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Yayan: The capital of the Zhou Dynasty is located in today's Shaanxi. At that time, the official dialect of the Zhou Dynasty with Shaanxi pronunciation as the standard was Yayan. Confucius usually speaks in Lu dialect, but when reading poems, books and compliments, the Shaanxi pronunciation at that time shall prevail.

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Confucius sometimes speaks politely. When reading poems, books and praises, he uses polite words.