2. In human history, the earliest works devoted to education appeared in China & gt
& lt Xue Ji >> China people: "Tao leads, strength leads, restraint leads, and development leads."
3. 1632- Czech educator-Comenius-> The earliest educational work in modern times-universal primary education+class teaching system.
4. 1806- Herbart-Genetics -<'s Pedagogy Lecture-> -It marks the beginning of pedagogy as an independent discipline.
5.1861-British bourgeois thinker and sociologist-Spencer-> -obviously utilitarian.
6./kloc-late 0/9-early 20-America-Dewey-pragmatism education theory
& lt& lt People-oriented Principle and Education >:> Education is life, education is growth, education is society, and learning by doing is empirical.
7. Western pedagogy-Herbart (traditional pedagogy)-Dewey (modern pedagogy)
8. 1956- American psychologist-LUM-:> -Cognitive goal-Emotional goal-Motor skill goal.
9. 1963- beauty-educational psychologist-bruner->; -Structuralist educational thought.
10. the origin of education-a social phenomenon, which comes from the needs of social life, in the final analysis comes from productive labor.
1 1. The social function of education-transforming people from biological entities into social entities.
12 the deepening of education is to cultivate people's social activities, and its social function is to transmit production experience and social life experience and promote the growth of a new generation.
13. Education is a unique phenomenon in human society, which is not found in other animal kingdoms.
14 The essence of education is to regard education as an activity to cultivate people. This is the fundamental feature that distinguishes education from other things, and it is the qualitative stipulation of education.
15 the basic elements of educational activities-educators, educatees and educational measures-are interrelated, and educators are the leading factor.
16 educational characteristics of slave society-palace study-main content six arts-ritual and music shooting imperial books
17 Tang school system embodies the hierarchical characteristics of feudal social education in China-six schools and two halls-Guo Zi School, imperial academy School, Four Schools, Law School, Calligraphy School and Arithmetic School-Chongwen Hall and Hong Wen Hall.
18 European medieval church education content-seven arts (literature, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music)
19 education in a narrow sense refers to specially organized education. According to the reality and future needs of a certain society, it is an activity to guide the educated to acquire knowledge and skills, cultivate ideological and moral character, develop intelligence and physical strength, so as to cultivate the educated to adapt to the needs of a certain society or class and promote social development.
Four factors affecting human development-heredity, environment, education and individuals.
2 1 the role of heredity in human development: a genetic factor is the physiological premise of human physical and mental development, which provides the possibility for human physical and mental development; B. The development process of genetic factors restricts the age characteristics of the physical and mental development of the younger generation; C. The difference of genetic factors has certain influence on people's physical and mental development; Genetic quality is plastic.
Social environment is the external objective condition of people's physical and mental development, which plays a certain restrictive role in people's development.
Education plays a leading role in human development, and special sessions play a leading role in the development of the younger generation.
(24) Reason: An education is a purposeful activity to cultivate people, which stipulates the development direction of people. B education, especially school education, has a comprehensive and systematic impact on people. There are teachers in charge of education in school C.
In the sense that all possibilities of personal development can be realized, personal activities are the decisive factor of personal development.
How does education adapt to the law of physical and mental development of the younger generation? An education should adapt to the order of physical and mental development of the younger generation and promote students' physical and mental development step by step. For students of different ages, there should be individual differences in the content and methods of education, so as to teach students in accordance with their aptitude.
The relationship between education and productivity: the restrictive effect of productivity on education: a the development of productivity restricts the scale and speed of education development; B. The development level of productive forces restricts the specifications and educational structure of personnel training; The development of productive forces has promoted the development and reform of educational content, educational methods and educational organization forms.
The promotion of education to productivity: an education can transform the possible labor force into the realistic labor force, which is an important stage of labor reproduction; B. education is a means to copy scientific knowledge; Education is an important means to develop science.
The production principle of education-education can transform possible labor force into realistic labor force, is an important means to reproduce scientific knowledge and develop science, and plays an important role in improving production efficiency and increasing social wealth.
