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Thoughts on reading Sima Qian's Letter to Ren An.
-Comment on Zhang Jinghua's Ancient Chinese edited by Xu Jialu.
/scholar/dbransh.htm
Ancient Chinese edited by Mr. Xu Jialu (Higher Education Press, 1992, 1). ) (hereinafter referred to as Xu Shu) is a "teaching book for higher normal schools". Occasionally check Sima Qian's "Report to Ren An". Deduct his feelings and summarize the general idea, which is involved in Mr. Xu's book. If there is any insecurity, pray for correction.
Bao Ren An Shu by Sima Qian is a masterpiece, while Lu Xun's Outline of the History of China Literature is extremely short. In the tenth article "Sima Xiangru and Sima Qian", there are a lot of quotations. He said: "The times are very angry, and his intention is self-motivated. It has something to do with Ren You:' The ancestors of servants have no merit in cutting Shu, and the ephemeris of literature and history is close to that of divination and blessing. If a servant is punished, if nine cows die and a hair is lost, it is no different from ants. "I hate being a jester, and I feel ashamed of my life experience, and I will pass on deformed people in the future. Although I recite the meaning of Spring and Autumn Annals, it is a masterpiece of historians, and it is a rhyme-free Li Sao. " (Outline of China Literature History, pp. 58-59, People's Literature Publishing House, 1973, 1 version. ) Mr. Lu Xun's comment on the famous sentence "Poet of Historian, Li Sao has no rhyme" in Historical Records was written immediately after quoting the article "Bao Ren An Shu".
In Bao Ren An Shu, the phrase "This man wants to ease, so he recounts the past and thinks of the future" is regarded as a theory to explain literary creation and has always been quoted by scholars. Li Changzhi said: "Creation is the highest activity of human mind. Can there be no cause in psychology? " Therefore, in the field of modern psychology, there are suppression theory and compensation theory to explain literary and artistic creation, but more than two thousand years ago, we have the same origin, which is Sima Qian's theory of writing books with anger. "(Sima Qian's Personality and Style, p. 306, Sanlian Bookstore, 1984, 1 version. )
If the letters in ancient Chinese prose are classified into one category, they will be compiled into epistolary prose, including letters to Yan, to prison, to Ren 'an, to Sun, to Wu by Cao Pi, to Yang Dezu by Cao Zhi and to Shan by Ji Kang. Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long: The Secretary's Chapter" said: "There are many different scripts in the Han Dynasty. Bao Ren 'an, Gu Gongsun, Hui Zong, Ziyun and Liu Xin all have different ambitions. And the axis is close to the size and the rhythm is close to the heart. "In the articles of the Han Dynasty, Sima Qian was the first one.
Bao Renshu 'an first appeared in the Biography of Sima Qian in Han Dynasty, and the later important version was Selected Works compiled by Xiao Tong, Prince of Liang Zhaoming in Southern Dynasties, and it was also included in the View of Ancient Literature compiled by Wu Chucai and Wu Diaohou in Qing Dynasty. The three words are slightly different. Although Hanshu was earlier than Wenxuan, it didn't appear in the history books. At the beginning of Wenxuan, there was a sentence "Taishi Gong Niu Ma left Sima Qian", which didn't appear in Hanshu either. Therefore, it can be seen that this article has different circulation outside the historical records, and the Selected Works is also based on different biographies.
In terms of edition selection, Mr. Wang Li edited Ancient Chinese (Zhonghua Book Company, 1963, 1 edition). ) (hereinafter referred to as Wang Shu) means that the Book of Han is based on the Selected Works (five ministers' notes), and all the differences in words are mostly from the Book of Han, and explanations are given at the same time. Ancient Chinese, edited by Mr. Xu Jialu, is not explained in the version of the article. The word search should come from Selected Works (Shan Li's note). At present, the course of "Ancient Chinese" is mostly assigned to the Chinese Department of the university, which is inevitably based on anthology. However, the writing style of Hanshu is famous for its elegance and integrity. Ye Fan said, "Sima Qian and Ban Gu ... The arguer said that the second son has a good history, and the translation is direct but the matter is the most important, and the solid text supports the details." (The Biography of Ban Gu in the Later Han Dynasty) Xu Shu has no reference and seems to be inferior to Wang Li's Selected Works in style.
