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The life of Confucius

Confucius was a great thinker, politician, educator and founder of Confucianism in ancient China. His theory not only influenced the development of China for thousands of years, but also profoundly influenced everyone's thinking and behavior pattern in China, and became the theoretical basis of oriental personality and psychology. Confucian culture founded by Confucius is extensive and profound, which constitutes the mainstream and foundation of China traditional culture and still plays a huge positive role in today's social life. Confucius belongs not only to history, but also to the present, not only to China, but also to the world.

Confucius lost his father in his early years and his family declined. He once said: "I am cheap because I am few, so I can despise." When I was young, I worked as a "Commissioner" (in charge of granaries) and a "farmer" (in charge of cattle and sheep). Although Confucius lived in poverty, he was "determined to learn" at the age of fifteen. He is good at learning from others. He once said, "When we have a threesome, we must learn from each other. Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. " (The Analects of Confucius) He never tires of learning from an ordinary teacher. The villagers also praised him as "knowledgeable".

After the founding of Lu, the regime was in the hands of Sanhuan, headed by Ji. In the early years of Zhao Gong, the three families divided up the military power of the Lu army. Kong Liao once expressed indignation at Ji's trespassing behavior of "eight steps of court dance". In the 25th year of Zhao Gong (5 17 BC), there was civil strife in Lu, and Confucius left Lu to Qi. Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about politics, and Confucius said, "Jun Jun, minister, father and son." He added: "Politics is about saving money." The ruler of Qi is doctor Chen. Although he likes Confucius' words, he can't use them. Confucius was frustrated in Qi, so he returned to Lu, "retiring to learn poetry, etiquette and music, and attracting many disciples". People come from far away to study in almost all the waiting countries. At that time, Lu was under the control of Ji's family, and Ji's family was subject to its retainer. Confucius was dissatisfied that the government was not in the hands of the monarch, but in the hands of doctors, and was unwilling to be an official. He said, "Being unjust and rich is like a cloud to me."

After Confucius returned to Lu, people in Lu praised "the country is old". At first, Lu Aigong and Ji Kangzi often asked each other about political affairs, but they were not reused. In his later years, Confucius devoted himself to sorting out documents and continuing to engage in education. In the 16th year of Lu Aigong (479 BC), Confucius died and was buried in Surabaya, north of Lucheng.

Confucianism

Facing the rapidly changing social reality at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius absorbed the cultural nutrition of Xia and Shang Dynasties, inherited the cultural tradition of Zhou Dynasty, and established a complete theory with "courtesy", "benevolence", "moderation", "teaching" and "learning" as its main contents, including philosophy, politics, ethics, morality and education. Confucius' theory is rich in connotation and self-contained, which has had a far-reaching influence in the history of China.

"Li"

"Rite" is an important category of Confucius' thought and theory. As a social behavior norm, "Li" has a long history. Confucius once said: "because of yin, gains and losses are also known;" Zhou's gains and losses are all known. Its successor or successor, though immortal, is also known. "

Confucius believes that in the Zhou Dynasty, the "rites" developed most perfectly, so he admired the "rites of the week" most. Confucius believes that "courtesy" is a code of conduct that everyone from Tian Zi to Shu Ren must abide by. Confucius' so-called "ceremony" includes both internal spirit and external form. Its internal spirit is to maintain the patriarchal hierarchy and the corresponding ethical relationship at that time. In the Book of Rites, he clearly pointed out: "Don't be rude to the gods of heaven and earth if you are indecent." The position of monarch and minister, regardless of age, cannot be distinguished; There is no indecent assault, and there is no kinship between men and women. Therefore, he believes that what is more important is not the form, but the realization of its inner spirit.

"benevolence"

Confucius particularly emphasized the value and function of "benevolence". He believes that "benevolence" is not only a quality that everyone must have, but also a principle that must be followed in governing the country and leveling the world. For personal cultivation, he advocates that "a gentleman who has no food will violate benevolence, and he will do it when he has a period." ("Li Ren"). "People with lofty ideals are benevolent, and there is no harm to benevolence, but killing benevolence" (Wei Linggong). Teach students to work hard for "benevolence" with perseverance. For governing the country, he advocates that education should be the goal of governing the country and safeguarding the country, based on caring for the people.

"golden mean"

Confucius' thought of "golden mean" has both the significance of philosophical methodology and moral cultivation. As far as methodology is concerned, there are two main points: one is "neutralization" and the other is "harmony". For this kind of "harmony" and "harmony" thought, Confucius advocated that it should not only be regarded as a way to understand and deal with things, but also be integrated into one's own sexual conduct and quality through cultivation and exercise, and become a human virtue. He once lamented: "The golden mean is also a virtue, even worse, and the people have been fresh for a long time." ("Eternal Night") So put forward: "Quality is better than literature, and literature is better than quality. Gentleness is a gentleman. " ("Ode to Leaves") In his personal style, he achieved "combining rigidity with softness, being strong but not fierce, being respectful without fear" ("Shu Er"), which was respected by his disciples.

