, the word male heir, and the word rose, nicknamed Dou, the son of Liu Bei. After Liu Bei's death, he succeeded to the throne as the Emperor of Shu. When Liu Chan first became emperor, he trusted Zhuge Liang very much and entrusted all military affairs to Zhuge Liang. However, in the later period, Zhuge Liang listened to rumors and interfered with Zhuge Liang's military and political policies, which made Zhuge Liang return to the Northern Expedition again and again. After Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wan and other sages died one after another, they were unable to control the state affairs by themselves. Eunuch Huang Hao began to monopolize the power, forcing Jiang Wei to go out to wasteland to avoid chaos, and Shu gradually declined. After attacking Shu on a large scale, Wei surrendered and moved his family to Luoyang, making him the Happy Duke. From AD 223 to AD 263, Wei abdicated and reigned for 4 1 year, which was the longest reigning monarch in the Three Kingdoms period. In that war-torn era when there was a separatist regime and a series of wars, it was impossible to be in power for so long without considerable intelligence. Some people attributed Liu Chan's stable proclaimed himself to Zhuge Liang's assistance. In fact, Zhuge Liang died in 234 AD. After his death, Liu Chan became emperor for 29 years. It is hard to say that it was all thanks to Zhuge Liang's assistance. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, there is a passage in Liu Bei's testamentary edict to Liu Chan: "When I shot you, I said that the Prime Minister lamented your wisdom, which greatly increased his cultivation. I am too eager to judge, so what am I worried about? " Hey hey. "Shooting a gentleman is a shooting aid. The meaning of this passage is clear: Zhuge Liang praised Liu Chan's wisdom to Chuanyuan, who told Liu Bei this praise and Liu Bei gladly encouraged him. Zhuge Liang is certainly not a flatterer, and Liu Bei knows others well, which shows that Liu Chan is not an outspoken person. In order to make Liu Chan well informed and master the art of governing the country, Liu Bei asked him to learn more books such as Shen Zi, Han Feizi, Guan Zi and Liu Tao, and Zhuge Liang personally copied these books for him to read, and asked him to learn Zuo Zhuan with the Book of Changes as his teacher. Not only that, but also let him learn Wushu. There is a record in Cosmic Tale: "The shooting mountain is fifteen miles north of Chengdu County, and Liu Zhu Zen shoots here." Zhuge Liang was very satisfied with Liu Chan's performance. Zhuge Liang commented on Liu Chan in "The Book with Dewey": "The court was eighteen years old, and it was virtuous and kind, and the corporal was an adjutant." This sensitive remark can show that he is not a stupid person, otherwise Zhuge is not being sarcastic? It is also recorded in The Book of Jin Shi Mi Chuan that Smith thinks that Liu Chan, as a monarch, can be compared with Qi Huangong, the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period. Qi Huangong became the overlord, and Liu Chan became Zhuge Liang, competing with Qiang and Wei. Moreover, on the issue of the Northern Expedition, Liu Chan was very clear-headed. When Zhuge Liang longed for the northern expedition, he once advised: "It is difficult to follow his father to the south; Before returning to Beijing, I sat without a seat; Now I want to go north, but I'm afraid of worrying. "Although Zhuge Liang ignored his advice, once the Northern Expedition resolution was formed, Liu Chan fully supported Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition. After Zhuge Liang's death, Liu Chan immediately stopped the Northern Expedition which wasted national strength and money. Sima Yi led an army to conquer Gongsun Yuan in Liaodong. Liu Chan was afraid that Jiang Wan would repeat Zhuge Liang's mistakes, and specially warned Jiang Wan not to act rashly. " Wu must act, and both east and west are embarrassed to take advantage. "Wei rebelled, but falsely played Yang Yi rebellion. After listening to Wei Yan's performance, Liu Chan immediately raised questions and said, "Wei Yan is a brave general who can refuse Yang Yi and others. Why did he burn the plank road? "After Wei Yan was killed, Liu Chan did not completely deny Wei Yan. Instead, he issued a decree saying, "Now that I have cleared my name, I still remember my previous job and gave it to a coffin for burial. "In order to avoid excessive power, Fei Yi was appointed Prime Minister and General, in charge of state affairs, and Jiang Wan was appointed Fu, in charge of military affairs. Their powers cross and contain each other, but each has its own emphasis. After Jiang Wan's death, he "took charge of the state affairs" and monopolized the power, which completely solved the political situation of "everything depends on the prime minister" in Shu for many years. Hu Jia, his wife, joined the ranks of Empress Dowager Cixi, and