The title of this article, Hanshu, is included in the full text, but it is not named according to historical examples. It's just called "Ren Anyu moved the book" ... and moved the newspaper. The title of "Selected Works" is "A Letter to Ren", which is based on the sentence "It is the first step" at the beginning of the article. The title of Guanzi in China's ancient literature is Bao Ren An Shu. Ren An's surname is Ren, whose name is An. Wang Shu, according to his surname, is also called "Zhao Ren An". Xu Shu still takes the Book of Appointment as the topic, which, like Selected Works, seems to grow on Xu Shu.
According to modern punctuation, this article is about 2760 words, which is a very long article in ancient letters and essays. The original texts of Hanshu, Wenxuan and Guwen Guanzhi are not segmented. The punctuation of Zhonghua Book Company is divided into 7 paragraphs, Wang Shu into 6 paragraphs and Xu Shu into 8 paragraphs. The head and tail of the tablet and the inscription are not aligned left and right according to the letter style. Segmentation and modern punctuation are not sorted out, and long text segmentation is indispensable. However, many scholars in ancient times had textual research on sentence breaks before or after words, so they still talked about it.
According to Xu Shu, the notes are divided into eight paragraphs as follows.
1 section is from "Tai Shi Gong Niu Ma Zou" to "Queran has not reported for a long time, but fortunately not too much".
Compared with Hanshu, this passage in Wenxuan contains the phrase "Taishi Gong Niu Ma went to pay homage to Sima Qian", which was an idiom at that time, so it can be seen that Wenxuan should be the original text of Sima Qian. At the end of the whole article, the Selected Works added another sentence, which is still the original text. This is the signature of the stage head, which is suspected to have been deleted by Hanshu.
This sentence is "Shun" in Selected Works and "Caution" in Hanshu. The ancients should choose their friends carefully. The Analects of Confucius says that "if there is no common goal, we should seek common ground", and Sima Qian quoted two places in Historical Records (Biography of Boyi and Biography of Laozi), so we should take Han Shu as an example. According to Hanshu, Wang Shu changed to "be cautious".
The ancient annotation of "using the words of the common people" is different. In Selected Works, Shan Li quoted Su Lin as saying: "The Book of Rites says: Do not follow the customs. Zheng Xuan said, "Vulgarity leads to vulgarity. "Vulgarity is a noun, and it is promised to be' vulgar' and not allowed to be' vulgar'." Yan Shigu's Note in Hanshu: "It refers to shifting the will of ordinary people according to their words. "It takes' flow' as a verb and' vulgarity' as a noun, and it is not allowed to exist as' vulgarity', so it is not vulgar. Both solutions are common. The word "brave" before the word "er" in Hanshu is the last sentence, and "don't learn from others" is a sentence. After the word "er" in Wenxuan, if the word "popular" is interpreted as a noun, the word "Yong" is interpreted as a content word; If "Liu" is interpreted as a verb, then "Yong" is interpreted as a function word, meaning "cause".
Yan Shigu pointed out in the sentence "Accident Crime": "The accident is deep." Xu Shu's note: "Unfeasurable sin. Fingers are cut at the waist. " Wang Shu commented: "If something goes wrong, it means something. The crime of causing trouble refers to being shackled. " Ren An was sentenced to be beheaded, but linguistically speaking, "the crime of accident" is only a confession of the death penalty, not specifically beheading, so this remark should be as noted by Yan Shigu.
The article "Hanshu" is called "The Day of Moving Newspaper", and this paragraph says "Queran has not reported for a long time", so we know that this article is indeed Sima Qian's reply to Ren An. Ren Anxian's letter to Sima Qian has already disappeared, and the content is unknown. In this article, it is said that "teaching should be cautious in accepting things and pushing sages to be scholars", that's all. However, according to this passage, "today's young lady has made an accident ... and the soul of the deceased is full of personal grievances", knowing that Ren An has committed a capital crime, and saying that "promoting sages as scholars" is a secret, which is intended to make Sima Qian save himself. However, due to Hanwu's coma in his later years, Ren An was offended and the change of the criminal prince was inspired. Ren An was the special envoy of the northern army at that time, protecting the army and had to intervene. This is not an affair, but rather a fear of death. As Li Changzhi said: "(Ren An) He was also the victim of the rebellion of the prince in the second year of conscription ... He died more unfairly ... Ren An was actually a very upright person." (Sima Qian's Personality and Style, p. 106. However, Sima Qian failed to rescue Ren An, fearing that he would not claim to be like this: "Who did it? What makes you listen? " In Han Shu, it is recorded that Sima Qian was "a secretariat after being punished", which is indeed an opportunity to get to know Chen. Sima Qian refused to see Emperor Wu, probably because he had lost confidence.