Education takes precedence over economic development (correctness is relative and presupposed)
3 1 education prospect: the development of education is ahead of the development of competition. Because of the long cycle of education, it takes ten years to plant trees and a hundred years to cultivate people. Economic construction needs talents and must be cultivated in advance; In modern production, knowledge is the heart and brain of the production system. Without scientific knowledge, we cannot engage in and develop production, and the cultivation of scientific talents is based on education. Therefore, if the economy is to take off, education must go first.
What is the relationship between education and political and economic system? Political and economic systems determine the nature of education. Political and economic systems determine the leading position of education. Determines the rights of the educated. C determines the nature of educational purpose and the content of ideological and moral education. Education has a great influence on the political and economic system. Education can cultivate talents needed for political and economic development. Education can promote political democracy. C education can form public opinion by spreading ideas, thus affecting certain political and economic development.
The relative independence of education means that education has its own laws and plays a dynamic role in the political and economic system and productivity.
Three manifestations of educational independence: a, education is a process of reforming activities; B, education has a historical heritage; C education is unbalanced with the development of political and economic system and productivity.
Compulsory education-that is, the law stipulates that school-age children and adolescents must receive national education that the state, society and families must guarantee.
The purpose of education refers to the general concept or regulation of the quality specifications of social individuals to be cultivated by education.
The structure of educational purpose is an integral part of educational purpose and its relationship. It consists of two parts-one is to stipulate the physical and mental qualities of people to be cultivated by education, and the other is to stipulate the social values of people to be cultivated by education. The regulation of physical and mental quality is the core part of the structure of educational purpose.
The value orientation of educational purpose refers to the tendency of the proposer of educational purpose or the subject engaged in educational activities to choose educational value according to their own needs.
Individual-oriented proposition A puts forward that the purpose of education should be based on the nature of the educated, not on society. B The purpose of education is to train the educated and enhance personal value, which is higher than social value.
Social standard proposition: the purpose of education should be determined according to social needs, and personal development must obey social needs. The purpose of education is to socialize the educated, and the social value is higher than the personal value.
4 1 Social development and personal development are the historical process of unity of opposites, and the value orientation of educational purposes is also restricted by this historical process. A From the overall process of social history, social progress and personal development are closely related and mutually causal, so generally speaking, the two value orientations of educational purposes are basically the same, not diametrically opposed. B there is a contradiction between personal development and concrete social reality, which is still acute under some historical conditions. C Only in a communist society can individuals and society achieve a high degree of unity, and the two value orientations of educational purposes can be completely consistent.
What is the basic spirit of educational purpose? A training laborers or social builders B needs all-round development C has independent personality.
The purpose of education is unchanged, but its value orientation is from exam-oriented education-quality education.
The nature of ordinary primary and secondary education is basic education (not compulsory education)
Intellectual education: it is an education that gives students systematic scientific and cultural knowledge and skills and develops their intelligence.
Moral education: Moral education is to guide students to understand proletarian ideological and political views and moral norms, organize and guide students' moral practice, and cultivate students' socialist morality.
Aesthetic education: Aesthetic education is to cultivate students' correct aesthetic view, develop students' ability to appreciate and create beauty, and cultivate students' noble sentiment and civilized quality.
Labor technology education is an education that guides students to master labor technology knowledge and skills and form labor views and habits.
The school education system (academic system) refers to the system of all kinds of schools at all levels in a country, which stipulates the nature, tasks, admission conditions, study years and the relationship between them.
What is the basis of the school education system? First, it depends on the development level of social productive forces and the development of science and technology. The establishment of B academic system is also restricted by social system. Only by responding to the requirements of a country's education policy can we establish a C school system, and consider the population situation, D school system, E school system and the age characteristics of children, absorb the beneficial parts of the original school system and refer to the experience of foreign school systems.
What is the trend of modern school education system reform? First, strengthen preschool education and its connection with primary education; Raise the school age and extend the period of compulsory education; C. General education and vocational education are developing in a comprehensive and unified direction; D, the types of higher education are increasingly diversified; A, the level is improving; B, short-term universities have developed rapidly; C, open enrollment policy combined with strict selection examination; D, cultivate talents in an eclectic way; D, strengthen the connection between universities and emerging industries, and establish various forms of teaching, scientific research and production consortia; Lifelong education is widely valued.
49 lifelong education; It means that a person's life should be a process of continuous learning, which is always associated with receiving education.
