In the process of perceptual learning, primary school students mainly understand the perceptual materials necessary for learning new knowledge through observation and preparation of experiments, so as to establish clear and correct representations and concepts of what they have learned. In the process of perceptual learning, the characteristics of primary school students' learning style are: first, the change from passive perception to active perception. Generally speaking, children in lower grades can't actively choose practical materials necessary for learning new knowledge, and they are not good at consciously entering the perception process. Instead, we should rely on textbooks or perceptual materials provided and selected by school teachers to conduct organized perceptual learning under the introduction and explanation of teachers. With the growth of age and the accumulation of learning experience, the active perception components of primary school students in the learning process gradually increase. Junior high school is a transitional period from primary school to senior high school, and students' physical and mental development is also a transitional period from adolescence to adolescence. Their plasticity is great, which is not only the best period to master basic knowledge and skills, but also an important period to create conditions for future development. Compared with primary school learning, it shows the following obvious differences: 1, the learning content is gradually deepened, the course categories of subject knowledge are gradually increased, and the content is gradually deepened. During primary school, students' learning content is relatively simple, and their subjects are relatively simplified, mainly studying the most basic courses such as Chinese and mathematics. Chinese is mainly literacy education and the cultivation of simple listening, speaking, reading and writing skills; Mathematics focuses on basic computing ability; Other aspects only accept some intuitive and perceptual knowledge, without detailed and complete subject knowledge. Teachers' teaching is also more interesting and intuitive, rather than emphasizing the complete system of knowledge. After entering middle school, the content of learning has changed obviously. The types of courses studied are gradually increasing and the content is gradually deepening. Chinese, mathematics and English learned in primary schools have changed from intuitive, perceptual and fragmentary knowledge points to a more complete and systematic knowledge system, with more emphasis on ability requirements; At the same time, physics, chemistry and other courses are offered one after another, and humanities and social science knowledge such as history, geography and biology have also become important learning contents. These subjects are necessary for junior high school students to accumulate cultural quality, which objectively greatly increases the academic burden of junior high school students. Teachers pay more and more attention to the rigor of imparting knowledge and the cultivation of students' thinking methods and abilities. In addition to requiring students to memorize a large number of knowledge points such as definitions and principles, it is more important to cultivate students' ability to master and use knowledge. 2. Junior high school students' academic performance is getting worse. At the same time, the academic performance of junior high school students fluctuates greatly, and there is a fierce differentiation. The increase of learning volume and the deepening of content, coupled with the psychological fluctuation and physiological changes of junior high school students, make the academic performance of junior high school students fluctuate greatly, and at the same time there is a fierce differentiation. Mainly in the following aspects: (1) There is little correlation between the academic performance of primary school and junior high school. According to relevant experts' research, the situation that students who are top students in primary schools continue to stay ahead after entering junior high school is greatly reduced; On the contrary, some students who are considered to have poor grades in primary school often come from behind and become top students. But the academic performance in junior high school is obviously related to the study in senior high school. (2) There is an obvious "differentiation point" in the second grade. Generally speaking, after learning adaptation and adjustment before and during junior high school, learning habits and methods have basically formed a fixed model, and the difference in grades has gradually become obvious. Especially in the second grade, with the deepening of learning content, natural science courses such as physics are offered one after another, which requires students' logical thinking ability to be higher and higher, and intelligence plays an increasingly prominent role in learning. At this time, learning began to appear good, poor, poor, and the gap between good and poor was widened. (3) the difference between academic performance and hard work. Excellent students can arrange their time reasonably, use proper methods and get twice the result with half the effort, so they often seem relaxed and still have spare capacity to study; Poor students are tired of coping, but the more they learn, the more difficult it is, and learning has become a heavy burden. This relaxed learning attitude is an important basis for judging students' learning potential. 3. Students' autonomous learning ability is becoming more and more important. The guidance of junior middle school students should focus on the cultivation of learning methods and learning will. After entering junior high school, students' learning independence is gradually enhanced. In classroom teaching, teachers pay more attention to inspiring students to think independently; In addition to classroom teaching, students also need to arrange their own learning activities consciously and independently. In family education, parents' direct help to children's learning is gradually decreasing, and many parents are unable to do so because of the increase in children's learning difficulty. Therefore, the influence of autonomous learning ability on academic performance is obviously enhanced, and students with strong learning dependence tend to get worse and worse. Parents should promptly guide students to make full use of the good study habits formed in primary school, let them adapt to the requirements of junior high school learning as soon as possible, and help them form relatively independent learning ability in junior high school. The guidance of students should focus more on the cultivation of learning methods and learning will. 4. Learning consciousness and dependence, initiative and passivity coexist in primary school. In school, it depends mainly on the arrangement of teachers, who can be said to be all-encompassing. At home, most of them finish their study tasks under the supervision of their parents. Pupils still lack clear goals and self-control ability, so their dependence and passivity are obvious. Once they leave their teachers and parents, many students often feel at a loss and can't consciously arrange their studies. Relatively speaking, junior high school students' learning consciousness and initiative have been enhanced, but there are significant differences among students in this respect. Many students' consciousness and initiative cannot be maintained for a long time. If the management of teachers and parents is slightly relaxed, they will lose control of themselves and fall behind in their studies, leading to a decline in their academic performance. With the growth of students' age and psychological changes, computer games, martial arts novels, popular romance novels, and even some unhealthy reading materials will have a great temptation to students and become factors affecting their study. Some students' self-control ability is weak, and they will indulge in it, which will seriously affect their study. Students with strong consciousness and initiative can maintain a relatively lasting and stable learning state. Generally speaking, junior high school students are still in the age of conscious and dependent, active and passive coexistence. Parents should pay attention to often help their children to eliminate interference, guide them to form good interests, clarify their learning goals, and consolidate their consciousness and initiative.