Song Song Ci, whose word is Hui Fu, is an outstanding forensic scientist in ancient China. Zhu is a native of Jianyang (now Fujian) and a master of Neo-Confucianism. Born in the 13th year of Xiaozong Xichun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 186), he died in the 6th year of Lizong Xichun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1249) at the age of 64. He studied Confucianism since he was a child. After becoming an official, he experienced more than ten local officials and was responsible for many times in prison. Finally, he managed to appease the ambassador in Guangdong. I've handled countless cases in my life. Two years before his death (A.D. 1247), he wrote and published five volumes of Remedy Collection. This book is the crystallization of his life experience and thoughts, not only for China, but also for the world. It is more than 350 years earlier than the similar works written by Italian Fitonado Federi in A.D. 1602. The author applied Chinese medicine, which was in the leading position in the world at that time, to prison inspection, and comprehensively summarized the practical experience of government officials' prison inspection since the pre-Qin period, making it systematic and theoretical. Therefore, once this book was published, it became a necessary book for prison officials at that time and later, and it was almost regarded as the golden rule, and its authority even exceeded the relevant laws promulgated by the feudal court. For more than 750 years, this book has been translated into Korean, Japanese, French, English, Dutch, German, Russian and other languages. Until now, many countries are still studying it. Its far-reaching influence has left a glorious page in the history of Chinese and foreign medicine, forensic medicine and science and technology. The scientific spirit of seeking truth from facts, which runs through it, is still shining and worth carrying forward. At that time, Neo-Confucianism prevailed in Zhu Cheng. This is a huge, complete and exquisite ideological system of idealism. During the reign of Song Lizong (A.D. 1225- 1264), Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism was elevated to the supreme position and became the undisputed official ruling ideology. Its representatives, such as Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi and Zhu, were named Chun Gong, Chun Gong and Wen Gong respectively, and they worshipped the Confucius Temple with great glory. It can be seen that the influence of Neo-Confucianism at this time is great. As Zhu's hometown and later school, Song Ci received systematic education and long-term edification from Neo-Confucianism. When I was a teenager, I was employed by my fellow countryman "Kaoting (Zhu's residence is also his name)" Wu Zhi. After entering imperial academy, he was really appreciated by the famous Neo-Confucianist and disciple Zhu at that time and studied under him. After being a scholar, I have been an official for many years. By nature, such a person must have a strong idealist philosophy. However, Song Ci shows a materialistic tendency in the theory and practice of forensic medicine. In his masterpieces handed down from generation to generation, there is no empty idealistic preaching of Neo-Confucianism, and the spirit of seeking truth is strongly advocated. Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism holds that "everything in heaven and earth is just a principle", and the body of human heart embodies reason or righteousness, "wholeheartedly, Zhan Ran is empty and bright, and everything is sufficient" and "everything is in one heart". In other words, I have everything in my heart and don't need to ask for it. If you act according to this, you don't need to know the reality of the outside world at all, just think with your heart. Song ci is just the opposite. He turned Zhu's idealistic "poverty and reason" into a materialistic epistemological principle, not a heartfelt "poverty and reason", but seeking truth from facts. At that time, state and county officials often entrusted life-threatening prison matters to newly elected officials or soldiers with no practical experience, who were easily deceived; In addition, some people are afraid of hardship and dirt, do not conduct on-the-spot investigation of the case, or even go to the crime scene, but are "eager to see, cover their noses and disdain", so it is inevitable that there will be mistakes in judgment and even confusion between right and wrong, resulting in countless unjust imprisonment. As a prison officer, Song Ci hated this phenomenon and strongly opposed it. In the process of hearing lawsuits and reasoning about punishment, he put human life first and sought truth from facts. He said: "Cisi has written to (law enforcement officers). He's not long. He works alone in prison. He dare not be a little slow. " This confession is indeed a portrayal of his serious attitude in serving his sentence for many years. He paid special attention to the actual inspection of the case and thought: "Prison matters are more important than the monarch, the monarch is