A 2000-word model essay on biotechnology: on the development of biotechnology.
The main function of biotechnology is to improve the health and safety of our people through the progress of agriculture and medicine. The prospect of biotechnology is attractive, which is the hope of China's economic development. It can not only become an important way to make money, but also become an economic pillar in the 2 1 century, making great contributions to mankind.
Keywords: biological high-tech development
China is a developing country, and agriculture is the foundation of China's national economy, providing people with basic living needs. The main function of biotechnology is to improve the health and safety of our people through the progress of agriculture and medicine. In this sense, the goal of developing biotechnology in China should be different from that in developed countries and have its own characteristics.
1, policies and strategies
(1) Biotechnology should be placed at the top of China's high-tech development plan, because the progress of biotechnology can transform agriculture, including grains, fertilizers and livestock.
(2) give priority to the development of agriculture, including agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, followed by new biotechnology products in the fields of medicine and health, light industry and food. The focus of research should be tilted towards agriculture. The development of biotechnology should form a high-tech production system as soon as possible. Research projects should be limited in objectives and give priority to the development of a number of new biotechnological products that are urgently needed in China, with mature technologies, remarkable economic and social benefits and certain domestic foundations and conditions.
(3) adopt modern biotechnology to accelerate the technological transformation of traditional industries, so as to improve the technical level and output, improve product quality, increase varieties and reduce environmental pollution. Therefore, in agriculture, we should adopt the method of combining new technology with traditional technology to strengthen the breeding of excellent varieties; In medicine and light industry, new technologies such as genetic engineering, enzyme engineering and fermentation engineering are actively adopted to reform traditional production processes and improve output and efficiency.
(4) Vigorously strengthen the development of biotechnology. For example, vigorously develop new fermentation equipment, which can be used for both bacterial culture and mammalian cell culture; Production of protein and nucleic acid purification instruments and monitoring and analysis instruments. To promote the rapid transformation of scientific research results into productive forces.
(5) Pay attention to basic research in biotechnology and related fields. Carrying out basic research can provide theoretical basis for improving existing technology and developing new technology, and it is also an important condition for digesting and absorbing foreign advanced technology and cultivating talents. It is necessary to maintain the continuity and stability of this policy.
(6) The necessary supporting infrastructure for developing and improving biotechnology. For example, the production and supply system of modified enzymes such as restriction endonuclease, isotope, protein separation and purification, cell culture medium, cell bank, gene bank, biotechnology information base, etc.
(7) Strengthen international academic exchanges, technical cooperation and technology introduction of biotechnology. Establish a number of state key laboratories equipped with advanced instruments, which are open to scientists at home and abroad. The advanced key technologies imported from developed countries should be mature technologies, and at the same time, they are urgently needed for domestic national economic construction.
(8) To carry out legislation on biotechnology. This is to prevent possible side effects in the process of developing biotechnology, especially the manipulation of recombinant DNA.
2. Forecast and prospect
Considering the trend of biological development and potential capacity, if China can make reasonable arrangements in personnel training, R&D and fund raising, China's biotechnology will form a brand-new industrial system on the basis of the original fermentation industry, and will also achieve greater benefits in agriculture.
2. 1 production of physiologically active substances
Peptides such as auxin, insulin and interferon, hepatitis B vaccine and urokinase, which are needed in large quantities as medicines, are still extracted and refined from animal or human tissues in China at present, and most of them cannot be produced in batches, which is costly and expensive. The research on the application of biotechnology to the production of such drugs has achieved results and will benefit mankind.
2.2 Production of Enzyme Preparations
With the development of enzyme catalysis technology and the application of immobilized enzyme reactor technology, the production of enzyme preparation will have great development. At present, 60% of the total enzyme production in the world is protease, which is mainly used in detergent, tanning and dairy processing. There are not many kinds and quantities of enzyme preparations in China, and the application market of some enzymes has not yet been opened. Diagnostic enzymes, pharmaceutical enzymes and reagent enzymes account for about 10% of the consumption of enzyme preparations in China, and have great development potential, especially the development of enzyme diagnostic kits, which may form new industries.