This passage describes how Ren wrote a book and how to answer it, but his words are very simple. There is no answer from Sima Qian throughout, it is all his own words. Calling for an answer is actually self-criticism and a style of writing of the ancients. After reading the preface written by Mr. Chen, ()' s Preface to Zhuangzi's Correction didn't talk about Liu Wendian, but "Yin Ke couldn't finish reading the books of the pre-Qin philosophers all his life", and (Yu's)' Preface to the Analects didn't talk about Yang Shuda, but "Yin Ke spent his life reading the works of China's Part B", and that's about it.
After the article, the general review of China's View on Ancient Literature said: "This book is full of twists and turns, clear narrative and enterprising spirit. His emotional songs are full of the wind of Yan and Zhao martyrs; If you are sad and thoughtful, confront Li Sao directly. Wen Qing is so extreme! " The phrase "full of twists and turns" is correct. Seeing Sima Qian say "I dare not do this" and "Who can I talk to when I am depressed", this passage can be summarized in one word, that is, I promised to save but I couldn't save it.
From "the servant listens to it, and the character of self-cultivation is also a symbol of wisdom" to "What can you say if you are a servant?" What are you talking about? "The second paragraph.
"Nothing is worse than seeking profit", "sadness" and "misery" are the same. "For profit", Hanshu and Wangshu have no solution. Shan Li's annotation in Selected Works is that "those who can restrain themselves, who only want to benefit, are extremely disastrous", and "desire" and "benefit" are nouns. Xu Shu interprets it as "coveting selfish interests" and "desire" is a verb. However, how can "greed" or "graft" lead to "tragedy" What's more, Sima Qian said that "not for profit, not for sorrow, not for shame, is greater than imprisonment", which is related to himself. If interpreted as "greedy for profit", did Sima Qian ever "greedy for profit"? Look up "The View of Ancient Chinese Literature" and interpret this sentence as: "atonement is necessary, but being poor at home is the most embarrassing." Referring to the following words: "The family is poor, the money is not enough to redeem itself, there is no hope of making friends, and being close to the left and right is not a word", then we know that this solution is close. "Desire" is a verb, meaning to need and wait. "insatiable greed is misfortune", that is, as the saying goes, "a penny is worth a penny." Sima Qian, who was originally a national scholar, ignored wealth and "lost all his possessions", but he could not redeem himself with money in case of disaster. This is the so-called "worst". After the sentence "near the left, near the right, not the right", the ancient prose notes: "Look at other people's poor goods, and you will know that history has moved to" The Second Biography of Huo Zhi and the Ranger ",not inaction." Very insightful.
"With yongqu, Confucius is suitable for Chen; Shang Yang's two sentences "Seeing Jing Ke, Zhao Liang is chilling", the former sentence "sharing the same load" and the latter sentence "seeing" are out of line, and the Book of Han is written as "Harmony with harmony, Confucius is suitable for Chen; When Shang Yang saw the sword of Beijing, Zhao Liang was chilling, so we should take Hanshu as an example.
"Zuo Zhuan" Lu Xun ten years: "Zhou Yanyou said:' People are innocent, but guilty. ""Yong Qu and Jing Ke, two people who have no indecent history, are both "ashamed since ancient times" and "outraged", but because they are eunuchs, what is the crime of eunuchs?
This passage is summed up in one sentence, that is, the eunuch is innocent and everyone thinks he is guilty.
The third paragraph is from "the end of the story is unclear" to "those who fight for the enemy in the north"
There are two sentences: "A servant with little talent has no reputation as a native singer". The words "gifted scholar" and "selected works" are both used as "lines". According to Han Shu, Wang Shu changed the word "line" to "talent" and gave an explanation. Xu Shu changed the book path without explanation. According to Wang Xianqian, Wang Shu interprets "negative" as "leaning", while Xu Shu's annotation of "holding" means "bearing". "Uncontrolled Talents", Yan Shigu's note: "It is said that its talents are of high quality and uncontrollable." Notes on Selected Works of Shan Li. The same is true of Wang Shu's annotation. Xu Shu interprets it as: "unrestricted, like a good horse can't be entangled." Another explanation is: "In the Han Dynasty, to be an official, you must have a bottom-up recommendation. The so-called virtuous and upright. Sima Qian is conceited and doesn't dabble, so he doesn't have the reputation of country songs. " But in a word, Sima Qian is all modest here. If it is "conceited", why is it "no reputation for country songs"? "Conceit your talent" is not a modest statement, and it is wrong to use the phrase "country songs have no reputation". So here's a different solution. According to Yan Shigu's annotation in Hanshu, negation is not interpreted as "leaning" or "feeling", but as "nothing". If you deny it, there is no such thing. It means "less unruly talents", which means "less unruly talents", as opposed to "pastoral songs with a long reputation". It is also possible to interpret "unruly talents" as "incompetent talents". Both "unruly" and "unworthy" have two meanings. In The Analects of Confucius, "a gentleman is unworthy" is a compliment and "unworthy" is a derogatory one. Here Sima Qian said "no device", which is a pun.
