The particularity of teachers' labor objects, means and products makes teachers' labor have a series of characteristics.
1. Complexity
The complexity of teachers' labor shows that teachers need to use all kinds of knowledge and abilities, invest more time and consume more energy in teaching and educating people. The reasons leading to the complexity of teachers' labor mainly include the following aspects:
(1) Teachers' working objects are complicated.
Teachers work with students with individual differences and student groups. Students come from all directions and thousands of families, and each student has a unique consciousness, emotion, will, knowledge and conduct. Although the class teaching system can adjust and narrow the differences between students, even so, the differences in personality and ability between students are inevitable. Therefore, it is impossible to copy them by a fixed process, a unified model, a material product, and a mold. Education and teaching work is a clear and unified work of a project. This requires teachers not only to train students according to uniform standards, but also to pay attention to the individual differences of students, put forward different requirements suitable for students' reality, adopt different targeted methods, treat them differently and teach students in accordance with their aptitude. At the same time, schools and teachers are not the only educators of students. There are many factors that affect students' growth. Differences in students' talents and physical conditions, differences in family and specific social environment, differences in original interests, habits and abilities, and differences in relations with teachers and class groups all have an impact on students' growth. Students come to school under various influences from family and society, some of which are favorable factors, while others are the opposite. Faced with this complicated situation, teachers can't do a good job in education and teaching without enough intelligence, hard work and hard work.
(2) Teachers' responsibilities are manifold.
The fundamental duty of a teacher is to educate people and teach students well, even if it is to make every student develop morally, intellectually, physically, aesthetically and laboriously in a unified and all-round way and become a harmonious person. This responsibility requires teachers to both teach and educate people; We should not only impart knowledge, but also develop students' intelligence, ability, physical strength and morality; It is necessary to enable students to bear the requirements of the development of social productive forces after graduation, fight against nature and adapt to the existing social relations and social life. These complicated and heavy responsibilities require teachers to perform through hard and meticulous work. At the same time, the products processed by teachers have incomparable social value to other labor products. This kind of product is the main body of society, its scope of action is wide and its influence on society is deep, which is incomparable to any other labor product in society. This requires teachers to be highly responsible for their own labor objects and strive for perfection. Industrial labor can discard unqualified products, agricultural labor can remove sick seedlings, and teachers can neither "simply eliminate" nor "reinvent" their own labor objects. For many objects with "faults", not only can we not simply abandon them, on the contrary, we need teachers to redouble their careful training, seriously correct them with a hundred times of enthusiasm and endurance, and strive to prevent a "unqualified product" from flowing to the society. If these students are simply expelled from school, the result is likely to not only ruin their lives, but also bring serious harm to society.
(3) Teachers' labor process is complicated.
The process of teachers' labor is the process of using intelligence, the process of combining mental labor with manual labor, and the process of comprehensively applying, digesting, transmitting and discovering scientific knowledge and skills. In teachers' labor, the transmission and transformation of knowledge and information is the main means of labor. Transfer and transformation is to make the spiritual wealth expressed in the form of knowledge needed by society become the personal wealth of students. This requires teachers to digest knowledge, understand and master knowledge first, and then turn knowledge into students' wealth in a way that students can easily accept. It is generally not difficult for teachers to understand and digest knowledge, and it is difficult to "transform". Because students are the objects of teachers' labor, they are not only the objects of education, but also the subjects of education through teachers' education and students' self-education. They always absorb all kinds of information. This information has a certain influence on the development of students in all aspects. This requires teachers not only to start from the age characteristics of students, but also to start from the existing development level of students. However, the current level of development often changes due to students' subjective efforts. This makes the "transformation" of teachers often difficult, which requires teachers to pay not only the price of physical strength, but also the price of spiritual strength to promote this "transformation". Teachers' work is a combination of physical strength and mental strength. They should not only digest knowledge, but also master the methods of transferring knowledge and "transform" themselves.
(4) Teachers' working ability is complicated.
The tools of teachers' labor are textbooks, teaching AIDS and so on. Teachers must master and understand the textbooks before using them, and completely transform their intelligence, emotion and world outlook into their own. This means that teachers' work has higher requirements than other professional mental work. Teachers should not only master the professional knowledge of the subjects they teach, but also have various abilities related to knowledge transformation, such as the ability to analyze teaching materials, grasp students' psychological dynamics, organize and manage, express words, draw pictures on the blackboard, practice and persuade people. It is precisely because teachers need to have a wide range of knowledge and skills that many countries have made regulations that graduates of ordinary colleges and universities must undergo special training in normal education before they can become teachers.
