His wife (or Li) is the daughter of Dr. Ludang. She is very virtuous, insightful and good at educating children, ranking first among the three mothers (Xu's mother and mother-in-law) in China history.
Mencius can become the "sage" of ZTE's Confucianism, and become the second only to Confucius in China's feudal orthodoxy, thanks to the education of such a mother.
In the three-character sutra, "Meng Mu is in the front, choose neighbors; Meng Mu's stories of "moving three places to choose neighbors" and "teaching children by breaking the machine" have become well-known historical stories of women and children in China for thousands of years and model stories of mothers educating their children all over the world.
Mencius' father, Ji Meng, was a scholar who did not meet his talents. In order to show his family, he abandoned his wife and children and went to Song State to study and seek an official position. However, three years later, Meng Mu, who longed for her husband to get ahead, heard the bad news like a bolt from the blue. Meng Mu, who lost her husband, was not discouraged. She held her head high from grief and made up her mind to train her son into a useful person by her own hands and complete her husband's unfinished business.
Meng Mu's greatness lies in her ability to give her son different degrees of education during his growth.
Mencius was born in Fucun (now Qufu City), 25 miles north of Zoucheng City, Shandong Province. Biography of Lienv records that the Meng family lived near the cemetery. Playing and imitating are children's nature. Because people attending funerals often pass by nearby, Monk and other children "actively build and bury things between graves". They imitated the funeral crowd and played the game of carrying coffins and burying bodies with great interest. Meng Mu believes that such an environment will affect children's reading, hinder the formation of children's normal thoughts, and lead children to an unhealthy path.
Meng Mu decided to move and resolutely took Monk to Miaohuying Village, far away from the cemetery. Miaohuying Village is located in the northwest of Zoucheng City. It was a prosperous market town at that time. In the bustling city where people come and go, Monk gradually plays business games with the children in the market town, and learns from his companions that vendors are hawking, bargaining and slaughtering pigs and sheep like neighbor butchers. Meng Mu thinks this place is still not an ideal place to train children. In this way, children are easily influenced by small vendors and will not study hard.
Meng Mu, who has just lived in this market town for half a year, decided to move again. They moved to the edge of Gong Xue. This Gong Xue is located in the east of Chongjiao Gate at the south gate of Zoucheng, where Confucius' grandson Zisi once set up a palace to give lectures, and later called Zisi Academy. Later Zisi's students gave lectures here. Meng Mu believes that children living near Gong Xue will inevitably be influenced by the atmosphere of Gong Xue, and it will be convenient for them to study when they grow up. After the mother and son moved here, the talented monk was really attracted by the sound of reading in the academy, and often went to the academy to learn poetry and practice etiquette. Meng Mu was glad that he finally found an ideal place to raise his children, and he has lived here ever since. Later, Meng Mu sent Mencius to the palace gate to study with Zisi's disciples, which put Mencius on the road to study.
Like Meng Mu's three tricks, Meng Mu's godson story is a model of mother's godson story.
Although Mencius was intelligent by nature, he also had the playfulness of ordinary children. After studying in Gong Xue for a period of time, the original freshness has passed, and the playful nature cannot be changed. Sometimes I play truant and lie to my mother that I am looking for something lost. Mencius once ran home early, and Meng Mu was weaving until he knew that he had played truant again. Meng Mu called Mencius to his side and cut off all the semi-woven fabrics. Mencius asked why this happened, and Meng Mu replied, "If you give up school, you won't knit!" Educating Mencius, learning is like weaving, relying on a little long-term accumulation. Only by perseverance, perseverance, can we gain profound knowledge, become a talent, and not give up halfway. Playing truant is like breaking the machine. If the thread is broken, the cloth can't be woven. If you often play truant, you are bound to learn nothing.
Monk suddenly realized that from then on, he studied hard and lived up to his mother's expectations, and finally became a great thinker and educator.
Meng Mu also attaches great importance to the growth of children's character, and her story of "killing dolphins without bullying children" has amazed future generations. Once, the neighbor was sharpening his knife and preparing to kill pigs. Mencius was curious and ran to ask his mother, "What are the neighbors doing?" "Kill the pig." "Why kill pigs?" Meng Mu smiled and said casually, "For you." Just finished this sentence, Meng Mu regretted it, thinking that the pig was not killed for the children. Why should I lie to him? Isn't this teaching him to lie? In order to make up for this mistake, Meng Mu really bought his neighbor's pork for Mencius to teach his children to be a man, "keep your word and keep your word."