Empress Dowager Cixi stayed with Hu for a month, which aroused suspicion and led to a vicious incident. Liu Chan learned his lesson and immediately abolished the court ceremony of the minister's wife and mother. Because Sima usurped the throne and was afraid of being implicated by Cao Shuang, his father Xia was beheaded by Huang Zhong in Dingjun Mountain. When meeting with Xia Houba, Liu Chan said, "Your father was killed in a quarrel. This is not the first time I have done it. "Down, a few words, an arms race. Pointing to his two sons, he said, "So is this nephew of Xiahou. "Xia's cousin is Zhang Fei's wife, and Zhang Fei's daughter is his wife, so there is this saying. Then, he gave Xia Houba a generous reward and made him an official. A set of gentle courtship means makes it very skilled. Although there were some disagreements between Liu Chan and Zhuge Liang, Liu Chan put the overall situation first and kept a restrained attitude. Zhuge Liang made mistakes in employing people, and the latter comforted him by saying, "It is common for military strategists to win or lose. When Zhuge Liang won the battle, Liu Chan resumed Zhuge Liang's position. When the news of Zhuge Liang's death came, Liu Chan was sad for several days, unable to go to the court, and fell down on the dragon bed and cried. When the coffin was brought back, Liu Chan led the civil and military officials and went out of the city for 20 miles to meet him. At this point, Li Miao wrote a letter, citing the examples of Lv Lu and Huo Guang in history, slandering Zhuge Liang for "fighting with Qiang Bing, and the wolf depends on him", saying that Zhuge Liang died in time, making him "complete in imperial clan, resting in Xirong, celebrating big and small", implying that Zhuge Liang would not die sooner or later. What li miao said was either what he really thought or to cater to Liu Chan. When Liu Chan heard this, he was furious and killed him. This shows that Liu Chan is well aware of the truth that "there is no harmony between the monarch and the minister, and domestic troubles and foreign invasion". As long as he is not awake for a while, civil strife is inevitable. However, Liu Chan is also very measured in this matter. "Xiangyang Ji" records that when people died at dawn, they sought to build a temple, but the court did not listen to the ceremony, and the people sacrificed Taoism privately because of the season. Those who say things or think that temples can be set up in Chengdu, the latter will not follow. Long, a captain of the infantry, and Lang, a middle official, all went to the table and said, "I heard that Zhou people cherish the virtue of calling Bo, but Gan Tang does not cut it;" Compared with Wang Si Fan Li, he prefers casting gold to maintain his image. Since the Han dynasty, many people have built temples with small virtues and villains. Kuang Liang's virtue is far and near, and honor covers the world. The royal family is not bad, and the real people rely on it, but it stops at the private door, and the temple is like a temple, making the people worship in the lane, worship in the wild, do not save their virtues, and do not investigate their merits. Others say they are chasing after it. If we try our best to meet the wishes of the people, there will be no blasphemy, and the capital will be built to force the ancestral hall, so there is doubt. I should be foolish, because I am close to my tomb, so that my relatives can make sacrifices at the right time. Those who want to serve the temple are limited to the temple. Break its private worship and worship its ceremony. " In this case, Liu Chan is not opinionated. It is rare for the young emperor Liu Chan to handle the issues of power and ministers in such a long-term way. Pei Songzhi, a historian in the Southern Dynasties, commented that "the sage of the late master is unattainable". People often forget their roots with joy, or forget their roots with joy, and miss their homeland for no reason, which is called "being happy without thinking about Shu". This allusion originated in Luoyang during the Three Kingdoms period. At that time, Wei Jun entered Sichuan, and Liu Chan, the last ruler of Shu, surrendered and was sent to Luoyang. Si Mazhao named him the Duke of Happiness, gave him a house, gave him a monthly allowance, and had a hundred servants. Liu Chan made a special trip to thank him, and Si Mazhao hosted a banquet, singing and dancing. When the music of Shu started, the old ministers of Shu recited the sadness of the country's demise, and all of them burst into tears. Liu Chan, on the other hand, is insensitive and laughs. Si Mazhao said, then ask Liu Chan; "Do you miss Shu? Liu Chan replied, "This place is very happy." . I don't miss Shu. The old minister listened easily, and quickly found an opportunity to say quietly, "Your Majesty, I will ask you later, and you will cry and say,' The ancestral grave is far away in Shu, and I don't miss it every day!' ""In this way, you can let your majesty go back to Shu. "After hearing this, Liu Chan kept it in mind. Halfway through the wine, Si Mazhao asked some more questions. Liu Chan soon understood what Xi Orthodox had said, but he just wanted to cry. Hearing this, Si Mazhao said, "Hey, why does this sound like what you said?" Liu Chan said in surprise, "You are absolutely right!" Si Mazhao and his ministers all laughed. