An academic school that advocates "rites and music", "benevolence and righteousness", "loyalty and forgiveness" and "impartial moderation", advocates "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government", and attaches importance to moral and ethical education and human cultivation.

Confucianism emphasizes the role of education, and thinks that attaching importance to education and neglecting punishment is the only way for the country to be stable and the people to be rich and happy. Advocating "no class for all" means educating both the rulers and the ruled, so that the whole country can become a virtuous person. ?

2. Laozi

Based on Laozi's "Tao" theory at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, this school uses "Tao" to explain the essence, origin, composition and change of all things in the universe. It is believed that heaven does nothing and everything is transformed naturally. It denies that gods and ghosts dominate everything, advocates that Taoism is natural, let nature take its course, and advocates that quietism and women should be soft.

3. Zhuangzi

Philosophically, Zhuangzi inherited and developed Laozi's thought, holding that "Tao" is an objective and real existence, and regarded "Tao" as the origin of all things in the universe.

"Zhuangzi Jean Wang Pian" says that the essence of the avenue is used for self-cultivation, its surplus is used for governing the country, and its dross is used for educating the world. Zhuangzi Qiushui also said, don't destroy nature for man's sake, don't destroy life for the sake of sophistication, don't die of fame and fortune for greed, and stick to heaven without getting lost, which is to return to nature.

4. Xunzi

Xunzi criticized all the schools, but praised Confucius' thought as the best idea of governing the country. Xunzi claimed to be the heir of Confucius, especially the "foreign Wang Xue" who inherited Confucius.

From the standpoint of epistemology, he critically summarized and absorbed hundred schools of thought's theoretical viewpoints, formed a unique view of nature, morality and social history, and summarized the pre-Qin philosophy on this basis.

5. Mencius

Based on the experience of the Warring States period, Mencius summed up the laws governing the rise and fall of chaos in various countries and put forward a famous proposition rich in the essence of democracy: "The people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light."

People think that how to treat people is extremely important to the rise and fall of a country. Mencius attached great importance to the opposition between people's hearts, and repeatedly expounded through a large number of historical examples that this is a key issue related to winning or losing in the world.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Zhuangzi

Baidu encyclopedia-Xunzi