After Mencius got married, he didn't like his wife and thought she was too arrogant. One day, it was very hot, and my wife came home from working in the fields. When she entered the room, she took off her clothes and enjoyed the cool. It happened that Mencius suddenly pushed the door recently. Mencius was very angry when he saw his wife naked in the room enjoying the cool air. He thought his wife was dissolute and rude, and immediately thought of divorcing her. When Meng Mu learned this, he severely reprimanded Mencius and said, "You should knock at the door and ask if there is anyone in the room before you can go in. You pushed the door in without knocking. This is your first faux pas, not your wife's fault. " . After listening to his mother's words, Mencius deeply felt that he was too reckless and ashamed that he had not applied what he had learned to his life. Since then, he has completely removed his bad feelings and made up with his wife. Meng Mu taught Mencius the truth that "everything should be courtesy first" with family trivia, and his insight was admirable.
Meng Mu worked hard for his family all his life. Although Mencius has grown up, he has never relaxed his education and supervision. In Qi State, Mencius expounded his political views to Qi Xuanwang many times. Although Qi Xuanwang rewarded Mencius with an annual salary of 100,000 points, he refused to actively publicize his political views. He really wanted to go to Song State, which was willing to adopt his political views, but he was worried that his mother was too old to be taken care of.
Knowing his son's worries, Meng Mu said to his son, "So, when you are young, you should follow your parents;" When you get married, you must follow your husband; Husband is dead, you should follow your son and be polite. I am an adult now, and I am old! Ziyi, I am polite. " Meng Mu's words swept away Mencius' worries and hesitation. Mencius traveled around the world with his family and was welcomed by all countries. His political ideas were successfully implemented in many vassal countries.
At this time, Meng Mu, who devoted her life to her son, was filled with the joy of a mother's success when she saw her son's success with her own eyes. On the way back to their hometown, people and officials along the way rushed to pay homage at the roadside to express their respect and grief for this great mother.
At the foot of Ma 'anshan, 20 miles north of Zoucheng, Shandong Province, the Meng Mu forest with towering cypresses and dense forests is quiet and solemn, which will always attract people who admire this great mother from generation to generation.
2. Confucius teaches
Monk's mother has become a model of mother's musical instrument in the world because of stories such as Three Movements of Meng Mu and Breaking the Machine to Teach Children. But little is known about the story of Yan Zhizhai, the adopted son of Confucius' mother. In fact, Confucius also played a vital role in the growth of Confucius.
Zhong Wei, the ancestor of Confucius family, was the younger brother of Zhou Wang, the last king of Shang Dynasty. After the demise of the Shang Dynasty, Wei Zi, the eldest brother, was named the monarch of the Song Dynasty by Zhou. After Wei's death, Zhong Wei succeeded to the throne. By the time of Confucius' father's generation, it was already fifteen, and Confucius was only a warrior in Lu. Boqin, the ancestor of Confucius' matriarchal family, is the ancestor of Lu, his eldest son, his grandson and the first king of Zhou Dynasty. Zhou Wenwang Ji surname, enfeoffment of his descendants as the duke, with fiefs as the surname, passed down from generation to generation, became Yanshi. Confucius' mother is the daughter of Lu Yanshi.
In his later years, he married the young woman Yan and gave birth to Confucius. In Sima Qian's Historical Records? Confucius Family records: "Confucius was born in changping town, Shandong. First, the Song people also said that Confucius was against uncles. Prevent uncle from being born, but be born in Shu. Confucius is the illegitimate child of Ge Heyan's daughter. Pray for Confucius Niqiu. Duke Xiang of Lu was twenty-two years old and Confucius was born. It was first born in Ding Wei and was named Qiu Yun. From Sima Qian's records, three historical facts were confirmed: Yan's daughter, Ye He and Ding Wei.