50 1902- Phonetic system-Not implemented
1904- kwai mau school system-the beginning of modern school education system in China-based on Japanese school system.
1922- Ren Xu academic system -633 system
5 1. secondary education-dual tasks: to train the labor reserve force for the country and to train qualified freshmen for higher-level schools.
52. Curriculum is the sum total of the subjects that school students should study and their processes and arrangements.
Curriculum in a narrow sense = discipline. Courses in a broad sense include disciplines.
Subject curriculum theory advocates setting up courses in different disciplines, selecting certain materials from related sciences, forming different disciplines and teaching them in different categories.
Activity Curriculum Theory-Beauty, Pragmatist Educator-Dewey = They oppose teaching in different subjects, organize teaching with activities as the center, and emphasize teaching contents such as games, activity homework, handicrafts, cooking, sewing, performance and experiments.
The task of school is to develop students' intelligence. (correct)
The main task of the school is to impart practical knowledge and ability to students.
What are the principles for compiling Chinese courses? A conforms to the educational objectives of socialism and the training objectives of schools at all levels. B is suitable for the physical and mental development of students of all levels and ages. C cognitive law suitable for teaching. D should be unified, relatively complete and flexible.
Education planning-refers to the guiding documents on school teaching and education formulated by the education authorities according to the educational purposes and training objectives of different levels and types of schools.
Syllabus-a guiding document on the teaching content of related subjects, which is prepared in the form of syllabus according to the teaching plan.
Teaching plan-syllabus-teaching materials are the concrete forms of the course, which are interrelated.
Textbook-a teaching book written according to the syllabus.
6 1. What are the basic principles of compiling textbooks? First, the content should be scientific, ideological and practical. B, the arrangement of teaching materials should unify the internal logic of knowledge and the requirements of teaching methods. C, the arrangement of teaching materials should be conducive to students' learning.
62. Teaching-Under the standard of educational purpose, teachers' teaching and students' learning constitute together. Through teaching, under the active guidance of teachers, students master systematic scientific and cultural knowledge and skills in a planned and step-by-step manner, develop intelligence and physical strength, cultivate morality and aesthetic feeling, and form an all-round development.
63 "Teaching is for not teaching"? Teaching includes two aspects: teaching and learning. Among them, learning not only includes students' learning under the direct teaching of teachers, but also includes self-study activities such as preview, review and independent homework that students cooperate with teachers in class. The purpose of teaching is to continuously improve students' self-study ability and realize autonomous learning.
What is the significance of teaching? Teaching is the most effective way to impart systematic knowledge and promote students' development. B teaching is the basic way to implement all-round development education and realize the training goal.
If schools adhere to the principle of teaching first, the quality of education can be improved.
66. The task of teaching? Guide students to master science as the basic knowledge and skills of culture. Develop students' intelligence, physical strength and creativity. C cultivate students' socialist morality and aesthetic taste, and lay the foundation for students' scientific world outlook.
67. Deherbart-a five-stage teaching method-preparation, prompt, contact, summary and application-is developed by teachers around book knowledge in class.
Beauty-Dewey-Five-Step Teaching Method-Difficulties, Problems, Assumptions, Verification and Conclusion-Children's Outdoor Activities.
Zankov, an educator and psychologist in the Soviet Union, the experiment of "teaching and development" and the theory of "zone of proximal development" promoted the all-round development of students with the greatest teaching effect possible.
69 beauty-bruner's teaching process theory. (Understanding) P 190
70 Soviet Union-babanski's Theory of Teaching Process-Optimization of Teaching Process P 192
7 1 understanding of the nature of the current teaching process in China? A teaching process is a special cognitive process, and B teaching process is also a process to promote students' physical and mental development.
72. The basic stage for students to master knowledge A arouses curiosity B perceives teaching materials C comprehends teaching materials D consolidates knowledge E uses knowledge F to check knowledge, skills and skills.
It has universal guiding significance for students to organize the teaching process in the basic stage of mastering knowledge. A, according to the specific situation of flexible use. B, pay attention to the internal relationship between stages. C the role of each stage is an indispensable factor in the whole teaching process.
