time in World History. In the18th century, the word medieval was widely used by European historians. Han Feizi, an ancient thinker in China, said that ancient times, middle ages and modern times were adopted in the translation of western world history works in the late Qing Dynasty. The Middle Ages is a unique concept applicable to Western Europe. When it is applied to other regions, we often replace it with the history of the world in the Middle Ages.
2. Date of departure and destination:
Because of different concepts, people have different understandings of the history of the world in the Middle Ages. Traditionally, the upper limit of China was the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, and the lower limit was1the British bourgeois revolution in 640, taking the revolutionary seizure of power as the standard, which is no longer needed. The current textbooks are all the lower limit of 65438+ before the geographical discovery at the end of 2005, but the upper limit is still in the fifth century.
The medieval history of Cambridge, England introduced 12 views on the upper limit. It began in 284 when the Roman emperor Diocletian ascended the throne, and the lower limit was 1453 when the Byzantine Empire perished. This view is very popular in the west. When the authors of A Brief History of Medieval Europe, History of World Civilization and General History of the World set the time limit, the lower limit is15th century.
3. Temporary storage:
In the Middle Ages, the difference was too great, taking Western Europe as the standard:
5 ~ 10 century, the feudal system in western Europe was formed (feudal period);
11~14th century, the feudal system in western Europe flourished;
14 ~15th century, the crisis period of feudal system in western Europe;
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Middle Ages
"Middle Ages" is a controversial concept, because there has never been a dynasty called "Middle Ages" in history, and no rulers, thinkers or others in any country consider themselves "Middle Ages". The so-called "Middle Ages" were created by later generations.
The word "Middle Ages" was first born during the Renaissance in Europe. It was first put forward and used by the Italian humanist linguist and historian Biondo in15-16th century. They believe that there is an "intermediate century" between the decline of the Roman Empire and their own era, that is, the "intermediate century" at the end of 2007 500 16.000000000005 German historian Christopher Keller divided human history into three periods for the first time in his general history. Since the end of 18, the concept of "Middle Ages" has been used by western academic circles for a long time.
There is no absolute time limit for the "Middle Ages". Most western scholars believe that the "Middle Ages" began around 500 AD and ended around 1500. The representative event of the former is the demise of the Western Roman Empire, and the representative event of the latter is the opening of a new sea route. Among them, 65,438+0,000 and 65,438+0,350 are divided into early Middle Ages. Mid-term and late. Most historians in China are used to taking the demise of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD as the beginning of the "Middle Ages", while the lower limit is controversial. Some advocated the Dutch Revolution in the 6th century/Kloc-0, while others advocated the discovery of new air routes. But more often, they took the British bourgeois revolution in the year 1640 as the lower limit.
The typical concept of "Middle Ages" has specific geographical boundaries and emotional colors. When the enlightenment thinkers in the Western Renaissance created the word "Middle Ages", they did not mean the whole world or Europe, but only the areas ruled by Catholicism, that is, Central and Western Europe. Emotionally, they yearn for Asian culture (China culture, Indian culture, etc.). ), Arab culture, Byzantine culture. However, the decline of classical culture caused by the invasion of barbarians from the 6th century to16th century was extremely bad.
Human beings do not think much of the monopoly of the church on cultural undertakings, so they dismiss this period of history as "barbarism", "uncivilized" and "autocracy" and call it "the dark age". While denouncing the darkness of the Middle Ages in the West, these enlightenment thinkers took it as their responsibility to "revive" the classical culture, forming the Renaissance and the Enlightenment.
With the increasing use of the word "Middle Ages", it gradually evolved into a synonym for feudal society, which was used to refer to the period when the feudal mode of production was dominant in the world. In this way, the word "Middle Ages" no longer refers to the West, but becomes a concept that can be used to describe the history of any country at this stage of its historical development. According to this usage, because countries entered and ended feudal society at different times, their "Middle Ages" could not be consistent. For example, China entered the feudal society earlier, in which the century can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period or even earlier, and the lower limit can be extended to the late Qing Dynasty and even the Republic of China, while Indian, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and other Asian countries and vast areas of Africa and America entered the feudal era later, and their "Middle Ages" began at 1 1-65438 respectively.
More importantly, the concept of "Middle Ages" with a specific meaning is used to refer to the history of all countries in the world. While paying attention to the common ground of economic production mode, it ignores the great differences of cultural development in various countries. Western culture in the "Middle Ages" is generally in a declining trend.
The invasion has caused great damage to the endangered western classical culture. As a result, the cultural level of the whole western society has been greatly reduced, and the church has become the main preserver and user of classical culture, although the preservation is very limited. However, the cultures of other areas in the "Middle Ages" were different.
Outside scene: In the Near East, the Byzantine Empire claimed to be the orthodox successor of the Roman Empire from the very beginning and actively preserved the cultural heritage of ancient Greece and Rome; After the decline of Byzantine Empire, the quietly rising Russia inherited its cultural heritage. In the Middle East, Muslims in the Arab world believe in Islam.
The teaching of religious teachings seeks knowledge from advanced countries all over the world, which leads to the rapid development of Arab culture and reaches a quite high level. As one of the four ancient civilizations in the world, India's splendid ancient culture has been destroyed to a considerable extent due to internal division and invasion by foreign enemies, but it still has a certain development and belongs to the world.
In China, one of the four ancient civilizations, the classical civilization has not been greatly destroyed, but has been continuously absorbed.
On the basis of digesting foreign culture, classical culture has developed to a new height and become the most
One of the influential cultures. These fundamental differences can hardly be expressed by the word "Middle Ages".
Yes Because of this, some historians are studying world history outside the West, especially culture and education.
When, try to avoid using the word "medieval", as a last resort, use "medieval history" instead.
At that time, there were many definitions.
Considering the differences in historical development of different countries and regions, it is also to take care of cultural development itself.
Integrity, the "Middle Ages" in the book does not have a unified definition of time. In Europe, we in Syria.
Describes the history from the demise of the Western Roman Empire to 1350; In China, we described the Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties.
(A.D. 58 1- 1363); In Japan, we describe the Dahua Revolution since 646 AD.
The history of the end of the Tokugawa era in Muromachi in the new century16 ad; In India, we describe self-satisfaction.
The history of the Derrido dynasty and even the Su Fan country (about 220- 1526); In Arabia,
It is basically the history from the 6th century to14th century.