2.3 production of antibiotics
There are fifty or sixty kinds of antibiotics produced by domestic antibiotic factories. However, the variety structure of antibiotics is extremely unreasonable. It will be possible to focus on research and development in the future. -Development of lactam antibiotics. Agricultural antibiotics are a main branch of antibiotic industry. There are as many as 18 kinds of antibiotics used as feed additives abroad. With the great development of feed industry in China, agricultural antibiotics will be taken seriously as a new industrial category.
2.4 Production of amino acids, organic acids and polysaccharides
There are 18 kinds of amino acids produced by biotechnology, half of which are used as food and medicine and half as feed additives in the world. The demand for lysine, tryptophan and methionine will increase year by year. The development of amino acids for feed in China started late, and it will be the key task in the future to vigorously develop the production of lysine, tryptophan and methionine for feed. At the same time, we should also vigorously develop other medical amino acids.
In order to improve the yield of amino acids, the work of cultivating new strains through genetic engineering and cell fusion technology will be strengthened in the future. The production of amino acids by immobilized enzyme or immobilized cell technology is expected to be applied in industry.
The production of organic acids and microbial polysaccharides will have new development in the future. In particular, polysaccharides such as Flavobacterium gum, pullulan and cyclodextrin produced by microorganisms are likely to be opened up as a new industry because of their great use in petroleum industry and food industry.
2.5 Single cell protein industry
The technical field of single cell protein has attracted people's attention because it is related to the treatment and reuse of waste and the provision of protein food needed by human beings. The production of single cell protein in China includes bread yeast, medicinal yeast and feed yeast.
At present, technological breakthroughs have been made in the production of single cell protein by using molasses and various industrial wastewater. There will soon be an enterprise group that produces single-cell protein from molasses, monosodium glutamate waste liquid and alcohol waste liquid. China's single cell protein industry will surely develop.
2.6 Agricultural and animal husbandry production
Biotechnology has played and will continue to play an important role in agriculture and animal husbandry. China has made some achievements and progress in tissue culture, genetic engineering, cell fusion breeding, embryo transfer and other rapid propagation, and cultivated some excellent new varieties of animals and plants. In the future, the work of using new biotechnology to cultivate new varieties of crops and animals with high yield, high quality or stress resistance (including drought resistance, saline-alkali resistance and herbicide resistance) will continue to be strengthened, and new progress will be made in building efficient nitrogen-fixing biological systems and cultivating efficient nitrogen-fixing microbial strains. Transplantation and segmentation of animal embryos will also be widely used in improved seed breeding. Monoclonal antibodies prepared from hybridomas will be gradually popularized for rapid diagnosis of diseases in crops, livestock, poultry and fish.
In addition, using biotechnology to protect the environment, purify industrial wastewater, use natural waste and biomass as raw materials to produce energy fuel, and use bacteria to leach ore and extract non-ferrous metals, etc., especially in the field of basic chemistry, some achievements have been made, and a number of new research topics have been put forward, showing bright prospects.
3. Conclusion
In a word, the prospect of biotechnology is attractive, which is the hope of China's economic development. It can not only become an important way to make money, but also become an economic pillar in the 2 1 century, making great contributions to mankind.
The second part: Overview of the development of biotechnology in contemporary sericulture.
In the past 50 years, the science and technology of sericulture in China have developed rapidly, and great progress has been made in the basic theoretical research of molecular biology, the development and application of silk protein biomaterials, silkworm genetic engineering technology, silkworm sex control and male breeding technology, the application of insect hormones in sericulture, the artificial regulation of silkworm metamorphosis, the research of silkworm nutritional physiology and artificial feed, the silkworm body as a bioreactor for producing recombinant proteins, the development of new technologies of mulberry cultivation and genetic breeding, and the comprehensive utilization of silkworm biological resources. The development of sericulture biotechnology is closely related to the national economy and people's livelihood. The development of sericulture biotechnology will certainly promote the development of sericulture in China, increase the income of sericulture farmers, promote the development of silk industry and related industries, promote the development of sericulture bioscience, provide rich resources for bioscience education, and make the traditional sericulture glow with vitality.