more important than the first love, and the first love is more important than the inspection. Cover the right of life and death, and there is a chance to bend over and stretch out, so I will decide. " It means that beheading is the heaviest punishment, which is determined by the facts of the crime, and the facts of the crime must be tested before they can be identified, so the result of the test is often life and death. Only in this way, the inspection must not be perfunctory and go through the motions, but must be serious and responsible, "seeking truth from facts" and must find out the true situation of the case. "It is important to judge without losing money." To do this, Song believes that inspection officials must "see for themselves". No matter where the crime occurs, we should also "visit the body personally" and "avoid serious injury" Otherwise, it should be punished with a stick for dereliction of duty. Even if the case happened in summer and the body smelled bad, the inspection official "must be single-minded and can't avoid odor." Another outstanding performance of Fei Song's clay teacher education is his attitude towards corpses, especially whether he can expose and examine the hidden parts of corpses. According to the dogma of "seeing, listening, speaking, and behaving indecently" and "there is no delusion inside, and there is no madness outside" in Neo-Confucianism, when examining a corpse, the hidden parts should be covered up to avoid suspicion of "delusion" and "madness". Because of the actual need of inspection, Song Ci completely broke the forbidden area of corpse inspection by contradicting the ethical concepts and specific practices at that time. He warned the inspection officials that no one should cover the secret place, and all the holes must be "carefully inspected" to see if there are deadly foreign objects such as needles and knives inserted into them. In particular, it is pointed out that "anyone who tries women cannot avoid it" and should be carried to "a bright and stable place" If the deceased is a rich girl, it is necessary to carry the body to the road for inspection, "so that everyone can see it and avoid suspicion." Neo-Confucianism, that is, Taoism, is too "evil" to examine corpses like this. However, it is very necessary to find out the case and prevent relevant personnel from using this ethical concept to cover up the truth of the case. What is commendable is that Song resolutely obeyed the reality and swept away the Taoist spirit. It is precisely because the Song family was born in Zhumen that it is inconvenient to publicly criticize idealism like other thinkers such as Chen family and Ye Shi in the same period. However, he advocated the materialistic thought of seeking truth with his own behavior and scientific works, which has the same positive significance as Chen and Ye's criticism. Song's spirit of seeking truth from facts is also reflected in the specific examination of the body. Examining a corpse, that is, diagnosing the cause of death for the deceased, is highly technical and difficult for the diagnosis of the living. We should not only have a good ideological and moral character, but also have a deep medical and pharmaceutical foundation and master many scientific knowledge and methods. Song ci, born in Confucianism, has no relevant scientific knowledge such as medicine. In order to make up for this deficiency, on the one hand, he assiduously studied medical works and applied relevant physiological, pathological, pharmacological and toxicological knowledge and diagnostic methods to investigate the reality of casualties; On the other hand, we should conscientiously sum up the experience of our predecessors. In the inspection practice for many years, we have spared no effort to make the inspection methods diversified and scientific in order to prevent "missing supervision" and "scheduled inspection errors". Judging from the book Remedy Collection, which has been handed down to this day, the variety, comprehensiveness and accuracy of the inspection methods contained in it are unprecedented. This is also the most exciting and high-tech content in the book. In Yi Yuan Ji, some inspection methods belong to the category of experience, but they are consistent with modern science, which is amazing. For example, if you use an umbrella dipped in bright oil to examine the bones, it is an example: "After autopsy, the bones were damaged, but the traces were not there. If you spill the corpse with distiller's grains and vinegar, cover it with new oil silk or umbrella in the open air where you want to see it, and look through the umbrella when you meet the sun, and the traces will appear immediately. If it rains, take hot charcoal as shade. This good law is also. " "Cover the bones with a red umbrella. If there is a bone bump, there is a red road and a slight yin; At the fracture site, there is blood halo color at both ends of the extension; Looking at the sun with traces of bones, Hong Huo was clearly beaten before he died. If there is no shadow of blood on the bone, even if there is damage, it is a trace