There are few historical records about Yan's daughter. In the later "An Exegesis of Kong's Surname", it was said: "Kong was before the Song Dynasty. ..... Xia Bo gave birth to Shu, although he had nine daughters and no children. His concubine gave birth to Meng Pi, whose name was Meng Pi Bernie, and she was ill. So he proposed to Yan. The Yan family has three daughters, and the youngest son is Zheng. Father Yan asked his third daughter,' Doctor Wei's father is a scholar, but he is a descendant of the holy king. Today, his body is ten feet long, and his strength is unparalleled. I am greedy. Although the old man is strict, there is no doubt about it. Who can be the wife of the third son? The second daughter is right, and the characteristic is:' What do you want from the paternal system? Father said,' I can do it. So I took my wife with me. In the past, when I was in the temple, my husband was old, and I was afraid of men from time to time, but I prayed privately that Confucius would be born in the mountain of mud hills, hence the name Zhong Ni. "At that time, Confucius' father was over 60 years old, while Yan's daughter was under 20 years old, which made her move. In addition to the descendants of Confucius' holy king and unparalleled force, another reason is probably the aforementioned "door-to-door".
Because of the age disparity, it was impolite at that time, so there was the theory of "sexual intercourse" recorded in Historical Records. It is said that acacia is wild. According to this statement, Confucius is an illegitimate child. However, Confucianism has always avoided this statement, thinking that whitewashing Confucius' family instructions is detrimental to the dignity of a "saint." In fact, for the matter of "sexual intercourse", they tend to live together without marriage.
As for the concept of "Ding Wei", Confucius' parents all hope to have a son who can inherit the ancestral temple. Confucius was born on September 28th, 55 1 year BC, and was pregnant because Confucius prayed in Nishan. His parents named him Qiu. "Zhong" means ranking second, "Ni" means Nishan, and "Qiu" means leading. When Confucius was about three years old, Shu died and was buried in Fangshan. Later, Yan took him away and lived in Qufu. His family was quite poor at that time.
The recruited father is a well-read man. At that time, he was able to make his daughter cultured and polite, and it was obvious that he was open-minded. My father's direct teaching not only accumulated rich knowledge and knowledge, but also had high cultivation in education and etiquette. She moved all her father's books to her new home, and chose one of the three rooms as the study room, so as to teach Kong Qiu to study when he was five years old. First, she collected five children, taught in her own home, and got the tuition for each student, five barrels of millet and a load of firewood, enough to feed her mother and son.
Zheng is teaching children Chinese characters, arithmetic, singing and manners. Kong Qiu began to study with his students when he was less than six years old. Later, Zheng accepted several apprentices and became his mother's little helper. Under the painstaking cultivation and careful education of Confucius, Kong Qiu, who was less than ten years old, learned all his lessons, because he loved to ponder, was willing to think with his head, had an outstanding memory, and liked to help others, and became a leader in his classmates' study. With Confucius' career as a tutor, his experience of helping others learn has a direct impact on Confucius' private school education and future education.
According to the regulations at that time, boys will go abroad to study (with other teachers) at the age of ten. Confucius closed her school and sent Kong Qiu Jr. to the best school in the city to study poetry, classics, history and other courses, which were later called poetry, books, rites and music. At that time, the school was called "East", belonging to a government-run university, which concentrated the best teachers in Shandong and implemented very strict education. Because Yan and Lu Guojun were of the same ancestry, Confucius was still educated in school as a noble child. Confucius received a good education from an early age, which not only came from his mother's strict teaching at home, but also came from the support of Yan family in Lu country and the care of Ji family.
Confucius' aristocratic status was recognized not only by the Yan family, but also by the monarch of Lu at that time. Zhao Gong ten years, Confucius got a son at the age of 20, and Lu gave him carp, so he named him carp. In the twenty-fifth year of Lu, Confucius was thirty-five. Zhao was defeated and fled together. Confucius also fled together to avoid chaos.
Confucius and the Yan family, because of their mother, also maintained a very close relationship. Among the early disciples of Confucius, Yan Lu, as a member of the Yan family, could not go far in blood relationship. Later, Zhong You also married Yan's daughter. The first stop for Confucius to travel around the world was Weiguo, because he accepted Yan's recommendation and invited Confucius to be an official in Weiguo. Zhong You is Yan Kanyou's brother-in-law, and Yan Kanyou is a relative of Confucius' mother. They are close and well informed. Among the 72 disciples of Confucius, there are Yan Hui, Yan Xing, Yan Zu, Gao Yan, Yan Fu, Yan Kuang and Yan Hao.