Looking back on the development of sericulture science in China and looking forward to the development trend of sericulture science and technology in the world, we can more deeply realize that sericulture science is an applied science that provides methods and principles for silk production-related industries (mulberry planting, sericulture, seed production and silk making). Facing the future, the important task of sericulture scientific research is to further improve the scientific and technological content in sericulture production, so that sericulture can rapidly change from labor-intensive to knowledge-intensive, and this change largely depends on the progress of basic research on sericulture biology and the development and innovation of applied technologies.
Theoretical study on molecular biology of 1 silk
Further elucidating the molecular structure of silk protein and the regulation mechanism of silk protein gene expression will provide the theoretical basis of molecular biology for increasing silk yield and improving silk quality. Elegant and lubricated mulberry silk clothes are the favorite of many people, but it is distressing that mulberry silk is very delicate, not durable and particularly troublesome to take care of. 20 1 1 14 10. In October, scientists from Southwest University of China bred silkworm babies with recombinant genes and spat out synthetic silk protein for the first time. Among the 16 425 genes in Bombyx mori, one is called Fib-H gene, which is the key gene to control silk protein production. Researchers of silkworm germ cells? Cut? Silk fibroin -h gene dropped. What is the name of silk gland without Fib-H gene? Empty silk gland? . The researchers microinjected the pre-designed artificial silk protein gene similar to the Fib-H gene into the silkworm eggs with the Fib-H gene knocked out, and the successfully transferred silkworm eggs with the artificial silk protein gene developed into? Silkworm babies later spun silk containing synthetic silk protein. Through the artificial improvement and redesign of silk fiber, mulberry silk may be as comfortable as cotton-padded jacket in the future and as durable and easy to handle as cotton-padded jacket.
Development and application of new functions of two silk protein biomaterials
Silk fibroin is a kind of biomaterial, which has good air permeability and moisture permeability, is non-toxic and non-irritating, and has strong compatibility with human body. Silk fibroin can be used not only as artificial tissue materials such as artificial skin, blood vessels, tendons, ligaments, bones and teeth, but also as biomedical materials such as surgical sutures, contact lenses, corneas, anticoagulants, drug controlled release materials, functional cell culture substrates, immobilized enzyme carriers and biosensors. It is also widely used in environmental protection fields such as new environmental protection materials, cosmetics, health care, nutritious food and so on. With the great progress of silkworm genome research and the rapid progress of genetic engineering and biotechnology, the biological function of silkworm silk protein is expected to be more deeply and widely developed and applied in military, aerospace, medical and environmental protection fields.
3. Genetic engineering technology of silkworm.
Silkworm is not only an important economic insect, but also one of the model organisms to study the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. To transfer foreign genes into silkworm and realize their expression in silkworm, it is necessary to integrate foreign genes into silkworm chromosomes finally, so that it is possible to inherit stably and obtain transgenic silkworm. At present, the reports on silkworm transgenic mainly include: gene transfer between silkworm strains, gene transfer from other animals to silkworm, and gene transfer from silkworm to other animals. For example, Lu Changde, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, used it? Electroporation? Methods: Fluorescent protein gene and spider dragline gene were injected into silkworm eggs to obtain fluorescent spinning. Transgenic silkworm. The dragline in spider silk is a natural protein fiber with very high strength and elasticity. What if it's made into a bulletproof vest? Parachutes that are difficult to weave with knives are strong and durable; Fluorescent filament can be used to develop natural luminous clothing and various anti-counterfeiting labels.
Sex control of silkworm and specialized rearing technology of male silkworm
Compared with female silkworms, male silkworms have many advantages. First of all, they are strong and easy to raise. Second, eating less mulberry and high feed efficiency; Third, the silk yield is high, the quality of cocoon silk is excellent, and it can be used as high-grade raw silk. Compared with the current mixed rearing of male and female, the special rearing of male silkworms can greatly improve the output and quality of silk and improve the economic benefits of sericulture. Therefore, the specialized rearing of male silkworms is called the most valuable innovative technology after the utilization of the first generation hybrid. Great progress has been made in the application of sex-linked balanced lethal genes. Based on the sex-linked balanced lethal line of silkworm bred by Sterlon Nikov, Russian Academy of Sciences, a number of male silkworm varieties were bred through transfer and improvement, and the male silkworm rate reached 99.85%, which can achieve the purpose of exclusively raising male silkworms. Specialized rearing of male silkworms will be a major breakthrough in improving silk production capacity and technical performance in the 2 1 century.
