(A) the unity of form and function point of view
Every organ of the human body has its specific function, and the morphological structure of the organ is the material basis of the function. The change of function affects the change of organ morphological structure, and the change of morphological structure will also lead to the change of function. This is the view that form and function restrict each other. For example, the forelimbs and hind limbs of quadrupeds have similar functions and similar morphological structures. In ancient times, human hands were liberated from supporting weight in the process of labor, and gradually became flexible grasping tools and other organs suitable for labor; However, people's lower limbs grow stronger while walking upright. Strengthening exercise can make muscles develop, and staying in bed for a long time will make muscles atrophy and osteoporosis.
(B) the unity of local and overall views
The human body is an organic and unified whole composed of many organ systems or many parts. Any organ or part is an inseparable part of the whole. Organs or parts and the whole, parts or organs are interrelated and influence each other in structure and function. For example, the attachment of muscles can make the bone surface form protrusions, and regular muscle activity can promote the development of organs such as heart and lung. Local injury will not only affect the adjacent parts, but also affect the whole.
(3) Evolutionary development view
Human beings have evolved from animals for a long time, which is the result of systematic development. The individual development of human body reflects the process of systematic development. Modern human beings are still developing and changing. The position, shape and structure of human organs often appear variation or deformity. Variation refers to individual differences with low occurrence rate but little influence on appearance or function; Deformity refers to the morphological and structural abnormality with extremely low incidence, which seriously affects the appearance or function. Some variations and deformities are manifestations of atavism (such as multiple breasts, multiple tails, long hair, etc.). ) or the evolution in the process of embryonic development (such as the emergence of redundant muscles in the hands), while others are embryonic hypoplasia (such as kidney deficiency and no limbs). ), developmental stagnation (such as cleft lip, cryptorchidism, congenital heart malformation, etc. ), excessive growth (such as polydactyly, polydactyly, etc. ), as well as abnormal division or fusion (such as people are still developing after birth. Different ages, different social life and working conditions can all affect the development of human morphological structure. It is normal and common for people of different genders, different regions and different races to make everyone different. Studying the morphological structure of human body from the perspective of evolution and development can better understand the human body.
(d) The view that theory and practice are closely linked.
"Read thousands of books and take Wan Li Road". The purpose of learning is to apply, and the purpose of learning human anatomy is to better understand the human body and lay the foundation for learning medical theory and practice, that is, the view of combining theory with practice. Therefore, we must pay attention to the basic characteristics of human body morphology and structure, pay attention to the morphological and structural characteristics closely related to life activities, and master the morphological and structural characteristics of organs related to disease diagnosis and treatment, so as to lay the necessary foundation for learning other basic medicine and clinical medicine courses.
To learn anatomy well, we must adopt a learning method suitable for the actual characteristics of the subject. Human anatomy is morphology, characterized by more morphological descriptions and nouns, and more emphasis on memory. Therefore, we must attach importance to experiments, combine book knowledge with the observation of anatomical specimens and models, pay attention to the touch and observation of living bodies, learn to use image teaching materials such as maps, and correctly and comprehensively understand the morphological structure of human bodies.
Pay attention to practice and combine with clinical knowledge. Everyone should learn to observe the specimen-dissect it personally-touch it alive. Everyone should realize that the materials of cadaver specimens are precious when studying this course. Students should cherish this rare opportunity and use all the time to dissect and observe the specimens. They shouldn't flinch because of the pungent smell of drugs. As the saying goes, "seeing is believing" means that students cannot ignore the identification of laboratory specimens and the actual operation of autopsy in the process of learning human anatomy. Pay attention to experiments, learn to use maps, and connect with real life; We must combine the needs of clinical work and practical application, and link the knowledge taught in class with laboratory specimens, living touch and necessary clinical applications, such as how to count the number of ribs and vertebrae. How to insert stomach tube for coma patients? Why do some children open their mouths to breathe when they sleep? How to determine whether a baby dies before birth or after birth in forensic medicine? Which meniscus of a football player is easy to get hurt? Wait a minute. In this way, students' interest in learning this course will be improved, and theoretical knowledge will be mastered and consolidated through practice, and it will also avoid being divorced from reality and memorizing.