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Liu Bei said to Liu Chan before his death: "Working with the Prime Minister is like a father." . In the early days of his succession, Liu Chan did abide by his father's behest, saying that "politics, big or small, depends on the light" and delegated all military and political power to Zhuge Liang. With the deepening of Liu Chan's understanding of military governance, he began to have different views on the policy of Zhuge Liang's northern expedition leading to the decline of national strength. However, based on the established policy of Liu Bei's Northern Expedition to unify China and Zhuge Liang's high prestige at home, Liu Chan put unity first and fully supported Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition. After Zhuge Liang's death, according to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the prime minister system was abolished, and the three posts of minister, general and fu were set up to check and balance each other, and the military and political affairs were separated. Later, Jiang Wan, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and others took power, recuperated before the Northern Expedition, and then took a long-term view to personally deal with domestic military and political affairs except foreign wars. Liu Chan also had many checks and balances on Jiang Wei who succeeded Zhuge Liang, which seriously slowed down the progress of the Northern Expedition. However, because Liu Chan did not have reliable control over the army, he did not dare to be too tyrannical about the military generals who advocated a swift northern expedition, which led to confusion in administrative policies. In addition, Liu Chan liked eunuch Huang Hao very much, and finally Shu Han was conquered in 263. After the death of Shu, he moved to Luoyang, the capital of Wei. He left a famous sentence "I'm happy here, I don't think about Shu". I left it to Si Mazhao: "I have no worries!" Good impression. It saved his life. In the Jin Dynasty, Sigong in Anle County, Liu Yuanxiao was pregnant with the emperor. Although Adou was rated as a mediocre monarch by later generations, he lived a happy life despite his inability to help. Its ending is better than that of Zhu Youjian and Song Huizong. In the eyes of the world, Liu Chan is the king of mediocrity. In the eyes of ordinary people, Liu Chan's image has always been a mediocre mediocrity, and what's more, he is called "a bad king who has lost his country and a mediocrity who has lost his country". Because our nickname is Dou, there is another adjective in our Mandarin "Dou can't help it". Predict that this adjective will spread for thousands of years. Dou really can't help? Is he really a fatuous, stupid or even mentally retarded monarch? According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang praised Liu Chan for shooting the gentleman (whose identity was unknown) and told Liu Bei about it. Liu Bei is very happy. "The prime minister sighed that the wisdom of the Qing dynasty increased greatly, too, but so, why should I worry? Hey hey. " Liu Bei's will means that even Zhuge Liang praised Liu Chan's "great wisdom" and was smarter than expected. What am I worried about? Show encouragement. Zhuge Liang will not flatter others, Liu Bei will not be ignorant, and Chen Shou will not cheat. Therefore, Liu Chan is by no means as incompetent as the traditional concept. Zhuge Liang commented on Liu Chan in "The Book with Dewey": "The court was eighteen years old, and it was virtuous and kind, and the corporal adjutant." In fact, "Ren Xian, the late ruler, is a rational ruler". Throughout history, Liu Chan became the Emperor of Shu and Han for 4 1 year, which was the longest reign of all monarchs in the Three Kingdoms period. Among them, Zhuge Liang assisted Liu Chan 1 1 year. After Zhuge Liang's death, Liu Chan became emperor for 30 years with the help of some wise ministers. In the turbulent era of independent regime, there must be something extraordinary about Liu Chan's being in power for so long. Liu Chan was only 17 years old when he succeeded to the throne. Liu Bei specifically told him before he died: "You are engaged to the Prime Minister just like a father." So he shouted "No matter how big or small the political affairs are, the salt depends on the light", and Liu Chan "did everything as the Prime Minister said". For Zhuge Liang, who is in power, Liu Chan is also humble in everything, "taking his father as his business". Later, Liu Chan