Knowledge points of pre-Qin history 1
1. Main clues and stage characteristics
(1) Primitive society experienced the period of primitive man and clan commune (including matriarchal clan commune and paternal clan commune) from 1.7 million years ago to 2 1 century BC. Yuanmou man is the earliest hominid discovered so far, and Beijingers are typical representatives of hominids. Banpo culture and Hemudu culture are the representatives of the matriarchal clan's prosperity since the Neanderthals entered the clan commune. The middle and late Dawenkou culture and Liangzhu culture are the representatives of patriarchal commune. During this period, the rich and the poor were divided and the primitive society disintegrated. The legend of Yao Shunyu reflects the situation at the end of primitive society.
Primitive cultures all over the country show that China is one of the birthplaces of human beings, and the origins of Chinese civilization are diverse. Many inventions of China's ancestors show that China has made outstanding contributions to world civilization.
(2) Slave society was established from the Xia Dynasty in the 2nd/kloc-0th century BC to the end of the Spring and Autumn Period in 476 BC.
(1) The Xia Dynasty was founded by Qi from the 2nd century BC to the 6th century BC, and the last king was Jie. Ruling the central region, starting from western Henan and southwestern Shanxi in the west and reaching the junction of Henan, Hebei and Shandong in the east. Xia Dynasty was the first slavery dynasty in the history of China, and it was the beginning stage of slavery.
(2) Shang Dynasty was founded by Tang from16th century BC to around 1 1 century BC, and the last king was Zhou. Bochu was the capital at the beginning, and moved the capital repeatedly in the early stage, and finally it was named Yin. Its territory, east to the sea, west to the west of Shaanxi, northeast to Liaoning and south to the Yangtze River basin, has many subordinate countries. Businessmen have a high degree of slavery civilization, which is the development stage of slave society.
③ The Western Zhou Dynasty lasted from the middle of BC 1 1 century to 77 1 year ago. Founded by Zhou Wuwang, the last king was Zhou Youwang. The capital is a good scene. The Western Zhou Dynasty established a complete political system and economic system, which was an unprecedented slave country and the heyday of slave society.
④ The Spring and Autumn Period was from 770 BC to 476 BC. During this period, with the development of productive forces, the royal family of Zhou declined, and the king of Zhou became a vassal's puppet, with frequent wars, the vassal contended for hegemony and national integration strengthened. The Spring and Autumn Period is a period of disintegration of slave society and transition to feudal society.
(3) The feudal society was initially formed from 475 BC to 22 BC1year. During this period, the merger war was fierce, the national integration was strengthened, the trend of unification appeared, and the productivity was greatly improved. Through a series of political reform movements, the emerging landlord class gradually replaced the slave owners and nobles to seize power, and the feudal system was finally established.
2. Establishment and replacement of political system
(1) primitive society The social organizations of primitive society are divided into several forms, such as primitive people, clan communes and tribal alliances, which correspond to various stages of primitive society. Tribal alliance appeared at the end of primitive society, which is a joint organization formed by more than two tribes for common interests. Huangdi, Chiyou, Yao, Shun and Yu are all leaders of representative tribal alliances. What is the tribal alliance election? The world is fair, choose talents and choose abilities? Implement the abdication system. With the development of productive forces, the relations of production have changed, the equal relationship between people has been broken, private property and clan nobles have appeared, slave owners and slaves have gradually formed two opposing classes, tribal alliances have gradually been replaced by the state, and primitive society has collapsed.
(2) Throughout the Xia, Shang, Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn Period, the slave society practiced a monarchy system with the monarch as the core and a political system with the enfeoffment system as the mainstay.
(1) Xia Qi replaced the abdication system with the hereditary system of the throne. The Xia Dynasty established armed forces, set up official posts and prisons, formulated criminal laws, completed state institutions, and fully formed a slave country.
② The state machinery and political system of slavery in Shang Dynasty were further improved. The punishment of burning people, human sacrifice and human sacrifice shows the cruelty of slavery.
(3) The Western Zhou Dynasty was a period of complete slavery. Through the system of enfeoffment, patriarchal clan system and hierarchical system, from the kingdom to the vassal state, political organs at all levels were established according to the region, forming a clear hierarchical system. Slave owners and nobles at all levels hold the political power at all levels and maintain the relationship and order between the central government and local governments and the ruling class. The system of enfeoffment, hierarchy, patriarchal clan system and privileges had a far-reaching impact on the history of China.
(4) During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou royal family declined, losing its status as co-owner of the world, and the feudal system and hierarchy were seriously damaged. Politics changed from an emperor to a vassal, and the king of Zhou became a vassal of a big country, resulting in the situation of seven countries competing for hegemony.