(5) The viewpoint of the unity of static and dynamic.
With the growth and development, a series of changes have taken place in the structure of human organs. The specimens we use to study are all fixed, and the organ structure is only a static image at a certain stage or moment. We must combine static structure with living dynamics in order to accurately grasp its structure and function. For example, the projection of blood vessels and nerves on the body surface of limbs, when the joints are in different positions, their projection lines change greatly; For another example, with the different phases of respiratory movement, the physiological positions of thoracic and abdominal organs are also very different.
In addition to the above principles, the viewpoint of combining logical thinking with image thinking, and the method of paying equal attention to understanding and memory, we should also focus on the following learning methods to understand and understand the morphological structure of the human body, so as to correctly and comprehensively understand and master morphological knowledge.
1. Use the correct learning method.
Human anatomy is the earliest basic medical course for medical students. It is very necessary for medical students to accept and master the correct learning methods from the beginning, to cultivate students' ability to find, analyze and solve problems and self-study, to achieve better teaching results and to develop correct learning concepts. This includes:
(1) active learning students should take themselves as the main body of learning, give full play to their initiative, actively explore and consciously practice, and actively learn with a knowledge-seeking attitude. As long as you aim high and have the ambition to forge ahead, you will constantly overcome difficulties and take the initiative to learn.
(2) The development of further medical students can be divided into two stages: one is the existing level of development, that is, the level that has been reached; The second is the potential level of development. The latter is slightly higher than the former. Everyone should give full play to their potential in learning, so that the potential development level can be continuously transformed into the existing development level. We should always put forward higher learning requirements for ourselves and complete the learning task in a proper and rapid way of transition and jumping.
(3) Happy Learning When learning this course, you should have confidence, be full of enthusiasm, and devote yourself to learning with a cheerful mood. Psychological research shows that positive emotion is a powerful internal driving force of all activities, which can improve the excitement level of the whole nervous system, facilitate the establishment of explicit excitement center and temporary nerve connection form, make people think quickly and improve learning efficiency; Negative emotions can inhibit the excitability of the cerebral cortex.
2. Understand the difference between college teaching methods and middle schools, and change learning ideas.
In the classroom teaching of middle schools, teachers always teach students to listen, which is a one-way and straight-line method to impart knowledge, and think that the amount of knowledge gained by students is related to the amount of words spoken by teachers. The role of teachers should be a catalyst to accelerate students' acquisition of knowledge, that is, to promote students' learning, not just to instill knowledge. One of the most obvious changes in university and middle school teaching is that teachers reduce lecture time and emphasize students' self-study, especially problem-based (or center) self-study Therefore, medical students are required to adapt to the teacher's transformation from teaching method to guiding method and to adapt to the students' transformation from accepting method to exploring method. That is to say, in the teaching process, the factors of "teaching" are reduced, and the factors of "learning" are increased, which is gradually transformed into an independent research process. Reflected in teaching methods, the function of "teaching" has changed from imparting and inculcating knowledge to guiding self-study and research, and the meaning of "learning" has changed from accepting to understanding and exploring.
Because the university stage is an important period for the formation and development of college students' intelligence and ability, college students should be professionals with creative ideas and independent working ability. Therefore, we must change the existing traditional learning modes and methods, and change the passive learning methods widely used now into more active learning, including students' self-directed autonomous learning and teachers' guidance. Students not only accept the knowledge taught by teachers, but also master the skills of "learning". The purpose of teaching is not to "teach people to fish for a meal", but to "teach people to fish for life" to cultivate students.
3. Grasp the key points of learning
Please refer to the syllabus for the requirements of this course. Generally speaking, we should focus on the main aspects, that is, the basic characteristics of human body structure, the morphological structure characteristics closely related to life activities and the morphological structure characteristics of organs related to disease diagnosis and treatment.