Creative
This characteristic of teachers' labor is as follows: teachers must proceed from students' reality, carefully design education and teaching programs, and timely and accurately adjust education and teaching methods and processes according to students' responses, thus effectively promoting students' development.
The creative characteristics of teachers' labor are determined by the changing characteristics of teachers' labor objects, materials and means.
First of all, teachers work with people. It is mainly a student group composed of a growing generation of teenagers. Not only are there some individual differences among students, but also the general characteristics and individual differences of students are mainly the products of social environment, which are constantly changing with the development of society. Every year's further education, promotion and further study make teachers face different and new labor objects. People in different periods, even the same age, often show considerable differences in concepts, behaviors, interests and needs.
Secondly, the content and means of teachers' labor are constantly changing. Textbooks, as the content of teachers' labor, will change with the development of the times, and the means of labor will be diversified with the development of science and technology. All these make it impossible for teachers to apply the fixed education and teaching model year after year, but they must carry out creative work according to people, events, times and places. Therefore, on the surface, teachers' work is to impart established cultural and scientific knowledge to students year after year according to established plans and procedures, to form students' certain skills and skills through repeated training, and to incorporate students' thoughts into certain social ethics through a lot of words and deeds. However, from the internal mechanism, there are no fixed norms, procedures or methods for teachers' work, and teachers must give play to their subjective initiative in their work. Through my own understanding of the educational purpose and teaching materials, as well as a comprehensive grasp of the specific characteristics of the educational object, I follow the educational law and choose the most effective methods and ways to achieve the educational purpose. The process of understanding, grasping, choosing and realizing itself contains considerable creativity.
3. exemplary
The exemplary characteristics of teachers' labor refer to the characteristics that teachers' knowledge, thoughts, emotions, personality, will, words and deeds all influence students and are strictly supervised by students.
This feature of teachers' labor is determined by two factors:
(1) Students learn and imitate from teachers.
The so-called "teacher-oriented" refers to the natural tendency of students to respect and fear their teachers, be willing to accept their teaching, hope to get their attention, attention, care and encouragement, and carry out self-education enthusiastically and seriously. The research of educational psychology shows that children from kindergarten to college students have the characteristics of learning from teachers and imitating their words and deeds. This feature is manifested in the emotional dependence of young children and children entering primary schools on teachers. They often turn their attachment to their parents into love for their teachers. They are not only good at imitating teachers' words and deeds, but also the teachers' words are supreme and inviolable in their minds. Teachers' words and deeds are the highest standards of students' words and deeds at this stage, often because teachers show concern and love for them, such as kissing their faces several times, touching their heads several times, praising themselves several times, and drawing how many √ "s in their exercise books as a weight to lean towards the teacher. With the growth of age and knowledge, in the middle school stage, students gradually change from meeting the emotional needs of communication to meeting the needs of curiosity and personality perfection, thus establishing feelings with teachers. At this time, teachers' extensive knowledge and lofty personality have become an important reason for their love and respect for teachers. Even in college, students still have this admiration for their teachers. Many students are inspired and influenced by respected teachers, who set their own aspirations and strive to make progress. Many students with shortcomings bid farewell to yesterday under the teacher's constant and active "concern".
Students' learning from teachers is determined by their immaturity and the dominant position of teachers in the educational process. Teacher-oriented makes students firmly believe in the correctness and authority of teachers' words and deeds, willing to accept teachers' teaching and actively imitate teachers' words and deeds. This requires teachers to be strict with themselves all the time, everywhere and everything, and all aspects should set an example.
(2) The exemplary characteristics of teachers' labor means.
The transformation and transmission of knowledge information is an important means of teachers' labor, which has obvious exemplary characteristics.
① The process of teachers' analysis and demonstration of teaching materials is exemplary.
When analyzing a text, teachers actually start with the analysis of the objective social environment in which the author lived at that time, grasp the author's mood, thoughts and concepts, and show the author's true thoughts and feelings to students through vivid description and analysis by teachers, so that students can feel at home, thus achieving the purpose of infecting and educating students. Here, the teacher's emotional reading, the imitation of the language expression and behavior of the characters in the text, and the careful blackboard design are all very exemplary. Especially in the teaching of natural subjects, from the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and geometric figure recognition in primary schools to the proof and calculation of theorems and laws in middle schools and universities, teachers should design certain teaching plans, draw charts, make teaching AIDS, and even use electronic instruments and equipment, reasoning and demonstrating step by step, operating step by step, analyzing step by step, calculating step by step, and showing various processes, relationships and laws inside abstract theorems. Here, whether teachers attach importance to the demonstration of using labor means and how to use demonstration means directly affect the teaching effect. The extensive application of contemporary audio-visual teaching methods in classroom teaching makes the demonstration of teachers' labor even more icing on the cake.