⑤ During the Warring States Period, the authority of the Zhou royal family and governors further declined. Through a series of reforms, the enfeoffment system was replaced by the county system, and the Shiqing Shilu system was replaced by the military rank system. Autocratic centralization began to form, feudal bureaucrats began to establish, and the feudal system was finally established in various vassal States.
3. Socio-economic development and changes
(1) primitive social economy
In primitive society, people were forced to live in groups because of the low level of productivity. Primitive people belonged to the Paleolithic Age, making stone tools and using fire. Neanderthals can make artificial fires.
(2) Banpo culture and Hemudu culture belong to the Neolithic Age, where houses were built, primitive agriculture, primitive animal husbandry and primitive handicrafts emerged, and bows and arrows, pottery making and hemp spinning were important achievements in the development of productive forces. Millet and rice began to be planted.
(3) During the patriarchal clan commune, the production tools were more advanced, small bronzes appeared, and sericulture and silk reeling industries were established. Primitive agriculture and animal husbandry developed, with surplus products, private ownership and polarization between the rich and the poor.
(2) Slave social economy
(1) Changes in Productivity The productivity of the Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties has made progress, and it is in the era of stone and stone combination. In addition to wood, stone and bone, there are a few bronze tools, and ironware appeared in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the social productive forces improved significantly, and there appeared the iron ware and Niu Geng, which was dominated by slave collective labor.
(2) Economic activities: During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, great progress was made in crop varieties, farming techniques and irrigation and water conservancy. Bronze casting is the main handicraft sector, and bronzes are no longer limited to ritual vessels and weapons, but begin to develop into life and tools. Textile industry, jade processing industry, ceramics industry and lacquerware industry developed, and then the edible salt industry and wine-making industry also developed greatly. At the same time, commerce, transportation and cities have also developed.
(3) The establishment of social economy and feudal system in the Warring States accelerated the improvement of productivity. The new mode of exploitation, the new land ownership and the improvement of workers' personal status have greatly promoted the improvement of productivity. The popularization of ironware and Niu Geng greatly improved productivity. Agriculture and handicrafts have developed, and a number of political and commercial centers and powerful businessmen have emerged.
Knowledge points of pre-Qin history II
4. Strengthen national integration
The pre-Qin period was the foundation period for the formation of the Chinese nation. In the later period of primitive society, the Chinese nation was gradually formed through wars, alliances and other forms. Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties were established by different tribes of the Chinese nation, which strengthened the contacts and exchanges between the Chinese nation and the internal affairs nationalities in the Central Plains. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the relationship between the Central Plains Dynasty and surrounding areas and ethnic minorities developed. In frequent wars and frequent economic and cultural exchanges, ethnic integration has been further accelerated and economic and cultural ties have been strengthened. These laid the foundation for the formation of a multi-ethnic unified country in the Qin Dynasty.
5. Scientific and cultural achievements
The development of science and technology culture is a reflection of social politics and economy.
(1) Painted pottery and note symbols of Banpo clan in primitive society indicate that simple writing and art forms had appeared at that time.
(2) After entering the slave society, with the economic development and social changes, it promoted the cultural progress: Xia Dynasty had a calendar, Shang Dynasty had the world's earliest record of solar and lunar eclipses, and the bronze art, sculpture, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronze inscriptions in Shang and Zhou Dynasties reached a high level.
(3) During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with the drastic social changes and great economic development, ideas and technologies flourished. Ideologically, many famous artists have expounded their views from their own positions, forming a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend and emancipate their minds. It highlights the cultural prosperity of this era. Confucius and Confucianism have a great influence on China and oriental culture. In education, it broke the government's monopoly on cultural education and formed private schools. In order to meet the needs of the campaign, a series of military works appeared. Astronomy, calendar, medicine, architecture and other technologies have all made progress. Literature and art have also developed. The book of songs, which marks the glorious starting point of China literature, appeared, reflecting? A hundred schools of thought contend? Hundred schools of thought's prose, the far-reaching romantic literary masterpiece Li Sao and so on.
Knowledge points of pre-Qin history 3
Pre-Qin: (the glorious beginning of the history of the motherland)
1, the rise and fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
2. The content and essence of enfeoffment system.
3. Fully understand and explain the political, economic and cultural manifestations of the historical development trend of China society from the disintegration of slave society to the establishment of feudal system, from separatist regime to unification and centralization, and from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to national integration. *
4. Correctly evaluate the merger war in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. *
5. The background, content, function and essence of Shang Yang's political reform. How to reflect and complete the historical development trend since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period? )
6. The concrete achievements of feudal economic development in the Warring States Period (ironware, Niu Geng, water conservancy, handicrafts and commerce).
7. Reasons, schools, contents and endings of a hundred schools of thought contend. Attach importance to Confucianism, Taoism and Legalism.
8. Astronomy, medicine (specific details) and the Book of Songs.
9. Confucius (key), Xunzi, Mencius, Han Fei, Qu Yuan.