became old. According to the routine of the Han Dynasty imperial court, Zhuge Liang should gradually return the power to Liu Chan, let Liu Chan "become a full member" smoothly, and get rid of the fate of "trainee" emperor completely. However, Zhuge Liang is still in power. Zhuge Liang's reason is also very simple, because Liu Chan has no work experience and no experience in governing the country, so he is in charge of the overall situation. This makes people suspect that Liu Chan is inexperienced now. If you don't give him a chance to practice, where will he get the experience? Isn't he not experienced? Zhuge Liang went to war, but he still didn't trust Liu Chan, who was 22 years old. He appointed confidant Dong Yun as assistant minister to "supervise" Liu Chan. In Zhuge Liang's Model, Zhuge Liang's tone and sense of language towards Liu Chan are like a stern father's cold training for an unreasonable and disobedient child. For these, Liu Chan gave in and didn't want to cause domestic political chaos. Zhuge Liang launched the Northern Expedition. Although Liu Chan disapproved, he encouraged Zhuge Liang. It can be said that Liu Chan is well aware of the truth that "there is no harmony between the monarch and the minister, and there will be internal changes", and fully understands and strictly implements Liu Bei's teachings and respect for the elders. More importantly, he United the internal leadership team, maintained the stability of the leadership team, and finally benefited the people. No wonder some people commented that Liu Chan was "a sage of the late Lord, so he was out of reach". It can be seen that Liu Chan has the tolerant mind of a politician. Liu Chan was generous not only to Zhuge Liang, but also to other ministers. For example, when Wei Yan's rebellion was killed, Liu Chan did not completely deny Wei Yan. Instead, he made an imperial edict: "Since I have been cleared of my crimes, I still remember my previous achievements and make a coffin for it." As one of his father's most trusted generals, Wei Yan is more trusted than Ma Chao. How could he suddenly rebel? To put it bluntly, Wei Yan's wisdom is not worse than Zhuge Liang's, but he is willful and has a bad interpersonal relationship. After Zhuge Liang died, no one subdued Zhuge Liang's interest groups, so he was killed. Liu Chan used "he has corrected his crime, but he still pays attention to his previous achievements and gives him a coffin to bury" to prove his ambition, which also reflects his wisdom to some extent. After all, the rebellion before the battle cannot be "buried in the coffin" by virtue and "thinking about previous achievements." When life in Liu Chan was corrupt, scholar Qiao Zhou and veteran Dong Yun wrote to persuade Cambodia that Liu Chan could do nothing at best, but could not kill people in a rage. It is very rare that Liu Chan, the late ruler of China, may have used less knives for ministers. Clear-headed, knowing people and making good use of them [1] Liu Chan is not only tolerant of people, but also clear-headed, knowing people and making good use of them, and has strong analytical skills. He is definitely not mentally retarded. Liu Chan appointed Zhuge Liang to govern the country, which is the cleverness of Zhuge Liang. Although Zhuge Liang had belligerent problems, his measures to govern Shu did bring development to Shu. Therefore, even after the death of Kongming, Liu Chan continued to use Zhuge Liang's measures and even reused the people selected by Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang longed for the Northern Expedition, and Liu Chan's mind was very clear at this time. He knows very well that Shu Wei's strength is not at a level at all, and it is not good to directly oppose it. He could only persuade Zhuge Liang to say, "It is difficult to travel south with my father; Before returning to Beijing, I sat without a seat; Now I want to go north again, but I am afraid of worrying. " Although Zhuge Liang insisted on the Northern Expedition and did not listen to Liu Chan's advice, Liu Chan fully supported Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition. After Zhuge Liang's death, Liu Chan immediately stopped the Northern Expedition which wasted national strength and money. On the appointment and dismissal of personnel, Liu Chan also showed his outstanding side. In view of Zhuge Liang's excessive power during his lifetime, Liu Chan abolished the prime minister system. Fei Yi is the secretary and general, and Jiang Wan is the fu. The two men have overlapping powers and contain each other, but each has its own emphasis. Jiang Wan is mainly responsible for government affairs and military affairs; Fei Yi is mainly in charge of military affairs as well as government affairs. Military and political affairs and internal affairs are no longer the same person. This new political arrangement means that Liu Chan will never have another embarrassing situation, that