4. Pay attention to the organic combination of understanding and mechanical memory.
According to the characteristics of this course, we should pay special attention to intuition, make full use of illustrations in books, observe physical specimens and models, and combine words, maps and specimens to make boring knowledge vivid. At the same time, many fixed structures and names need mechanical memory and certain memory skills. For example, by repeatedly stimulating some content, establishing a realistic three-dimensional form, connecting memory, compiling memory songs and fluency, each student has his own memory method. Can also be combined with some content to focus on memory, such as what are the important structures of sternal angle plane? What are the structural characteristics of bones and joints due to the functional differences between upper and lower limbs? What structures can prevent food reflux in the whole digestive tract? What are the "triangle" structures of the whole body? What are the "tube" structures of the whole body? Many magical and precise human structures are segmented by "3", for example, organic matter accounts for 1/3 and inorganic matter accounts for 2/3 in adult bones; The characteristics of hip joint capsule wrapping femoral neck: 65438+ 0/3 of external auditory canal is cartilage, and 2/3 of internal auditory canal is bone. There are anatomical "the best in the human body", such as the longest bone, the longest ligament and the longest muscle. All these are helpful to improve the learning pleasure and learning effect.
5. Choose a study reference book that suits you.
To learn human anatomy, we must first choose appropriate teaching materials. At present, Medical Anatomy edited by Professor Yao Zhibin from Zhongshan Medical College of Sun Yat-sen University is one of the better textbooks in China. The book focuses on hierarchical narrative and autopsy operation methods. Textbooks such as systematic anatomy and local anatomy published by People's Health Publishing House and Higher Education Publishing House can also be used for reference. In addition, certain reference books should be selected as needed, such as Human Anatomy edited by Zhang Chaoyou, Clinical Applied Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy Series edited by Academician, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy edited by Yu Pin, Color Atlas of Medical Human Anatomy Specimens edited by Chu and Wang Huaqiao, and some repeated problem sets and study guides. The foreign reference books mainly include Anatomy of Gray, which has a history of nearly a hundred years and has been published for 39 consecutive editions, which has great influence in the world. The book is rich in content, including anatomy, histology, cytology and embryology. And the Chinese version of the 38th edition has been translated and published in China. The method of dissection is illustrated with pictures and texts, and the sketches and text descriptions in the book have unique styles and opinions. Cunnigham's anatomy textbook has been published 1 1 times, which is a local anatomy textbook.
The main magazines are acta anatomica sinica, Journal of Anatomy, China Journal of Clinical Anatomy, Journal of Neuroanatomy, Anatomical Research, American Journal of Anatomy and Anatomical Records.
6. Make full use of various teaching resources.
Now is the Internet age, so we should pay special attention to online learning and make extensive use of all kinds of teaching resources provided by the network, such as online courses, courseware, material database and so on. Accurately master anatomical posture, human axial plane, orientation terms and English anatomical terms; Pay attention to the role of classroom teaching, concentrate on listening to the teacher's lectures, and draw scientific views and methods from them; Learn to use teaching materials, outlines, maps, wall charts, specimens and models efficiently; Contact more specimens, don't be afraid of the stimulation of corpses and formalin, and enter the special learning environment of role adaptation anatomy as soon as possible.
7. Lifelong learning concept
With the emergence of new medical diagnosis and treatment techniques, many new problems have been brought to anatomy. Lifelong learning will be of overwhelming importance. People will spend more time studying in medical work than they actually spend, and the status and proportion of lifelong learning in anatomy are getting higher and higher. With the emergence of advanced imaging technologies such as fMRI and PET, it is necessary for learners to study and understand the organ structure from the cross-sectional level of the human body. Therefore, learners should have advanced learning ability, know learning strategies and learn independently and scientifically.
Learning and mastering anatomical knowledge is a hard job. It is necessary to establish a correct scientific spirit and learning purpose, keep pace with the times, stimulate the passion of learning and seeking knowledge, create an innovative learning atmosphere, and make continuous progress in order to learn human anatomy well.