② Various practical activities in education and teaching activities are also very exemplary.
The process of various experiments in teaching is the process in which teachers demonstrate and guide students to participate in experiments. Every link and step is inseparable from the teacher's demonstration and explanation.
Teachers' labor is a kind of exemplary labor, which expresses the essence of educational content through teachers' own moral knowledge and talents, and transforms knowledge, skills and social behavior norms into students' knowledge, talents and conduct. Students are everywhere and news is everywhere. Any improper words and deeds of teachers will affect their prestige and the effect of their education and teaching. In education and teaching, teachers must set an example, pay attention to their appearance, words and deeds, and set an example for students everywhere, all the time and everything.
4. Personality and collectivity
Teachers' work is basically expressed in the form of individuals, and they cannot be organized in a "one-stop" mechanical equipment like workers on mechanized assembly lines. Although all kinds of schools at all levels have unified teaching plans, syllabuses and textbooks, each teacher has great autonomy in carrying out and completing various specific educational and teaching tasks. The manifestations of teachers' labor vary widely, each with its own characteristics and style. This kind of autonomy of teachers' labor cannot be forcibly restricted by anyone. What teachers play a leading role in the process of labor is their self-regulation ability and self-creation ability. Although teachers also have stipulated working hours, the time and place of classes are determined in advance, the quality of lesson preparation, teaching process and teaching effect also depend on teachers' self-requirements and self-supervision.
Although teachers' labor is individual in form, their labor results are collective. The fundamental task of education in China is to cultivate socialist laborers with all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique, beauty and labor. This task is multifaceted and multi-level. In order to accomplish this task, we need to mobilize all forces and work together. As far as the school is concerned, it needs not only the close cooperation of the head teacher and the teachers in each class, but also the close cooperation of all the teaching staff of the school. Therefore, the result of teachers' labor-the level of students' physical and mental development-is mainly the result of teachers' collective labor, and it is hard to say which teacher's individual labor is the result. In modern society, the collectivity of educational achievements is more prominent. Modern school is a multi-disciplinary, multi-level and multi-professional unity, and it is impossible to rely on the efforts of a few teachers. No matter how knowledgeable a teacher is, he can only teach one or several courses, and it is impossible to teach everything. Students' thirst for knowledge is multifaceted, and so are the requirements of society for students' growth. Therefore, the collective role of teachers is also very important. In the whole process of education, a student is influenced by many teachers. The work of each teacher can only be part of the collective work of all teachers. Therefore, students' knowledge mastery, ability development and moral character formation are not the result of any single teacher's labor, but the result of collective labor with teachers as the mainstay.
5. Infinity of time and space
Teachers' work is not limited by time and space. Although the school is a specialized educational institution, it is impossible for the school to limit all the factors that affect the development of students, so it is impossible for the school to completely concentrate the time and space of education on the school. This determines that teachers' labor must be extensive in space and continuous in time. Teachers have various forms of labor, such as attending classes, preparing lessons, correcting homework, tutoring after class, organizing extracurricular and off-campus activities, visiting families, and showing students around. Both aim to gain time and space for education.
Due to the limitation of time and place, teachers' work cannot be interrupted at will, so there is no obvious boundary between work and work, and there is no limited geographical scope. Teachers' working hours are in and out of class, and teachers' working places are in and out of school. In the classroom, on the playground, inside and outside the school, as long as there are students, teachers should set an example and perform their duties. The classroom teaching activities stipulated in the curriculum are only one of the components of teachers' labor. In order to accomplish the mission of teaching and educating people, teachers need to strive for all the time and space, go deep into various places and activities where the object of education is located, and exert educational influence on students from time to time.
nervous
Teachers' labor is not heavy labor with less physical energy consumption, but high-intensity labor with more psychological energy consumption. Compared with the physical consumption of manual labor, teachers' labor mainly consumes intelligence. Judging from the physiological indexes such as respiration, pulse frequency and unit calorie consumption (kilocalories per hour), teachers' labor expenditure in these aspects is lower than that of manual workers with the same working hours. However, from the mental load, emotional load and psychological indicators such as observation, attention and operation reflected by the central nervous system, nerve, muscle, endocrine and heart rate, teachers are in a state of tension when engaging in educational and teaching activities. Therefore, the teacher's work has the characteristics of tension, and the teacher's work is heavy and tense mental work.