Several inevitable connections in the teaching process. A The inevitable connection between indirect experience and direct experience A The main task of students' understanding is to learn indirect experience B The indirect experience of schools must be based on students' direct experience C To prevent the bias of ignoring systematic knowledge transfer or indirect experience accumulation B To master knowledge and develop intelligence A The development of intelligence depends on mastering knowledge. The mastery of knowledge depends on the development of intelligence. B only by guiding students to consciously master and apply knowledge can they effectively develop their intelligence. C. prevent the one-sided development of knowledge teaching or only focus on the development of ability. C the inevitable connection between mastering knowledge and improving thinking. A the improvement of students' thinking is based on knowledge. Guiding students to have a positive attitude towards what they have learned can improve their thinking. Improve students' thinking and promote them to actively learn knowledge and live rationally. The inevitable connection between dynamic and non-intellectual activities A. Non-intellectual activities depend on intellectual activities and positively affect them B. Only by adjusting students' non-intellectual activities according to teaching needs can we effectively carry out intellectual activities and complete the inevitable connection between teaching tasks E. Giving full play to teachers' leading role is a necessary condition for students to learn knowledge simply and effectively and develop their body and mind. B. mobilizing students' learning initiative is a major factor for teachers to effectively teach. C. preventing prejudice that ignores students' enthusiasm and teachers' leading role.
Intuition principle refers to observing the image description of what students have learned or the teacher's language in teaching, guiding students to form a clear representation of what they have learned, enriching their perceptual knowledge, thus correctly understanding book knowledge and developing their cognitive ability. Basis-the law that reflects students' cognition. Basic requirements: a, correctly choose intuitive teaching AIDS and modern teaching methods; B, combination of intuition and explanation; C, pay attention to the use of language intuition.
Enlightening principle-refers to that in teaching, teachers should recognize students as the main body of learning, pay attention to mobilizing their learning initiative, guide them to think independently, actively explore, study lively, consciously master scientific knowledge, and improve their ability to analyze and solve problems. Basis-reflecting students' cognitive rules. Basic requirements: A arouse students' learning initiative, B inspire students to think independently and develop their logical thinking ability, C let students do it and cultivate their ability to solve problems independently. Promote teaching democracy.
Step by step-refers to teaching in accordance with the logical system of the subject and the order of students' cognitive development, so that students can systematically master basic knowledge and skills and form strict logical thinking ability. Foundation-first, it is determined by the rigor and systematicness of scientific knowledge itself, and second, because students' understanding is a gradual deepening process from simple to complex. Basic requirements: a, teaching according to systematic teaching materials; Grasp the main contradiction and solve the key and difficult points; C, from easy to difficult teaching. & lt Xue Ji >> "Don't study hard" and "Don't practice hard", as the saying goes, "If you don't practice hard, you will be in chaos."
The principle of consolidation means that teaching should guide students to grasp knowledge and skills firmly on the basis of understanding, keep them in memory for a long time, and reproduce them quickly according to requirements, so as to facilitate the application of knowledge and skills. Consolidating knowledge is the basis for students to successfully accept new knowledge and learn, and it is also the condition for students to skillfully use knowledge. Basic requirements: consolidate on the basis of understanding; B. pay attention to organizing various reviews; Actively consolidate in expanding, reorganizing and applying knowledge.
The principle of acceptability means that the content, method, weight and progress of teaching should be suitable for students' physical and mental development, which is acceptable to them, but it is also difficult to master through hard work, thus promoting students' physical and mental development. Basic requirements: a, understand the development level of students and start teaching from reality. B, consider the characteristics of students' cognitive development times.
The principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is that teachers should proceed from the actual situation and individual differences of students, be targeted and teach students in accordance with their aptitude, so that each student can develop their strengths and avoid their weaknesses and get the best development.
Foundation-Students' physical and mental development has its own characteristics, and they have their own interests, hobbies and specialties in intellectual ability. Only by teaching students in accordance with their aptitude can we cultivate students into all kinds of outstanding talents useful to society. Requirements: A. Differentiate teaching according to students' characteristics. Take effective measures to fully develop talented students.
8 1. Comparative learning method-develops with the development of society, teaching practice and theory.