"Teaching" and "Learning"

Confucius never tires of learning and never tires of teaching all his life, and has accumulated rich teaching experience. The thoughts of "teaching" and "learning" are important parts of his ideological theory. Confucius used to "learn from officials", and educators and educatees were aristocrats. Confucius founded a private school and put forward that "there is no class in education", which changed the old situation of "learning to be excellent and being an official" and broke the monopoly of nobles on culture and education. Confucius claimed that "I have never been ignorant of self-discipline" (Book II), and his students came from eleven vassal states and people of various backgrounds. For the purpose of learning, Confucius put forward the idea of "learning to be excellent is to be an official" through his disciples' remarks, and supported students from civilian backgrounds to display their talents in politics.

In teaching methods, Confucius is good at discovering students' characteristics in personality and learning, and advocates teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. He said: "Seek to retreat, so enter; Because he is also a person, he retired "("Advanced "). He is persuasive, pays attention to inspiring students to think independently, stimulates students' desire for knowledge, and advocates that "no anger means power, no anger means resentment." If you don't take a corner and use three corners instead, it will no longer be "("Shu Er ").

Zhuangzi, a famous philosopher from 369 to 286 BC, was born in Song Guomeng (now Mengcheng, Anhui). I am a painter in Mongolia. Born in a poor family, he once borrowed millet from the river (official name), but refused the gift of thick coins from the king of Chu and Zhou. He inherited and developed Laozi's view that Tao is nature, which is infinite, self-rooted and ubiquitous, emphasizing the self-development of things and denying the domination of God. His thought contains simple dialectical factors. He believes that "Tao" is a "natural place" and comes from "Tao is sealed at the beginning" (that is, "Tao" is unbounded). He saw that everything was in a state of "motionless, motionless at times", but ignored the stability and differences of things, thinking that "the world is nothing more than late autumn, and Mount Tai is small; Mo Shou almost died, and so did Peng Zu. " . He advocates the unity of things and me, the unity of right and wrong, the unity of life and death, and the unity of nobility and inferiority, and fantasizes about a subjective spiritual realm of "heaven and earth coexist with me, and everything is one with me", which is peaceful and carefree and degenerates into relativism and fatalism. His works include Zhuangzi, also known as the South China Classic, one of the Taoist classics. There are 52 Zhuangzi articles recorded in the Records of Han Shu Literature and Art, and only 33 exist. Among them, there are seven chapters, which are generally designated as Zhuangzi; Foreign essays may be mixed with his disciples and later Taoist works. The article Wang Yang is wanton, and adopts the form of fable story, which has rich imagination. Zhuangzi is of great philosophical and literary research value. Mr. Lu Xun once said that his works "Wang Yang is magnificent and elegant, and hundred schools of thought's works in the late Zhou Dynasty are the first". Famous articles include Happy Travel, Theory of Everything, Master of Health, etc. Among them, My Clever Understanding of Cattle is especially popular in later generations. Zhuangzi's works have always been annotated, among which Wang Xianqian's Notes on Zhuangzi and Guo Qingfan's Notes on Zhuangzi have been handed down to this day.

Lao Zi, surnamed Li, was born in Bo Yang, Chu Guoku County (now Luyi County). He lived about 57 1 year to 47 1 year ago and was a Tibetan caretaker in the Zhou Dynasty. When I was a child, I studied in Niu Geng. I was smart and diligent. In his later years, he lived in Chen's hometown, gave lectures in Qin and died in Fufeng.

There are only 5,000 works left by Laozi, namely Tao Te Ching, also called Laozi. It's a philosophical poem written by Lao Zi in verse. It is the main classic work of Taoism, and it is also the direct material for studying Laozi's philosophical thought. His Five Thousand Essays was translated and published by Japan, the former Soviet Union, Germany, Britain and other countries, and became a wonderful work in ancient philosophy. * * * of Meizhou listed him as one of the top ten ancient writers in the world.

Tao Te Ching is a materialistic system with simple dialectical thought. It advocates the view of heaven and atheism of natural inaction. The core of his materialist system is Tao, and Laozi opposed the study of Heaven, and put forward the thought of inaction of Heaven and the thought of "Tao always does nothing", that is, Tao is the basis of constructing all things, not the will of all things in the world purposefully, but the law of all things themselves.

Laozi is a great ancient thinker known to our people. The classic Tao Te Ching written by Laozi initiated ancient Chinese philosophy. His philosophical thoughts and the Taoist school he founded not only made important contributions to the development of China's ancient ideology and culture, but also had a far-reaching impact on the development of China's ideology and culture for more than two thousand years.

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