It is precisely because of this deep dependence between mother and son that the story in The Book of Rites Tan Gong came into being: When Confucius was seventeen, his mother Yan Zhizai died, and Confucius insisted on burying his parents together. Because his mother was ashamed of sexual intercourse, he never told his father where the grave was. In order to find out where his father's grave is, Confucius thought of a way to bury his mother in Wufu Road. According to the usual ceremony, the funeral should be in bed, not outside. Today, Confucius deliberately buried his mother outside in order to attract people's attention and make people ask strange questions, so that Confucius could take the opportunity to inquire about the location of his father's grave. Later, I asked Zou Renman's father's mother, only to know that his father was buried in the defense field, and later his parents were buried together.
Compared with Meng Mu's godson, Confucius lacks some classic examples, but as a young widow, she can choose a good person to settle down, teach in person and study abroad, making her the greatest educator and thinker in China. Behind a generation of saints, we can still say that it is because there stands a great mother.
3. Ou Mu Painting
Ouyang Xiu was a famous scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty. He is a scholar in the middle of 1030. In May of his childhood, he was appointed as an official of Xijing State, in charge of documents. Since then, he has served as a collator, an admonisher, a secretary's deputy envoy and a political participant in the magistrate's county, the prefecture and the pavilion. He is an outstanding writer and historian, and one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties.
Ouyang Xiu was born in a feudal official family, and his father Ou Yangxun was a small official. In the fourth year after Ouyang Xiu was born, his father died, so all the burdens of family life fell on Ouyang Xiu's mother Zheng. In order to make a living, my mother had to take Ouyang Xiu, who had just turned 4, from Luling to Suizhou, leaving orphans and widows to be taken care of by her uncle Ouyang Xiu.
Ouyang Xiu's mother Zheng was born in a poor family. She has only studied for a few days, but she is a persevering, knowledgeable and hardworking mother. She kept telling young Ouyang Xiu stories about how to be a man, and made a summary of the story every time she finished, which made Ouyang Xiu understand a lot about being a man. What she teaches her children most is not to follow the crowd, not to follow the crowd. When Ouyang Xiu was a little older, Zheng tried to teach him to read and write. One is to teach him to read the poems of Zhou Pu and Zheng Gu, poets of the Tang Dynasty, and nine monks at that time. Although Ouyang Xiu had a little knowledge of these poems, he enhanced his interest in reading.
Seeing that Ouyang Xiu is old enough to go to school, Zheng wants his son to study, but his family is poor and can't afford paper and pens. Once she saw grass growing on the pond in front of her house, and it suddenly occurred to her that it would be nice to write on the ground with these grass stems. With straw as a pen and sand as paper, she began to teach Ouyang Xiu to practice calligraphy. Ouyang Xiu practiced writing on the ground one by one according to his mother's instructions, repeatedly, and wrote again when he made a mistake until his handwriting was neat and meticulous. This is the "painting adopted son" which is passed down as a much-told story by later generations.
Under the education of his mother, young Ouyang Xiu soon fell in love with poetry collections. Write every day, read every day, accumulate more and more, and you can finish reading at a very young age. /kloc-When he was 0/0 years old, his mother often took him to borrow books from people with many books nearby. Because he didn't, she asked him to copy the borrowed book.
One day, he found a six-volume anthology of Han Changli from the Li family's old wastebasket, got the owner's consent and took it home. Open it, open your eyes, forget all about eating and sleeping, and read day and night. In the early Song Dynasty, gorgeous, impetuous and empty style prevailed in society, but Han Yu's style was completely different from it. Ouyang Xiu was moved by Han Yu's fresh and natural articles. He happily told his mother that there are such good articles in the world.
Although Ouyang Xiu is still young, he may not fully understand Han Yu's literary thoughts, but he laid the foundation for him to get rid of the flashy style of writing in the future. It was inspired by this thought that an idea of learning from Han Yu and getting rid of the bad atmosphere in the literary world at that time rose in his heart.
When Ouyang Xiu grew up, he went to Tokyo to take the Jinshi exam and won the first place three times in a row. When Ouyang Xiu was 20 years old, he was already a famous figure in the literary world at that time. The mother is happy for Ouyang Xiu's outstanding talent, but she hopes that her son will not only achieve outstanding literary achievements, but also live up to his conscience in dealing with people.