Application of insect hormones in sericulture
Molting hormone (MH), juvenile hormone (JH) and juvenile hormone analogue (JHA) have made great progress in regulating the growth and development of silkworm, increasing silk production and producing superfine raw silk. For example, the application of juvenile hormone and molting hormone can improve the quality of cocoons in summer and autumn and solve the problem of mulberry leaves. A variety of anti-juvenile hormone active substances were found, which successfully induced three-dormancy silkworm and developed high-quality cocoon silk with ultra-fine fineness. In addition, the use of anti-juvenile hormones can shorten the sericulture cycle and improve labor productivity and economic benefits.
6. Artificial regulation of metamorphosis development of silkworm.
The artificial regulation of silkworm metamorphosis development is one of the basic problems of silk industry science, which has great influence on the production structure and overall production efficiency of silk industry. Because silkworm is a completely abnormal insect, the pupation period is very short, only two weeks, and moth cocoon is not suitable for reeling, so it is necessary to complete the acquisition and drying of fresh cocoon before pupation in production. People hope to artificially adjust the abnormal development of silkworm, prolong the pupal stage, reduce the working pressure and intensity of fresh cocoon acquisition and drying, and even hope to stop the development of pupal stage and realize the reeling of fresh cocoon. Using genetic engineering technology, the vector carrying scorpion toxin gene was introduced into silkworm eggs by sperm-mediated method, and it was specifically expressed in pupa stage, killing silkworm pupa. This can not only solve the contradiction between fresh cocoon drying and too short pupal period, but also make it possible to improve the grade of raw silk, and greatly save the energy needed for cocoon drying.
Study on nutritional physiology and artificial feed of silkworm.
Silkworm belongs to phytophagous insects. Besides mulberry leaves, silkworms can also feed on philosophers of Moraceae, dandelions of Compositae, lettuce and elms of Ulmaceae. The leaves of plants other than mulberry leaves make it difficult for silkworms to grow and reproduce healthily. Based on the research on feeding behavior and nutritional physiology of silkworm in recent 40 years, great progress has been made in the breeding of wide-feeding silkworm varieties and the design of low-cost artificial feed, which may make it possible to raise silkworm with full-automatic factory low-cost artificial feed all year round in the near future, thus promoting the transformation of sericulture from labor-intensive industry to knowledge-intensive industry. For example, as early as the 1990s, Japan successfully bred many pairs of wide-fed silkworm varieties that like to eat low-cost linear programming feed, and other varieties in Japan have also been bred into artificial feed adaptive varieties, all of which have good feeding ability. Since 1990s, the silkworm industry in China has also done a lot of research on the adaptability of artificial feed and the breeding of wide-feeding silkworm varieties. In recent years, the silkworm department of Forestry College of Shandong Agricultural University has also carried out the breeding of silkworm varieties with adaptive artificial feed, and initially bred a hybrid combination Shiguang 1 with good feeding performance and omnivorous feed (main components: mulberry leaf powder 30%, soybean meal powder 25%, other starches, preservatives, vitamins, inorganic salts, etc.). ) .8 Silkworm body as bioreactor for producing recombinant protein.
? Silkworm bioreactor? It is to implant the recombinant baculovirus with the target gene into silkworm chrysalis for culture. Silkworm pupae will actively transcribe and translate the implanted genes, naturally generate bioactive substances useful to human beings, and extract bioactive components through high technology (such as ultra-low temperature freezing, low temperature drying, high-speed centrifugation, etc.). ) and make it into relevant dosage forms to meet the treatment, prevention and health care needs of human diseases. Silkworms are easy to raise and have low cost. It can synthesize 3 1 69 mg foreign protein in1day. Its hemolymph has the ability to store protein, and it contains inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes, which can protect the target protein. Exogenous proteins can be easily separated and purified from silkworm body fluids. Silkworms can also be directly ground and used as medicines or food additives. Therefore, using silkworm bioreactor to produce useful protein has great advantages. For example, silkworm is used to produce protein with high added value, such as skin growth factor and hepatitis B vaccine.