What is the main basis for choosing teaching methods and means? First, the teaching purpose and task. Teaching process rules and teaching principles. C the specific content and teaching methods of this subject. Acceptable level of students, including physical, psychological and cognitive level. E teachers' own conditions, including professional level, practical experience and personality characteristics. F possible conditions provided by schools and places, including social conditions, natural environment, material equipment, etc. G teaching time limit, including required class hours and available time. H is estimated to be available.
83 the choice of teaching methods? Teaching is a creative activity, and the selection and application of teaching methods and means should be considered according to the actual situation in all aspects. There is no one-size-fits-all method, and it is undoubtedly a flawed statement that "teaching has methods, but it cannot be decided". Every teacher should properly choose and creatively use teaching methods, express his own teaching art and form his own teaching style.
84. Teaching method-a method by which teachers transfer knowledge to students coherently through the language system.
Conversation-also called question-and-answer method. It is a method that teachers ask students questions and ask them to answer according to certain teaching requirements, and guide students to acquire or consolidate knowledge through question and answer.
Exercise-is a method for students to use knowledge to complete certain operations repeatedly and form skills under the guidance of teachers.
Demonstration is a way for teachers to enable students to acquire and consolidate knowledge by displaying objects, visual teaching AIDS or experiments.
Discussion method-is a method for students to discuss a problem, distinguish right from wrong and acquire knowledge under the guidance of teachers.
Research method-is a method for students to creatively solve problems, acquire knowledge and develop their abilities through independent exploration under the guidance of teachers.
85. Problem-finding teaching refers to the teaching in which students discover and acquire knowledge through independent research on problems under the guidance of teachers.
Program teaching-is a kind of teaching in the form of individual self-study by using program teaching materials.
87. Teaching organizational form: refers to the structure in which teachers and students combine to carry out activities according to certain requirements in order to complete specific teaching tasks.
88. Class system, a form of collective teaching, organizes a certain number of students into a fixed class set according to their age and knowledge level, and arranges teachers to give classes to students in a planned way according to the weekly schedule and schedule.
Group teaching-that is, students are divided into groups of different levels according to their ability or academic performance.
Class 90 is the basic organizational form of teaching.
9 1 class is the basic organizational form of teaching. Why? A there is a strict system to ensure the normal development of teaching and achieve a certain quality. B teaching in different classes is more scientific. It is convenient to impart all kinds of knowledge systematically. It can play the leading role of teachers.
92. What are the types and structures of courses? According to teaching tasks (imparting new knowledge, consolidating knowledge, developing skills and checking knowledge) and main teaching methods (lectures, lectures, practice, experiments and review). The structure of new teaching: organize teaching, check or review, put forward the purpose, content points and learning requirements of new lessons, teach new lessons, summarize and assign homework. Skills class: organize teaching, put forward the purpose of cultivating skills and skills, the teacher explains the principle, gives examples or demonstrates the operation, and exercises, summarizes and assigns homework independently under the guidance of the teacher. Review class: organize teaching, put forward the purpose and requirements of review, guide students to review, summarize and assign homework. Comprehensive course: organize teaching, check and review, put forward teaching objectives, teach new courses and consolidate the layout of new courses. Auxiliary organizational forms of teaching: homework, visits, lectures and counseling.
Preparing lessons is the premise of a good class.
There are three aspects to prepare lessons well. Study textbooks. B. get to know the students. C. consider teaching methods.
95. How can I have a good class? A) Clarify the teaching purpose; B) Ensure the scientific and ideological nature of teaching; C) Stimulate students' enthusiasm for learning; D) Adjust the teaching plan according to the actual situation; E) organizing teaching activities; F) assign homework.
96. Teaching evaluation is the measurement, analysis and evaluation of teaching quality.
97. What are the distinctive features of modern education evaluation? It is an evaluation centered on promoting students' development and achieving educational and teaching goals. It attaches importance not only to measuring students' knowledge, but also to measuring students' intelligence and morality. We should pay attention to both summative evaluation and formative evaluation; Not only the appraisee, but also the self-evaluation function; It is not only used to evaluate students' learning, but also used to evaluate all aspects of curriculum teachers' teaching and education.
