This chapter mainly discusses the development of personality, sociality and morality.

Firstly, it discusses a basic aspect of development-physiological change, which affects other aspects of development. Next, introduce Yuri? Bronfenrenner's ecosystem theory, and discusses the three main factors that affect children's personality and social development: family, peers and teachers. Then, it discusses how individuals know themselves through self-concept and self-identity. Finally, discuss the moral development. This book focuses on three factors that affect children.

I. Family

1. Family structure.

2. parenting style. According to the difference of parents' warmth and control, they can be divided into four different parenting styles. (1) Permission (high temperature, high control); (2) autocracy (low temperature, high control); (3) indulgence (high temperature, low control); (4) Rejection/neglect/inaction (low temperature, low control). Authoritarian, authoritative and indulgent parents love their children very much and do their best-but they have different views on what is the best way to raise them.

3. Culture and upbringing. If parents' parenting style is strict, instructive, clear rules and behavioral consequences, and at the same time has a high level of warmth and emotional support, then urban children who grow up in this parenting style will have higher academic performance and better emotional development.

4. attachment. The emotional connection formed between people.

5. Parents divorced. The first two years after parents divorce may be the most difficult period for both boys and girls.

Education is a combination of family education, school education and social education, in which family education plays an important role in children's development. The family can't give children normal environmental support, which will have a lasting impact on their psychology. It advocates an authoritative way of family education (that is, high warmth and high control), sets clear boundaries for children, requires children to abide by rules, and expects children to have mature behaviors.

Family education and training is a part of school work. On the one hand, teachers can adjust their parents' education methods through communication with parents, timely feedback and guidance, on the other hand, they can make up for the lack of family education according to the existing problems.

Second, companions.

1. A group

2. Peer culture. A set of rules and norms owned by a group of children or teenagers, especially those about specific dress, appearance, music, language, social values and behavior, is called peer culture. Peers usually have a greater influence on fashion and society, while parents have a greater influence on morality, career choice and religion.

3. Social circle and friendship

Step 4 be popular

5. Who may have peer problems?

Third, teachers.

A "good teacher" in students' minds should have three characteristics: first, they care about their own students and have a good teacher-student relationship; Secondly, the effective management and organization of classes should have the authority of teachers, but not by too strict or "despicable" means; Finally, it can motivate students well-make learning interesting and stimulate students' learning through innovation and reform.

1. Teachers' concern for students

Students divide the teacher's concern into two types: one is academic concern-establishing high and reasonable expectations to help students achieve these goals; The other is personal care-patience, respect for students, a sense of humor, willingness to listen, and concern for students' personal problems.

Teachers and students have different views on care, which will lead to distrust between teachers and students.

2. Teachers and abused children

Teachers can change students' sense of self-competence in a specific subject through feedback, grade determination, evaluation and concern-based communication with students. However, students' self-esteem will be improved to the greatest extent only if their abilities are improved in the fields they value, including social fields. For teachers, the biggest challenge is to help students gain some important insights and skills.

Students will be hurt by aggressive behavior or relationship attacks. Teachers can do the following to avoid this kind of attack: first, pay attention to their words and deeds and set an example for students not to attack; The second is to ensure that every student in the classroom has enough space and resources; The third is to ensure that students can't benefit from aggressive behavior; Fourth, direct teaching of positive social behavior; The fifth is to provide students with opportunities to learn tolerance and cooperation.