Development of New Techniques for Mulberry Cultivation and Genetic Breeding
Mulberry cross breeding, mutation breeding and polyploid breeding are all effective methods to improve mulberry varieties, and also important ways to increase cocoon yield. The research and application of cell engineering and genetic engineering will also provide new ways and methods for mulberry breeding. There are 26 kinds of mulberry trees in the world, of which at least 15 are distributed in China. At present, there are 2600 mulberry variety resources preserved in China, and more than 50 excellent mulberry varieties adapted to different environmental conditions, cultivation techniques and sericulture requirements have been cultivated. Among them, the varieties with the largest cultivation area are Lusang Lotus Leaf White, Tongxiang Green, Tuantou Lotus Leaf White, 197, Yu No.2 and so on. Mulberry cultivation mainly adopts low stem close planting and three-dimensional cultivation management mode, which improves the yield and quality of mulberry leaves.
10 comprehensive utilization of sericulture biological resources
Many products processed with silkworm excrement by-products in China have entered the stage of industrial production, such as mulberry leaf tea, mulberry paste, mulberry wine, extracted plant alcohol, chlorophyll, carotene and so on. Using silkworm chrysalis to prepare silkworm chrysalis protein powder and polypeptide, isolate silkworm chrysalis antibacterial protein and induce the production of bioactive protein, produce silkworm chrysalis amino acid and amino acid complex, extract silkworm chrysalis oil and chitosan, and develop silkworm chrysalis protein fiber, silkworm chrysalis cordyceps, etc. Silk fibroin powder, silk fibroin paste, silk fibroin liquid, silk fibroin facial cleanser, shampoo and conditioner were developed from waste silk. It not only improves the comprehensive benefit of sericulture production, but also increases the added value of sericulture products, changes the purpose of sericulture production and management, makes sericulture industry bigger and stronger, and makes sericulture better benefit mankind.
References:
[1], Xu. Development and application of new functions of silk protein biomaterials [J]. Diaosi, 2006 (6): 44-48.
He Kerong is from Xia Jianguo, Huang Jianhui. Studies on Sex Control of Silkworm and Special Breeding of Male Silkworm [J]. Bulletin of Silkworm Science, 1998 (3): 2-3.
, Gong,. Effects of gene transfer of Buthus martensii Karsch on the development and survival rate of silkworm [D]. Jiangsu: Suzhou University, 20 10.
[4] Xin Xu, et al. Wide-fed silkworm varieties? Shiguang No.1? Preliminary report on identification of adaptability and main economic characters of different artificial feeds and different ages [J]. Sericulture of China, 20 13 (3): 37-4 1.
Wang Changhe, Pingjiang, Cao Lin, Guo Cong. Research progress and development prospect of silkworm bioreactor [J]. Sichuan Zoology, 2004 (4): 368-372.
Biotechnology model essay 2000 words Part III: Talking about the practice of biotechnology innovation in junior middle schools.
Biology is an important part of modern science and technology. Therefore, biotechnology activities undertake the task of cultivating young people's innovative spirit, creative ability and practical ability. It is also the primary way to cultivate young people to love nature, understand and care about ecological protection, and understand the relationship between biology and agriculture, biology and medicine, biology and industry, and environmental protection. It also excavates and cultivates scientific and technological research talents in the field of life sciences to prepare for the development of various undertakings in China. Biotechnology innovation practice has all the characteristics of scientific and technological innovation practice and occupies a large proportion in scientific and technological innovation practice of various disciplines. In view of students' confused topic selection, the author used the four processes of planning, action, observation and reflection of action research method to solve practical problems in the form of concentrated training, case analysis and follow-up investigation, summed up experience in time and accumulated case materials, and achieved good results.
Scientific and technological innovation; Practical activities; Thematic research
Nowadays, the competition between countries in the world is fierce. The focus of the competition is the competition of science and technology, and the core of the competition of science and technology is the competition of talents. The standard to measure talents is their innovative ability or ability. Therefore, the Party Central Committee proposed that the core of building an innovative country is the cultivation of innovative talents.
First, the definition of junior high school biotechnology innovation practice activities related concepts
Biology is an experimental subject, which pays attention to the harmonious development between man and nature and is closely related to daily life. Carrying out biotechnology innovation practice activities in schools can not only give students practical opportunities, exercise their hands-on operation ability, enhance their sense of social responsibility and social practice ability, but also cultivate students' scientific thinking habits and good cooperative spirit. Realize the goal of shaping personality, improving scientific literacy and innovation ability.
