Walter gropius (walter gropius; 1May 88318-1July 5, 969), a German architect and architectural educator, the founder of Bauhaus and the pioneer of modern design school. Walter Gropes is the most important modern designer, design theorist and founder of design education in the 20th century. During the period of 1907- 19 10, he studied under the famous German design pioneer and design educator theorist Mies van der Rohe (Peter Behrens), and le corbusier joined on the eve of graduation. It can be said that his time in Peter Behrens's studio had a great influence on his life. Since then, he has often cooperated with architect Marcel Lajos Breuer. 19 1 1 year, he became a member of the german trade union, and at the same time they established a new design method, that is, the production method combining creative designers with machine works. The organization opposes imitation and hates simple functional theory. 19 19, Gropes became the dean of the Saxony Art College and the Art College in the Grand Duchy, and founded the Bauhaus Weimar College. Later, Bauhaus became the "home of architecture" and the school motto was "the new unity of art and architecture". Gropes expounded a new viewpoint in the field of design, that is, the combination of art and industry. They are very strict with students in the actual process operation, and it is this method and technology that makes Gropes the "greatest organizer". Several articles written by him all reflect this view, such as 19 13' s Development of Modern Industrial Architecture and 1923' s Concept and Construction. The curriculum of Bauhaus School mainly includes the study of stone, wood, metal, clay, glass, pigments and textiles, as well as the analysis and research of nature, raw materials, geometric structure, architecture, painting, color and synthetic objects. /kloc-resigned from Bauhaus school in 0/928, and Sepp Mayer was the principal. 1930, Gropes recommended Ludwig Mies van der Rohe as the third principal of the school. From 65438 to 0937, he became a professor of architecture at Harvard University with his profound teaching skills and architectural knowledge, and successfully trained famous architects such as I.M. Pei, paul rudolph and philip johnson. At the same time, he invited his friend Marcel Lajos Breuer to teach at Harvard. From 1952 to retirement, Gropes served as Dean of Harvard School of Architecture. 1946, he also founded the Concord Architecture Office (TAC) with several classmates. Gropes believes that the responsibilities of architects include the visual environment, and at the same time, they should complete all the work in a team way. This theory covers all kinds of designs, such as chairs, houses, cities and so on. Every project has to go through such a process, that is, a systematic study of special needs and problems involved. Considering that the current raw materials and technology do not involve the previous forms and styles, he seeks wise solutions to a large number of urgent social problems and tries his best to build a bridge between business, technology and the imagination of creative designers. He has designed trams, trains and luxury motor vehicles, and also used simple geometric knowledge to create. Generally, rectangles with different scales can represent different levels. The design forms include smooth surface, original primary color system (red, yellow and blue) and modern raw materials (such as steel and glass). ) obviously. Among the linear and horizontal elements, Gropes introduced the characteristics of strength, stability and operability. His works are concise and neat, and the volume and plane are often emphasized by light with the help of function. At the same time, Gropes pays great attention to details. The window is a very important tool. The flush between the window and the front wall enhances the overall integrity of the whole space, while the recessed part of the window emphasizes the plane of the ceiling. Through the study of light angle and image proportion, Gropes gave a perfect positioning: "We collected so many technical materials that these exhibits almost completely deprived us of our sense of balance. Our city presents a completely released face for everyone, and cruel competition enters people's minds, hearts and bodies. " Among all the basic units of creative work, Gropes changed the teaching scheme of architecture he taught. He is a great architect, and as a famous educator and design theorist, his influence is far-reaching. One of his best experiences can be seen from his works, "The new era needs people to fully display themselves. The accurate marking form lacks integrity and obvious contrast, and the distribution of players seems to be a part of the whole. For example, color should be as important as the impact of economics on people's lives. " Early career of editor Gropes was born in Berlin, Germany, and grew up in a family background with artistic origin. My father is an architect, and my uncle Martin Gero Gropius is a German architect and art educator in the19th century. He has participated in the architectural design of Crut Berg Museum of Applied Art (Martin Gropius Bau) in Berlin, and served as a teacher of the Academy of Applied Art (Berlin) and an official in charge of art education in Prussia. Martin Gero Pace is committed to improving German design. The research on new materials and the efforts of German design art greatly encouraged Walter Gropes, and also influenced his attitude of managing Bauhaus and teaching at Harvard University in the United States in the future. After completing the school architectural education, Gropes entered Peter Behrens Architectural Design Office on 1907, where he was inspired by people from Bach Rennes and the German Craft Union, broke through the traditional classical architectural system, dared to try the theory of new materials and technologies, and showed a more avant-garde concept than Bach Rennes. 19 10 years, Gropes left Bachrens Architectural Design Office and started his own business. He co-founded an architectural firm with adolf meyer, and was commissioned by the entrepreneur Karl Benscheid to design shoes in1910. It was later Gropes' famous masterpiece "Fagus Factory". Although Gropes and Meyer are only responsible for designing the exterior of the building, the huge glass facade is the best embodiment of Gropes' "providing at least 6 hours of sunshine for the German working class". The lightweight steel beam structure replaces the bulky columns, especially the columns at the corner of the building facade. This is a major feature, which strengthens the permeability and practical performance of the structure and shows the revolutionary appearance of the building, which makes Gropes begin to work in. Grignard's idea of providing a good working environment for the working class and the design of morphological response function can all show a hint of modernism. 19 14 years, in the Werkbund exhibition held by the German Craft Union in Cologne, Germany, Gropes exhibited the design scheme of his factory and office building. The same glass facade expression gives the building enough lighting and transparency, which also makes him highly respected. The young and cutting-edge architect gradually became famous internationally. 19 14, when Henry van de Velde was forced to retire from the position of principal of Weimar (founded by Wilhelm Ernst, Grand Duke of Weimar), Gropes was recommended as the successor, hoping to make the school an independent school that could cooperate with the art school, instead of being led. He believes that only mutual recognition and cooperation between artists and craftsmen can realize the modernization of industrial design. 19 15, William Ernst, the grand duke of Weimar, wanted to close the arts and crafts school he founded. However, this was opposed by some Weimar officials. Fritz Mackensen, president of Weimar Academy of Fine Arts, also proposed to reduce it to a department under the Academy of Fine Arts, but at the same time, the details of the plan were vague, and Griya was also dissatisfied with the unclear responsibilities of the position. In addition, with the outbreak of World War I, Gropes was drafted into the army, and architectural design almost stopped. This issue has also been shelved. After the war in Bauhaus period, Gropes repeatedly discussed and expounded the purpose with Weimar officials. On March 6, 2009, Kloc-0/9/Kloc-0, Gropes was officially appointed as the president of the Arts and Crafts School and Weimar Art College. On March 20th, Gropes formally suggested and was approved to rename the merged school "Bauhaus", and in April 6538. Gropes was the principal of Bauhaus from 19 19 to 1928, and devoted himself to the leadership of Bauhaus teaching. In order to realize his medieval workshop ideal, john eaton's personality cult and style monopoly became a big problem. After theo van doesburg, the leader of de stijl in the Netherlands, visited Weimar, Gropes realized the idea of developing design education from the trend of industrialization, abandoned handicraft education and carried out comprehensive reform. Busy for nine years, he has no intention to deal with design work. Even after Gropes retired, he had to deal with the crisis caused by Bauhaus led by sepp maier, and invited Ludwig Mies van der Rohe to take over Bauhaus and other matters. Gropes can be said to have devoted his life. 1926, the Bauhaus dessau school building designed by Gropes was completed, which continued the design concept of Fagus factory. The large glass facade and tortuous school buildings increase the lighting area, and various structures are used flexibly. Each facade has its own rhythm, and the school building is simple but integrates many functions, showing a brand-new concept of architectural space. It established the reputation of Gropes and became the immortal "architectural declaration" of Gropes. Edit this passage of emigrating to the United States 1933 65438+ 10, the Nazis gained the German regime, and Bauhaus, who had been persecuted by the Nazis for a long time, finally faced the fate of bankruptcy. In order to escape this political storm, with the help of British architect Maxwell Frye, Gropes first went to England for a short life and work in 1934, and then went to the United States in 1937. Gropes and his Bauhaus student and colleague Marcel Brouilhet immigrated to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where they taught at Harvard Graduate School of Design and collaborated on the Alumni City Terrace Project in New Kensington, Pennsylvania. Gropes was naturalized as an American citizen on 1944. 1945, Gropes founded TAC, a company composed of a group of young architects in Cambridge, and became one of the most famous and outstanding construction companies in the world. TAC went bankrupt at 1995. Gropes died in Boston, Massachusetts on 1969 at the age of 86. At present, most design education systems in the world have some shadows when he was founded, especially the architectural style, and a considerable part of them are influenced by him.