Sima Qian once said to his family: "In Zhuan Xu, it was ordered that the sky should be heavy in the south and the fire should be on land. On the occasion of Tang Yu, Shao focused on the queen of Li, which made him come out again. As for the Xia and Shang Dynasties, it is very important to emphasize Li's world order ... Sima's world history ... Taishi Gong was in charge of Tianguan and didn't treat the people. " You can imagine the meaning of complacency. Therefore, this paragraph can be summarized in one word. The first paragraph is self-mockery and conceit, and the second paragraph says that Li Ling's crime is called impunity.
The fourth paragraph is from "the tomb is not dead" to "the layman can't say something".
The meaning of the sentence "I thank you very much" is easy to understand, but the grammar is difficult to understand. "Hanshu" Yan Shigu notes: "Although self-destruction is sweet, it is rare and common to be with others." Why do you say "self-destruction is sweet" and "sharing food with others"? Moreover, the term "less" cannot be interpreted as "less in common". Uncle Wang explained, "I don't eat sweet things. I'll give you some." Uncle Xu explained, "I don't eat sweets. I'll give you some." Labeling is basically the same, but none of them can be solved by grammar. If "absolutely sweet" refers to Li Ling himself, then "less points" should still refer to Li Ling himself; "Absolutely sweet" means "I don't eat sweet things (food)", and "less points" should be regarded as "something I share alone", not "distributed to everyone". Examining China's View on Ancient Literature, it is interpreted as: "Those who taste sweet will take their own lives, and those who eat less will divide them." It means that in the case of "sweet", you can refuse to take it, and in the case of "little", you are willing to share it with everyone. The grammatical structure of the sentence "extremely sweet and small" is "sweet and small", which can be explained. However, the interpretation of Guanzi in China's ancient literature is not as good as that in Selected Works. In Selected Works, Shan Li quoted a sentence from Shu Wei's Filial Piety to Help the Gods: "A mother is a child, and it is rare to have a total." He also quoted Song Jun as saying: "Less is death, more is division." It is wrong to regard "extremely sweet little" as a simple mistake and "extremely sweet little". "Very sweet is less" means "sweet is removed; If you are seldom sweet, you will get rid of it; Sweetness is excluded ",which means the latter means long."
This passage is summed up in one word, which is Sima Qian's self-report.
From "my servant and father have no merit in cutting Fu Dan's book" to "not ashamed of it?" With regard to paragraph 5.
The sentence "imprisoned in prison" is written as "imprisoned in prison" in Hanshu, Wenxuan and Guanzhi of Ancient Chinese Literature. "Historical Records Yin Benji" Zhang Shoujie "Justice": "You, a merit, a sound." And Xu's "imprisoned in smoke", I don't know what this is. According to the word "prisoner", it is similar to the following "inviting prisoners", but it is not the original text, and the following "Gasbo's arrest of Zhouyi" does not use the word "prisoner". "Smoke" is obviously a clerical error, and the label is still "Li". Xu Shu was printed 1 1 times from 1992 to 2000, but there was still this clerical error, which was really wrong.
In the sentence "culpable of punishment", "blame" is interpreted as "net", and "net addition" means that the law is added to the body, and the righteousness is still "sin". There are no notes in Hanshu and Wenxuan of this sentence, but the notes in Guanzi, an ancient document in China, are "the same network" and "the same method". But the word "Wang" also means "nothing". Er ya: "Wang, it's okay." So "unnecessary increase" can also be interpreted as "no increase" and no increase in charges, just like Li Ling's "causing trouble" of "holding the crime of causing trouble" mentioned earlier. "The sin is so terrible that you can't blame yourself." Generally speaking, it is still difficult for people to blame themselves in a place where crime is unexpected.