Second, the exploration and practice of topic selection stage
According to the biology curriculum standard of full-time compulsory education? Facing all students, improve the literacy of biological science and advocate inquiry learning? The author makes full use of the existing educational environment in his school and combines the characteristics of junior high school students to explore and study the operation methods in the practice of biotechnology innovation in junior high school, so as to guide students to carry out research on biotechnology innovation topics. Solve the practical problems encountered in this activity, in order to provide some reference for science and technology education and the front-line teachers of science and technology activities, and accumulate some practical paths and methods for the practice of science and technology innovation.
Before carrying out the practice of scientific and technological innovation, the author conducted a questionnaire survey on students, and 65.38% of the students thought that the topic selection was the most confusing and difficult to influence or restrict. Project research? Bottleneck of development. I decided to use action research to solve this problem. Generally speaking, action research includes four links: planning, action, observation and reflection.
When making the overall implementation plan, we should also consider the steps of the action plan. First, carry out the first round of action and monitor it to understand its effect. According to the information obtained from monitoring, analyze the shortcomings, and modify the overall plan on this basis, especially adjust the next round of action steps. The specific action research steps are as follows:
(1) Problems to be solved. After accumulating knowledge, the students chose some topics, but the topics were too blind. It is not clear which topics have been done by others, which topics can be done, and how to present research results scientifically.
(2) Cause analysis of the problem. Students' topics mainly come from daily life. In order to find and ask questions in this common phenomenon, students need to observe carefully and think actively, and can find anomalies from ordinary phenomena.
(3) Design countermeasures and action plans. Make use of the propaganda position of popular science lectures, give full play to the radiation function of typical cases, stimulate students to pay attention to people and things around them, choose topics from life, and guide students to determine the research direction of the topic.
(4) Action reflection. From the list of topics handed in, we found that the popular science lectures played the expected role. 70.5% of the questions come from students' life. Explain that students are consciously paying attention to life. However, the existing problems are the angle, scope and feasibility of the research.
(5) A new round of action research plan. Take the way of individual counseling, analyze specific problems, understand the starting point, research plan and other details of each topic, help students find the correct research direction and angle and breakthrough point, narrow the research scope, and extract feasible research topics through decomposition, refinement, perfection and synthesis.
(6) Implement and monitor a new round of actions. The author adopts the method of decomposition and refinement to solve the problem with too large a scope.
(7) Regular evaluation and summary of action research. By comparing and analyzing the title before and after, it is found that the revised title is more exact and specific, and the students have made clear the research direction, research focus and breakthrough point. Teachers can also quickly grasp the relevant situation of the topic from the title of the topic.
Through the joint efforts of teachers and students, our school's scientific and technological innovation practice group produced 24 works, all of which were recommended to participate in the fifth Hebi Youth Science and Technology Innovation Competition, and all 24 works won municipal awards. Among them, there are 4 first prizes, 7 second prizes and 3 third prizes/kloc-0.
Three. Suggestions for carrying out activities
(1) Encourage students to choose topics in various ways. There are many related disciplines in the research topic of biotechnology innovation practice, including botany, zoology, microbiology, ecology, environmental science and so on.
(2) Developing existing educational resources. It is necessary to tap educational resources according to local conditions, consider what resources schools and surrounding communities have, and strive for the support of society and parents.
(3) Improve the scientific research quality of biology teachers. Biology teachers should take more part in the training of scientific and technological activities at all levels, read more books, newspapers and magazines on scientific research, pay more attention to life and society, collect more relevant cases and stimulate students' interest in innovation. Only when teachers have their own scientific research ability can they cultivate students' good scientific research quality.
References:
[1] edited by Huang Zuyin. Data of biotechnology activities in middle schools [M]. Guangdong Higher Education Press, 1994(8).
[2] Understanding and thinking of biology activity class: Understanding biology teaching in middle schools in Yu Jia, 1999 02.
[3] Compulsory Education Biology Curriculum Standards Revision Group (20 1 1 Edition) [M]. Beijing Normal University Press, 20 12(2).
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