after death. " Like modern ultraviolet radiation, this kind of bone damage examination uses optical principles. It's just that Song Ci was limited to the level of science and technology at that time and was in an unconscious state. Bones are opaque objects that selectively reflect sunlight. When the light passes through the bright oil umbrella or the new oil silk umbrella, part of the light that affects observation is absorbed, and it is easy to see scars. As discussed in the book, the hanging method is almost the same as the contemporary artificial respiration method. There are rotten, vinegar, Bai Mei, gallnut and other drugs. It can prevent external infection, eliminate inflammation and repair wounds. It also conforms to the principles of modern science, but the drugs used are different. Wait, the list goes on. By using and recording these methods, the author aims to find out the real cause of death and injury, which embodies the scientific spirit of seeking truth from facts. Introduction to Song Ci's masterpiece Injustice Collection: In the preface of Injustice Collection, Song Ci put forward the motive and purpose of writing this book at the beginning: "Prison affairs are not more important than opening up, opening up is not more important than first love, and first love is not more important than investigation." Cover the right code of life and death, and waste the opportunity to bend and stretch. So in the decision. He also said: "The loss of prison conditions is mostly due to the difference between the beginning and the inspection. "Song Ci compiled this book for the purpose of" rehabilitating false and wrong cases "and" bringing back the dead ". Therefore, Song Ci repeatedly emphasized that it should be "tried and tested, but not delayed". He repeatedly warned the case handlers "not to stink" and "to personally participate in the corpse". In-depth field investigation, "it must be a multi-party body visit, and you must never trust one or two people. "When testing, we should seek truth from facts. At the same time, we should understand the social relations and economic situation before the victim's life and fully grasp the real evidence. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, when Confucian classics made the sky worse, the thought of Song Ci was very valuable. The unjust prison collection has made many contributions to forensic science, and the following briefly introduces some contents. Song Ci summed up a set of reasonable measures for autopsy methods. The anthology Remember Injustice has also made many contributions to toxicology. The book records the symptoms of various poisons, pointing out that those who take poison "will vomit evil things before they die, or have black blood, Gu Dao's swelling or large intestine passing"; After death, "my mouth and eyes are open, my face is purple or blue, my lips are purple and black, my hands and feet are blue and black, and there is blood between my mouth, eyes and ears." "There are many practical detoxification prescriptions and first aid methods attached to the book. "Yi Yuan Ji" also records that the blood drop method is used as a method to determine the parental right of immediate relatives, that is, the blood of parents and children is mixed together to determine whether there is blood relationship. Or drop the child's blood on the skeleton. If it is biological, blood will enter the bones, otherwise it will not. The actual effect of this method is not true. Although children's blood types are influenced by their parents, they are not all the same. But this method contains the germ of serum test, which is undoubtedly a very valuable idea. Due to the limitation of times and conditions, there are also some superstitions and mistakes in the collection of injustice. If we can take the essence and discard the dross, this book is still a valuable masterpiece. Since the publication of13rd century, Questioning Prison Collection has become a necessary reference book for prison officials in past dynasties, and it has been used for more than 600 years. The works of later generations are basically modified, annotated and supplemented on the basis of this book, and there are no fewer than dozens of books of this nature. In the thirty-third year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (AD 1694), the National Law Museum organized manpower to revise the unjust prison collection and textual research on dozens of ancient books. The final edition is the unjust record corrected by the Law Museum and awarded to the whole country. Later, the collection of "Remembering the Wrongs" spread overseas. 1779, the legal person translated this book in China Journal of History, Art and Science. 1863, the Dutchman de Grice translated this book into Dutch and published it in Batavia. 1908, the legal person translated from Dutch into French and German into German. In addition, The Collection of Grudges has also been translated into Korean, Japanese, English, Russian and other languages, which shows that this book has also won a certain influence and status in the world forensic history.