This paragraph is summed up in one sentence, which is bring disgrace to oneself.
The sixth paragraph is from "from this point of view" to "vulgar and literary talent is not behind"
In Hanshu, the sentence "can be cited as a decision" was written as "can be cited as a decision". According to Hanshu, Wang Shu changed it from "you" to "you", but Xu Shu didn't change it or make comments.
This paragraph is summed up in one word, and it is still the same as the previous paragraph. If you are insulted, you should punish yourself instead of yourself, so as to show that you can learn from others.
The seventh paragraph is from "the ancients were rich and famous" to "the laity couldn't say anything".
In Zhouyi, the sentence "Gasbo was arrested and left, and Zhongni 'ou wrote Chunqiu" was almost omitted because Xu Shu had no title.
"Three hundred poems, written in a rage by underground sages" is a famous sentence handed down from generation to generation, but the versions are different. "Sages", "Hanshu" and "Biography of Taishigong" are "sages", which resulted in the "view of ancient literature". Only the Selected Works is a "sage", and Wang Shu and Xu Shu followed it.
"I also want to learn from the changes of ancient and modern times and become a family statement" is purely a family statement. Liu Xie once said, "When philosophers enter the Tao, they will see records." Historical Records was originally called Taishi Gong or Taishi Gong Shu, and Taishi Gong was also called Sima Zi. Therefore, Zhang Xuecheng said, "There are 130 Taishi, all of which are named by themselves." ("Interpretation of Literature and History") And Liu Zhiji's theory is particularly detailed: "Qiu Ming's revision and biography also took refuge; The son-in-law's records are also hidden in the famous mountains; Ban Gu's books are also from a family; Chen Shouzhi's ambition was also born in a private room. However, since ancient times, you have been virtuous and handsome. After making a speech, why do you have to live in the world, trace your family background, and then succeed? It is because people with deep knowledge know what they are, retreat for peace, behave themselves, get married, and act arbitrarily. " Zi Jia has many connections with historians. For example, Laozi of Taoism is also a historian. Sima Qian lived as a historian and wanted to get married. He was really a "historian". ("The Biography of Sima Qian in Han Dynasty": "When Wang Mang arrived, he asked for the seal, which was Shi Tongzi." Yan Shigu quoted Li Qi as saying: "Shi Guotong is also a viscount." )
"Then the servant will pay the responsibility of humiliation. Even if he is killed, is there any regret? " In three sentences, "former humiliation" and "slaughter" are different from the sentence after "punishment", "knife saw", "velvet", "silkworm house", "dust" rope ink "and" although ten thousand people were slaughtered ".The ancient prose notes:" History books are moved, punishment is humiliation, so the word "humiliation" cannot be completely lost. There is only one word "insult" and there are many words, which also shows the meaning of Sima Qian's "repeated twists and turns"
This passage can be summed up in one word. Sima Qian compared himself to a saint, but it was difficult for him to talk to laymen.
The eighth paragraph is from "I am not easy to live under heavy burdens" to "I am a little humble in Chengu".
Therefore, the phrase "rise and fall from the customs, pitch with the times to get rid of its madness" is unreasonable, so it makes sense. However, the word "frenzy" comes from Xunzi, saying that "those who know good but don't do it are called chaos, and those who know evil but don't change are called chaos." Is the so-called "confused" people, if not? Is it unreasonable?
The sentence "don't believe in customs" and Xu Shu wrote "don't believe in desire" as a clerical error.
This paragraph not only says "I am ashamed of my thoughts", but also says "I don't know good" and "I don't change evil", so its general idea can be summarized in one sentence, that is, although I am ashamed, I don't change its meaning of good and evil.
"If you want to die, then decide right and wrong" is the last word. Look at this. Some people know that Li Ling has "forced winter in ten days", but others think it is Sima Qian's masterpiece. Although Sima Qian didn't die, he felt the same way about his dying old reply.
Summarizing paragraphs is euphemistic in meaning and self-directed, just like what Wu Chucai and Wu Diaohou said, "full of twists and turns". Liu Xie talked about letters: "Yang Xiong said:' Words are also heartfelt; Books, heart paintings. Sound and shape are seen by gentlemen and villains. "So the book, shu also. Shu Buqi's words, Chen's conciseness, and the image in the box make your decision so clear. ..... Summarize the style of the book in detail, which is all about words. The words are so loose and elegant, and they are unrestrained and flexible. Civilization is calm and a reward from the heart. " Sima Qian can be said to be a good listener to this article.