Since the establishment of the Soviet regime, it has attached great importance to national education and embarked on a comprehensive educational reform. On the third day after the Soviet People's Committee was established (19171.9), the State Education Commission was established to lead the national education work. Luna Tsarski, a member of the People's Education Committee, published a letter to the people, proposing that the basic tasks of the Soviet government in education are: implementing free and universal compulsory education, organizing unified Soviet schools, training teachers, increasing national education funds, establishing adult cultural and educational organizations extensively, and attracting teachers to discuss issues related to national education construction. 1917165438+10 in mid-October, a book for all teachers and a book for students were issued respectively, requiring teachers to cooperate with workers and peasants and be close to students.
1918 65438+10, in October, the Soviet government ordered the abolition of the school district, the management institution of bureaucratic schools, and the primary and secondary schools in various places were led by workers and peasants on behalf of the Soviet Union. According to the order of "separation of church and state, separation of school and church" issued by the People's Committee, freedom of belief is declared, teaching religious subjects and holding religious ceremonies in schools are prohibited, and churches cannot interfere in school affairs. In May of the same year, it was decided to implement co-education to oppose gender inequality in education in the past.
School reform is carried out under the condition of fierce class struggle. Officials of the old Ministry of Education and some teachers were hostile to the Soviet regime and refused to cooperate. Senior teachers have organized internationalist teachers' unions. In view of the above situation, Russia * * * (Bolshevik), the People's Committee of the Ministry of Education and the local education administrative departments, according to Lenin's opinion, widely organized teachers' congresses and teachers' workshops to publicize the policies of the party and the Soviet regime and unite teachers on the side of the Soviet regime.
191810/0/0 16, the state education commission promulgated the unified labor school regulations and the unified labor school declaration. These are two documents of great historical significance. The document proposes to implement universal primary compulsory education as soon as possible; Make schools at all levels secular, truly democratic, free and open to working people; Cancel all kinds of schools before the revolution. The document stipulates the establishment of a nine-year unified labor school (divided into two levels: five years for the first level and four years for the second level); There is a kindergarten in front of the school; Schools at all levels are interconnected. The document announced the principle of combining productive labor with teaching and the principle of comprehensive technicalization of schools. The document wisely regards productive labor as the basis of school life (10 hour per week, accounting for about one third of the total teaching time), which is the first initiative of the proletariat for the all-round development of students' "three educations". The document opposes formalism and complex philosophy in the teaching of various subjects, and proposes to consider students' interests, develop children's creativity, and establish the relationship between school and life. It is required to respect students' personality, oppose supervision and insult to punish students, and encourage students to actively participate in activities organized by student autonomous institutions.
19 19 the new party program adopted by the eighth congress of Russia (Brazzaville) stipulates that the task of state education is to change schools from tools of bourgeois rule to tools of destroying classes and carrying out social communist transformation. The party program stipulates the fundamental principles, long-term planning and ways to build a socialist school. For example, free general and technical education should be given to children before the age of 17, the principle of unified labor school should be implemented, teaching in national languages should be co-educational, absolutely secular, teaching should be closely combined with social productive labor, and members of communist society should be trained in an all-round way; For adults over 17 years old, vocational education related to general comprehensive technical knowledge is widely carried out, and colleges and universities open their doors to workers and peasants.
In order to make it possible for workers and farmers to receive higher education, all universities in China have attached departments of workers. 1920 "decree on the establishment of workers' departments" stipulates that the period of study in workers' departments is three or four years, especially for adult workers and farmers who have not attended secondary schools, in order to supplement general cultural knowledge. The workers' department has become an important way for the proletariat to become knowledgeable. By 1932, the number of students reached 339000.
On February 26th, 19 19, 19 People's Committee issued an order to eliminate illiteracy, stipulating that all residents aged 8-50 are obliged to learn Russian or their own language.
19201kloc-0/0 In October, Lenin delivered a speech entitled "The Mission of the Youth League" at the Third National Congress of the Russian Communist Youth League, which further clarified the mission of Soviet schools. Lenin put forward a task for young people: to be familiar with the accumulated knowledge of mankind and cultivate communist morality and belief by participating in the labor of workers and peasants.
At the end of 1920, foreign armed intervention and civil war basically ended, and the Soviet people successfully completed the task of 192 1 ~ 1925 to restore the national economy and began to realize socialist industrialization. During this period, Lenin clearly put forward the task of the cultural revolution, demanding to expand the school network, eliminate illiteracy and arm young people with systematic knowledge. Stalin also raised questions about mastering science, the role of theory, the communist education of young people and so on.
1920 At the end of February, the Central Committee of Russia (Brazzaville) held the first national education conference of the Party. The meeting decided to establish a seven-year school (divided into two stages: the first stage is four years and the second stage is three years) to replace the nine-year school; A technical school (that is, a vocational school) is established on the basis of a 7-year school with a course of 3-4 years. In this way, although ordinary cadres in industry, agriculture, transportation, culture and other fields urgently needed by the country can be trained quickly, the years of general education are shortened, and children can only receive general education before 15 years old. Lenin criticized this practice of shortening the length of general education, thinking that it can only be regarded as a temporary measure caused by national poverty and war damage. In order to strengthen the connection between school and production, factory apprenticeship schools have been set up in the city and rural youth schools have been set up in the countryside.
1923- 1924 In the school year, the People's Committee of the Ministry of Education promulgated the syllabus that must be implemented in Soviet schools. This syllabus does not arrange teaching materials according to each subject, but divides all the knowledge that must be learned in school into three units: nature, labor and human society, which is called comprehensive syllabus. This syllabus destroys the systematicness of the subject and cannot guarantee students to learn systematic basic scientific knowledge and consolidated skills.
Socialist industrialization puts forward the task of training technical cadres. During this period, many engineering colleges, engineering economics and other institutions of higher learning were established, and specialties that were not available before the October Revolution were opened. 1928 according to the decision of the June meeting of the Central Committee of the CPSU (Brazzaville), higher industrial schools were handed over to the leaders of various industrial departments.