The original text is from Ke's Xue Ji in the Warring States Period. The full text is very long. I will choose a relevant paragraph:
If you send it and then block it, it will be invincible; If you study outside your time, you will work hard and it will be difficult to achieve anything; Miscellaneous giving without grandchildren, bad and chaotic without repair; Studying alone without friends is ignorant; Yan Peng betrayed his teacher; Yan Bi abandoned school. These six things are all taught and abandoned.
A gentleman knows both teaching and being taught, and then he can be a teacher. Therefore, the gentleman's teaching metaphor is also, Tao is modest, strong and restrained, and open. Tao leads to harmony, strength leads to restraint and opening leads to thinking. Harmony with Louise is a good metaphor.
Scholars have four mistakes, and teachers must know them. People learn too much, or lose too little, or lose too easily, or stop. These four hearts are different. Know his heart, and then you can recover his loss. Teachers should also learn to be good and save the lost.
The translation of this classical Chinese is:
Things have already happened, and it is bound to be contradictory and unbearable to ban them again; Learning after the passage of time is bound to redouble our efforts and it is difficult to achieve results; Disordered teaching without order is bound to be bad and will not succeed; Learning alone without friends, not learning from each other's strengths, is bound to be ignorant and difficult to learn; Forming cronies and protecting each other's privacy will inevitably violate the teacher's teaching; Behaviour perverse, misconduct is bound to be a theory of neglect of study and humiliation. These six aspects are the reasons for the decline of education.
A gentleman can understand the reasons why education is so prosperous and why education is so declining, and then he can be a teacher. Teachers educate students by guiding rather than pulling, encouraging rather than discouraging, inspiring rather than preaching. Guide without pulling, there will be harmony between teachers and students; Students will find it easy to accept if they are encouraged and not discouraged; Enlightening without sorting can promote students' thinking. Harmony between teachers and students, reassuring study and promoting thinking can be said to be a perfect education.
Students often make four kinds of mistakes, and teachers must understand them. When people study in Ming Dow, some people are too greedy for perfection, some people are too ignorant, some people are too careless and some people are too complacent. In these four situations, everyone's mood is different. Only when the teacher understands the students' ideas can he make up for his shortcomings. Education is to cultivate and develop students' strengths, and to remedy and avoid students' shortcomings.
In order to better understand this passage, I sorted out the difficult words and explained them in detail:
1 and "hàn" case: conflict. Victory: victory.
2. Repair: remedy.
3. Yan: Playing. Reverse: violation.
4. Yan Bi (p √): Talk about deviant things with bad friends. The monarch, evil and eccentric.
5. Waste: failure.
6. Yu: Xiaoyu, enlighten me.
7. Tao (O): Through "guidance" and induction.
8. strength: exhortation and encouragement.
9. Open: indicates the diameter of the door.
10, and: harmony.
1 1, Yi: simple, not confused.
12, thinking: promoting thinking.
13, then: Yu. More: greedy for perfection, doing things for the flood.
14, widowed: ignorant, unable to think.
15, easy: easy to neglect.
16, stop: stop.
17, mind: mind, mood.
18, rescue: help overcome.
19, zh ǐ ng Kindness: Cultivating and developing students' strengths.
Xue Ji inherited the consistent thought of pre-Qin Confucianism and regarded education as the most effective means to implement political and social management. Therefore, Yukime discussed the purpose and function of education with the beautiful language of epigrams:
Xue Ji advocates "nip in the bud", that is, when students' bad ideas and habits have not yet formed, they will be eliminated in the bud. Practice has proved that it is much more difficult to transform the old than to mold the new. As the Book of Learning says, "If you ban it, you will be at a loss." Therefore, whether it is the teaching of cultural knowledge or the cultivation of moral quality, we must adhere to the principle of giving priority to prevention, giving priority to cultivation and supplementing reform.
Xueji requires that teaching must grasp the appropriate opportunity and teach at the right time. This includes two meanings: first, teenagers should enter school at the right time and study at the best learning age so as not to miss the opportunity; Second, teachers should grasp the key opportunity of teaching in the teaching process, stimulate students' thirst for knowledge, and give timely guidance when students are eager for knowledge. Otherwise, we will miss the best age of study and the critical period of forming a certain psychological quality, that is, "practicing internal strength hard."
"Learning is not too late" emphasizes that: first, we should consider the order of students' cognitive activities, that is, consider students' acceptance ability to arrange teaching content and design teaching methods; Second, we should follow the logical system within scientific knowledge in teaching, otherwise, "we will not learn from others, be in a mess, and not trim our margins."
The Book of Learning emphasizes that teachers and friends should learn from each other and make progress together with the help of collective strength in collective discussion, contention and competition. Otherwise, if a person studies alone, refuses the help of classmates from the collective environment, and works behind closed doors, it will inevitably lead to the embarrassment of "being ignorant". However, you must choose your friends carefully. If you make friends with irresponsible people, you will not only fail to achieve the goal of "being kind to others", but also violate the teacher's teaching and even neglect your studies. As the saying goes, "Yan Peng didn't listen to his teacher" and "Yan Bi neglected his studies".
Yukime pointed out four shortcomings or mistakes, or more than one can chew; Or the knowledge is too narrow and one-sided specialization; Or avoid heavy and light; Or try it and settle for the next best. These four shortcomings are caused by the different psychological state of students when they study, that is, "different hearts." As teachers, we must understand the learning psychology of students, understand the psychological differences of different students, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, make up for disadvantages and promote the normal development of students.
Xue Ji had a great influence on later generations:
Xue Ji's greatest contribution in the history of education in China and the world is that he first put forward the teaching principle of "learning to save the lost", and inherited and developed the teaching principle of "good metaphor" advocated by Confucius.
Although the length of Xue Ji is short, it highly summarizes the educational thought and practical experience in the pre-Qin period in China. It not only had a far-reaching impact on the development of China's ancient education history, but also has important reference value so far, which is worthy of serious study and reference by future generations.