98. Diagnostic evaluation is the development of students' existing knowledge level and ability at the beginning of semester teaching or a unit teaching.
Formative evaluation is a timely evaluation of students' knowledge mastery and ability development in the teaching process.
Summative evaluation is the overall evaluation of students' academic performance at the end of a big learning stage, a semester or a subject, also known as summative evaluation.
To be evaluative is to use norm reference test to evaluate students' performance. Absolute evaluation uses target reference test to evaluate students' performance.
100. Principles of teaching evaluation? A objectivity principle b development principle c guiding principle d planning principle.
10 1. Teaching objectives are the only quality indicator to evaluate students' academic performance.
102. Audio-visual teaching is essentially a new teaching method, which belongs to the category of modern teaching theory.
103 audio-visual teaching-in teaching, modern teaching media and traditional teaching media are used to transmit teaching information, thus optimizing teaching.
104. What is the function of audio-visual teaching? First, improve the quality of teaching; B, promoting teaching reform; Expand the teaching scale; D. promote teaching reform.
105. Moral education in pedagogy is divided into intellectual education and aesthetic education, which covers a wide range, including cultivating students' ideological and moral quality.
106. The function of moral education? A cultivate students' moral character and restrict their development direction. B determines the nature of school education. Affect social stability and development.
107. The process of moral education? The process of moral education is a process in which students actively carry out moral activities under the guidance of teachers. The process of moral education is to cultivate students' knowledge, emotion and behavior. The process of moral education is a positive transformation process to promote the contradiction of students' moral development. The process of moral education is the process of improving students' self-ability.
108. Mao Zedong's early "Sports Research" pointed out that "sports is a combination of moral education and intellectual education, while morality, intelligence and body are all on the body, and there is no morality, intelligence and body." The body carries the foundation of knowledge and contains the palace of morality. "
109. What are the characteristics of teachers' work? A powerful example of B's unique creativity: the extensiveness and time continuity of C space.
1 10. The value of teachers has obvious lag and obvious implication.
1 1 1. School management is an activity for school administrators to give full play to the best functions of people, money, materials and time through reasonable organization and operation, so as to achieve school education goals.
1 12. school management system: refers to the system and system of various management relations within the school, including two aspects. One is the system and system of school leadership, which stipulates who makes decisions and who organizes their implementation; The second is the system and system of school organization, which stipulates what institutions, responsibilities, scope of power and the relationship between them.
1 13. The difference between ancient school education and modern school education: basically divorced from productive labor; Learning and education are monopolized by the slave owner class and the landlord class, which has a distinct class nature; The school has become a place for the ruling class to train ruling talents; The teaching content of the school is mainly classical humanities and the art of governing people; The organizational form of teaching is individualized teaching; Schools are divorced from social life, and students' thoughts and lives are trapped in a narrow world, so ancient school education is a closed education. Modern school education is closely related to productive labor, and it is more and more closely combined; The educational content of natural science has greatly increased; The task of school education is not only to train politically needed talents, but also to train production workers. School education is no longer monopolized by a few exploiting classes, but gradually becomes popular and democratic. Primary and secondary education are gradually popularized, and adult education is developing day by day. Classroom teaching has become the basic organizational form of teaching; Scientific teaching methods and modern teaching methods are more and more widely used; School education is no longer restricted by the fence, but moves towards various forms of running schools, which is closely related to society and gradually becomes a system.
1 14. the trend of curriculum reform abroad: pay attention to the theorization and integration of curriculum content. Emphasize the systematicness and structure of knowledge. Attach importance to the development of intelligence and the cultivation of learning ability. Pay attention to individual differences.
1 15. Intellectual activities; Mainly refers to the activities of observation, thinking, memory, imagination and other psychological factors to recognize things and master knowledge. Non-intellectual activities: mainly refers to the activities of psychological factors such as interest, emotion, will and personality in the process of knowing things and mastering knowledge.
1 16 educational principles are the basic requirements that effective teaching must follow. It guides both teachers' teaching and students' learning, and should be implemented in all aspects of teaching and run through the whole process of teaching. (Principle of unity of science and ideology, principle of combination of theory and practice, principle of intuition, principle of inspiration, principle of gradual progress, principle of consolidation, principle of acceptability, principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude)