Traditional Chinese studies in the Western Zhou Dynasty were initiated by the government, and teachers were filled by officials. Because the purpose of education is to train officials who understand the aristocratic etiquette system, and the laws, cultural relics and books that embody this etiquette system are kept in the government and kept by special officials, who actually have the social role of teachers, so "learning in the government" and "integration of officials and teachers" have become the remarkable characteristics of official studies in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the society changed rapidly, the monopoly position of official schools was broken, and private schools competed with official schools. It was not until the Qin and Han Dynasties that the new official faction regained its dominant position. In Qin Dynasty, private schools were forbidden, and the educational model of "taking officials as teachers" was advocated to cultivate practical talents.
After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, bringing order out of chaos not only allowed private schools to develop, but also further established a perfect official school system, laying the foundation for the ancient school system. The official learning system in Han Dynasty was established during the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. The school is divided into five levels, the central government has Imperial College, and the local government has four levels of learning, school, itch and order according to the administrative level. Of course, as far as the actual situation of the whole Han Dynasty is concerned, many places were restricted by conditions and the schools were deserted, so this hierarchical education system did not form. Imperial College belongs to a university, and professors are all "doctors" who have studied family law. Students are called "doctoral disciples" or "students" and "students" and are selected from all over the country according to strict standards. Imperial academy's teaching content is the Five Classics of Confucianism. Every class has its own "family law" and every teacher has its own "teacher law", which students must strictly abide by and are not allowed to overstep. At first, it was stipulated to take the exam once a year, and those who passed the exam were awarded official positions. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was changed to one exam every two years. Those who passed the exam were awarded the official position, and those who failed were rebuilt. The examination method is mainly shooting. The answer is usually to write an argumentative essay. If the answer is unqualified, it is called "missing the Raiders" and you can shoot the Raiders again. Zhongce is divided into three subjects: A, B and C, and Zhongce awards posts such as Langzhong, Prince Scheeren and Literary Story. In addition to imperial academy, the Central Committee of the Han Dynasty also set up special schools, the most prominent of which was the Hongdumen School in the period of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, which specialized in calligraphy and painting and was called a special art school.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, wars were frequent and the number of schools dropped sharply. However, in the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, imperial academy once developed rapidly and the number of students increased dramatically. In order to ensure the education of aristocratic children, when Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty was in imperial academy, the court also set up the imperial academy, which stipulated that all children of officials with more than five grades should receive education in imperial academy. This is the beginning of imperial academy's establishment as a foreign country in ancient times. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, in addition to schools in imperial academy and Guo Zi, four other schools were established, which were all over the country. During the Three Kingdoms period, Wei Ji invited Zulu to teach criminal law, recruit legal disciples and train specialized legal talents. Since then, Liang in the late Qin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties have established jurisprudence, which has changed the legal education mode of "taking officials as teachers" since Qin and Han Dynasties. Emperor Wu of Jin established a doctoral disciple to teach calligraphy. This is the beginning of China ancient specialized calligraphy school. In addition, in the Southern Song Dynasty, Emperor Wendi opened a doctor and trained medical talents. These majors had a great influence on the development of special education in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Education flourished in the Sui Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, official schools were generally established from the central government to the local government. In the central government, there is a national temple and a wine ceremony to manage school education. This is the beginning of the establishment of special education administrative departments and special education administrators in the history of China. Under the Guo Zi Temple, there are five schools: Guo Zi, imperial academy, No.4 School, Calligraphy and Arithmetic. Set up a doctor of medicine and a doctor of Taichang Temple. In addition, Taibu Temple has a doctor of veterinary medicine, and Dali Temple has a doctor of law.
The education system in the Tang Dynasty was further improved and a huge school system was established. Schools directly under the central government have the so-called "six studies": Guo Zi, imperial academy, Four Books, Calligraphy, Arithmetic and Law. Since studying in imperial academy, Zhili, the chief has proposed a toast to imperial academy. In addition, the East Palace has jurisdiction over Chongwen Pavilion and Hong Wen Pavilion, and the Chinese Medicine Department has jurisdiction over medicine. According to administrative divisions, every place has its own government. State and county schools, and set up a medical department as an affiliated department. In the Tang dynasty, Taoism was highly respected, and metaphysics was established in the central and local governments to study Taoist classics. Students can take the Daoju exam after graduation.
The complete academic system in the Tang Dynasty not only aroused the enthusiasm of domestic students, but also attracted great attention from neighboring countries. North Korea, Baekje, Silla, Japan, Gaochang and Tubo sent their disciples to study abroad, which effectively promoted the cultural exchanges between Tang and surrounding areas.
The official school system in Song Dynasty inherited the system in Tang Dynasty, but it was further improved due to several climaxes in Song Dynasty. Guo Zi school is the highest institution of learning in the country, and imperial academy is the main form of central official school. Wang Anshi's political reform once promoted the "Three She" method in imperial academy, that is, grading and upgrading according to students' grades. University education continued to develop, and besides the old calligraphy, law, arithmetic and medicine, painting and martial arts were newly established. The local official schools in Song Dynasty were also relatively perfect. According to the local administrative division system at the three levels of Dao, Zhou and County, official schools are set up at the state and county levels. In teaching management, there are obvious characteristics, such as setting up a chief executive to take charge of local education, government funding for research fields, and ensuring education funds.
The Yuan Dynasty was a minority regime, and its educational system had distinct characteristics. There are three types of central official credits: Guo Zi School, Mongolian School and Returned School. The management of schools in Guo Zi adopts the whole fasting method and the tribute system. Holistic fast method: students are divided into different fast houses according to their degrees, starting with three fast houses and then changing them into six fast houses. The sixth house faces east and west, and the last two houses are called "entertainment" and "benevolence", with the lowest degree and primary school study; The two major schools in China call themselves "respecting morality" and "aspiring to Taoism" and study the four books and poetic techniques. The latter two kinds of fasting are called "learning from time to time" and "getting new", and the degree is the highest. When you study the Five Classics, you will understand their meanings. Students take exams every quarter and are promoted in turn. "Gong Sheng system" refers to the system of selecting excellent students and awarding them directly to officials. The Mongolian Sub-Ministry selects talents from the children of Mongolian and Chinese officials, teaches the book A Mirror in Mongolian, and awards the officials only after passing the examination. Go back to China to study, recruit doctors, recruit rich children, learn Persian, and train translators for various government agencies.
In the Yuan Dynasty, schools were set at four levels: government, prefecture and county. All roads are equipped with management education to upgrade academic officials. Mongolian studies are also offered in local areas, mainly studying Mongolian characters, medicine and Yin-Yang studies (astronomical calendars), with the aim of training specialized personnel for local areas.
The educational system of the Ming Dynasty originated from the Yuan Dynasty, but it was more detailed. The central official school is imperial academy. Students in imperial academy are divided into six grades according to their academic qualifications: those who are proficient in the four books of primary school students have "talent", "ambition" and "tolerance"; Those who have studied for more than one and a half years and passed the examination are promoted to the second class of Edited Records and Sincerity; After another year and a half, I entered the "temperament hall" after the exam. The content of students' study is mainly the Four Books and Five Classics, and at the same time, they should read The Complete Book of Sexual Principles, Liu Xiang Shuo Yuan, Imperial Decree and Daming Law.
There are two noteworthy phenomena in imperial academy in the Ming Dynasty: First, the expansion of educational scope. The children of small and medium-sized landlords have the opportunity to study in imperial academy, which provides opportunities for the majority of small and medium-sized landlords to share political rights; Second, the identity of the supervisor can be obtained through money, and there have been cases of supervising donations.
The local schools in Ming Dynasty were more developed than before. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Ming Taizu set up schools in the national government, prefectures, counties and border areas, and even set up village schools in rural areas in developed areas. But in the Ming Dynasty, school education became a vassal of the imperial examination, and the study of eight-part essay became the core content. In the Ming Dynasty, in order to strengthen the management of local education, all provinces set up educational administration to take charge of educational administration. I studied politics for three years and was mainly responsible for students' exams. Generally twice, the first time is the annual exam, and the second time is the scientific research. Choose the first-and second-class students in the annual examination to re-test, ranking first, that is, get the qualification of provincial examination.
The official learning system of the Qing Dynasty has not changed much since the Ming Dynasty.