is, everything depends on the Prime Minister and he is marginalized. After the death of Jiang Wan, Liu Chan further "monopolized the state affairs". As a formal knight, Liu Chan agreed; The appointment and removal of personnel requires Liu Chan's consent; Sending troops to conquer requires Liu Chan's consent, and almost all major events require Liu Chan's consent. President Liu Chan directly took charge of the Shu-Han regime 19. Can a person with a low IQ think of and do this series of measures? Wei Lue also recorded such a thing: After Cao Shuang and Sima Yi were killed for power and profit, they were afraid of being dragged into Shu, and Liu Chan personally went out to meet them. His father Xia was killed by veteran Huang Zhong. When Liu Chan appeased Xia Houba who came to surrender, he said, "Your father's murder was not done by my ancestors." Briefly, he said, "My son is still your nephew!" "Originally, Liu Chan's wife is Zhang Fei's daughter, and Zhang Fei's wife is Xia Houba's sister, so Liu Chan said so. After that, Liu Chan gave Xia Houba a "big feast". Liu Chan's way of courting Xia Houba is probably so much. Even though his father Liu Bei is alive, Liu Chan is by no means mediocre. As the weakest monarch in the Three Kingdoms, Liu Chan has his own ideas of governing the country, and he is definitely not an imbecile. It's a pity to be happy without thinking. Experts from all sides always commented on the late ruler Liu Chan as weak, incompetent and ignorant. One of the biggest criticisms is that he surrendered without a fight and stole peace. The phrase "not thinking about happiness" made Liu Chan be completely fixed as a villain and regarded as a shameless loser, thus criticizing him. Saying Cao Wei's soldiers surrounded the capital, Liu Chan knew in his heart that if he resisted, the casualties of the soldiers would be great, which would probably lead to Cao Wei's massacre and make the people suffer. In order to save his people, after careful consideration, Liu Chan decided to open the door and surrender. After Liu Chan surrendered, he went north to Luoyang, where he was made the Happy Duke. In this way, Liu Chan gained the name of a traitor, but kept the people's sexual naming attribute, which should be a good thing from the perspective of ordinary people at that time and contemporary history. Liu Chan's surrender without fighting is "the best policy for the whole country". Liu Chan, a politician who pays attention to the actual interests of Chinese people, is not the same as a face politician who "punched his face and filled his fat face". Instead of serving his own interests, he constantly encourages ordinary people to work for himself. After the national subjugation, as the monarch of national subjugation, not only Liu Chan's own life, but also the happiness of the people of Shu was in the hands of others. Therefore, Liu Chan must play the fool and hide his talents everywhere to deceive the world and protect himself. A famous western writer once said, "It takes talent to play the fool and pretend to be good ... it is as difficult a job as the art of smart people." "Behind Liu Chan's numbness and cowardice, there is an extraordinary cunning and wit. After being demoted to Wei, he specially played the music of Shu at a big banquet to observe the reaction. After listening to this, the old ministers of Shu all showed sad expressions. Liu Chan was the only one who smiled instead of feeling sad. He is extremely happy, and the lack of heart and soul is a superficial phenomenon. Si Mazhao told people at that time, how can a person be so heartless! Later, ask, do you still miss Shu? Immediately replied: "I am very happy here, I don't want to go to Shudu." This idiom was born. After that, an old minister brought by Liu Chan came running to him and said, You can't say that. It's unconscionable to say that. Next time I ask you, you can say that my ancestral grave is in Shu, and I won't think about it for a day, then close my eyes. Sure enough, he asked again soon, saying that he missed Shu. Liu Chan said: Oh, my ancestors' graves are buried there, and I don't miss a day. Si Mazhao is wrong. Why don't I sound like what you said and one of your ministers said? Liu Chan immediately opened his eyes: Ah, yes, he said so. He taught me to say so! At first glance, Liu Chan is indeed a shameless face, shameless to the point of hopeless. But think about it, why didn't Liu Can answer Chen like this? If Si Mazhao wants to kill Liu Chan, it's a piece of cake. As a prisoner, Liu Chan could not fail to understand this. If you want to save your life, you must feel weak and careless, and "I am happy here and don't think about it" is just a smoke bomb released, leaving a good impression of "I am carefree" and successfully saving my life. Under the circumstances at that time, this was the wisest choice and the best policy. On this issue, Liu Chan is really a smart man as stupid as a fool.