Ouyang Xiu's father worked as a small official in Daozhou and Taizhou, managing administrative affairs and justice. He cares about the sufferings of the people, is honest and clean, and is deeply loved by the people. After Ouyang Xiu grew up to be an official, his mother often told him about his father's achievements as an official. She told her son that when your father was a judicial officer, he often handled cases at night. He was very careful about cases involving ordinary people and read them again and again. Anyone who can be given a lighter sentence will be given a lighter sentence; For those who really can't be alleviated, they often express deep sympathy and sigh. She also said: Your father is an official, honest and selfless, often gives money to others and likes to make friends. Although his official salary is not much, he is often not allowed to have any surplus. He often says not to turn money into a burden. So after his death, he didn't leave a room or a ridge of land.
She warned her son that it is not necessary to be rich to support his parents, but it is important to have a filial piety. Although you can't give your possessions to the poor, you must be benevolent. I have no ability to teach you, as long as you can remember your father's teachings, I will be relieved.
These mother's inculcations are deeply imprinted in Ouyang Xiu's mind. At that time, Ouyang Xiu's official position was not high, but he was very concerned about state affairs and dared to remonstrate. When Fan Zhongyan offended Lv Yijian and was exiled to the south, many ministers sympathized with Fan Zhongyan. Only Gao Ruone, an admonition officer, thinks that Fan Zhongyan should be demoted. Ouyang Xiu was very angry and wrote to blame Gao Rene for not knowing that there is shame in the world. For this matter, he was banished to other places and returned to Beijing after four years. In order to support Fan Zhongyan's New Deal, Ouyang Xiu came out to speak again, which greatly annoyed some dignitaries in the court. They accused Ouyang Xiu for no reason, and the court demoted Ouyang Xiu to Chuzhou (now Chuxian County, Anhui Province).
Chuzhou is surrounded by mountains and has beautiful scenery. After Ouyang Xiu arrived in Chuzhou, he often put his love affairs in the mountains and rivers after handling political affairs. A local monk built a pavilion on Langya Mountain in Chuzhou for tourists to rest. Ouyang Xiu often drinks in this pavilion when he goes hiking. He called himself "Zuiweng" and named the pavilion Zuiweng Pavilion. His famous work "Preface to Drunk Pavilion" was written at this time. "The meaning of drunkenness is not in wine, but between mountains and rivers." The joy of mountains and rivers, the heart follows the wine. "In his article, he described the cheerful scene of drinking with guests in the drunken pavilion and the changeable natural scenery outside the pavilion with concise language, and expressed his thoughts and feelings of" having fun with the people ".
As Li Bai said: I am talented and useful. Ouyang Xiu was a local official for more than ten years, and was finally remembered by Song Renzong. Song Renzong was moved by Ouyang Xiu's talent and transferred him back to Beijing as a bachelor of Hanlin. At the beginning of his tenure, he actively advocated the reform of writing style. One year, the capital held a Jinshi exam, and he happened to be the examiner. He thinks this is a good opportunity for him to select talents and reform the style of writing, so he asks the examiner to look at the candidates with a new eye. If they find mysterious and flashy articles, they will not accept them. Ouyang Xiu's criteria for recording the list have created a generation of writing style, recruiting talents and talents, and naturally offended those flashy candidates. On the day of the award, many candidates were very dissatisfied with Ouyang Xiu and shouted insults at him. Some people even stopped Ouyang Xiu from riding out and asked him to explain. After this storm, Ouyang Xiu was under some pressure, but the writing style in the examination room changed from then on. Everyone began to abandon those harmless and grandstanding articles, and then formed a simple, free, rigorous and elegant style of writing.
Ouyang Xiu not only vigorously reformed the style of writing, but also paid great attention to discovering and promoting talents. Many previously unknown talents have become famous through his appreciation and promotion. The most famous are Ceng Gong, Wang Anshi, Su Xun and his sons Su Shi and Su Zhe. In the history of literature, Ouyang Xiu and other six people, together with Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty, are called "eight great masters in Tang and Song Dynasties".
Ouyang Xiu is an honest official, but he does not forget to honor his mother who has suffered for himself. In the fifth year of Emperor Hu Handi, Ouyang Xiu's mother died in Nanjing at the age of 73. Ouyang Xiu transported her mother's body back to her hometown for burial. His mother's kind face and hard-working figure always appeared in front of him, and his mother's inculcation inspired him to achieve his lifelong career.
In memory of his mother, he wrote A Brief Introduction to Birth, which revealed the deep affection between mother and son.
Ouyang Xiu's mother is full of a sense of justice. Her words and deeds have influenced Ouyang Xiu's life, making him aboveboard, daring to say and do things, and being respected by future generations.