(China Intellectual Property News Agency)

First, Xu Xiake and Xu Xiake's Travel Notes

Xu Xiake (1587 ~ 164 1), a native of Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, was a geographer and traveler in the Ming Dynasty. Xu Xiake lived in the declining period of feudal society in China. He walked out of his study and sent his love to mountains and rivers and traveled all over the country. Cross the sea to Luojiashan in the east, Tengchong in the west, Luofu Mountain in Guangdong in the south and Panshan in the north. Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Hubei, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan 13, which is equivalent to 19 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) today. He devoted his life to tourism and investigation.

Xu Xiake began to travel at the age of 22, and had to return to his hometown one year before he died of overwork at the age of 56. He is fearless of tigers and wolves. He was robbed three times and had no food for many times, but he continued to forge ahead indomitable, showing the grandeur of adventure travelers. Xu Xiake devoted his whole life to the question of famous mountains and great rivers [1]. He went back to the poor river, climbed mountains and caves, visited villages and villages, inspected various landforms and recorded different wonders. Xu Xiake said: "In the past, people were eager to be officials and land, and many of them inherited affiliated associations." [2] Even if Yu Gong is regarded as an authoritative monograph, Xu Xiake is never blindly superstitious. With regard to the conclusion that "Minshan River Diversion" in Gong Yu, Xu Xiake confirmed that Jinsha River is the main source of the Yangtze River through field investigation. He said, "I don't know the direction of Yu, but this is the beginning of its harm to China.". [3] You know, this is the only correct conclusion since ancient times.

Xu Xiake's 600,000-word travel notes (hereinafter referred to as travel notes) are masterpieces of China geography recorded in Xu Xiake's diary and the longest travel notes in ancient China. Travel notes have opened up a new direction for geography to observe and describe nature systematically. It is not only a geography masterpiece that systematically inspects the landform and geology of the motherland, but also a tourism masterpiece that describes the scenic resources of our country. It is also a literary masterpiece with beautiful words and vivid language, which has far-reaching influence at home and abroad. It vividly, accurately and in detail records the rich natural resources and geographical landscape of the motherland. It provides important information for the study of historical geography and has high scientific and social value. Joseph Needham, a British expert in the history of science and technology, commented on Xu Xiake in his book History of Science and Technology in China: "His travel notes were not written by scholars in the17th century, but more like the investigation records written by a field investigator in the 20th century. He not only has amazing ability in analyzing various landforms, but also can systematically use various technical terms. " [4] Travel notes provide extremely valuable information for the study of China's historical natural geography and historical human geography, and create a precedent for China geography to conduct on-the-spot investigation and systematic description of nature.

The content of travel notes is very extensive and rich, from the investigation of mountains, rivers and landforms to the exploration of strange caves and waterfalls. From the investigation of animals and plants to the records of rival industries, minerals and agriculture; From the understanding of local customs to the concern for ethnic relations, there are records. At first, travel notes attracted people's extensive attention for their outstanding literary value and were praised as "the best travel notes in ancient and modern times". In fact, it involves a wide range of fields, contains rich scientific contents and has many scientific values, which are almost unparalleled in China's ancient geography works.

Second, the historical evaluation of Xu Xiake and Xu Xiake's travel notes.

Until Ding Wenjiang put forward the geographical value of Xu Xiake's travel notes in the 1920s, people's appreciation of travel notes for more than 300 years mostly focused on literature. People are convinced that the contents of the travel notes are true, saying that the book is "straight in brushwork, not carved", [5] "Writing down articles and arranging the times of the day and telling the scene directly at that time has never been described as words, but it is natural and alarming." [6] His manuscript was circulated and copied by people at that time, and was praised as "the truth of the world, the generation of notes, and the strange words". [7] People also praise the fresh, meaningful and unpretentious style of travel notes in describing natural beauty, as well as its style of unifying and coordinating objects, feelings and interests. As Yang said: "Xiake's ambition is based on the scenery, and he is not afraid of being annoyed. They are not interested in depicting and embellishing, expressing their feelings and arguing with ancient travel notes. " [8] Xi Youpu praised Xu Xiake for his "thick brushwork and distinctive narrative style" [9]

Scholars in Ming and Qing Dynasties praised Xu Xiake as a "strange man through the ages" during their travels, and his travel notes were called "strange man through the ages". [1 1] Ding Wenjiang thinks that Xu Xiake is a pioneer and practitioner of a new style of study and a pioneer of modern geography. Scholars in Ming and Qing Dynasties rated Shack and his travel notes as "fantastic books", which only stayed at the level of perceptual knowledge. The scientific spirit of Ding Wenjiang Shack's empirical investigation has risen to a rational level.

Among Shen Songquan's Travels of Xu Xiake punctuated in the early 1920s, there is a Ding Wenjiang's Travels of Xu Xiake. At the beginning of this paper, it is pointed out: "Qian Muzhai [12] said,' Xu Xiake's travel notes are a wonderful book through the ages.' It seems that he is really Xu Xiake's confidant, but look at what he has done. Later, people echoed this voice and said with one voice,' Strange man, wonderful book', but they either praised his article or marveled at his footwork. No one can really understand Xu Xiake except Pan Cigeng. [13] Then Ding Wenjiang wrote: "Xu Xiake has traveled to Wuyue, Kuanglu, Baiyue, Huangshan, Tiantai and Yandang. Therefore, if there are five people who have swam around several of them, their friends will compliment him as the second one. It's really worthless to treat Xu Xiake like this! " [ 14]

Ding Wenjiang also said in this article: "He loves mountains and rivers very much, but appreciating them is not his only purpose. Besides, there are plenty of mountains and rivers to enjoy in the near province, so why suffer so much? He believes in Buddhism, but he is definitely not a monk. He lives in Buddhism-besides, many mountains he goes to have no Buddha to worship. " [ 15]

Thirdly, Ding Wenjiang's contribution to the study of Xu Xiake and Xu Xiake's travels.

Before Ding Wenjiang, due to the limitation of understanding, people could not recognize the scientific achievements of travel notes, nor could they analyze Shack's inner world and spiritual realm. Ding Wenjiang studied in Japan and Britain, studied zoology and geology, and got a double bachelor's degree. He was the first person to know, analyze and evaluate Xu Xiake and his travel notes from the perspective of modern geosciences, and also the first person to establish Xu Xiake's due position in the history of science and technology in China and the world.

In Shen Songquan's Punctuation Travels, Ding Wenjiang wrote: "... the article is Shack's afterlife, and the foot strength is the constant energy of travel. Shack's true spirit is not here." [ 16]

So, what is Xu Xiake's "true spirit"? We can find the answer from the Chronicle of Xu Xiake compiled by Ding Wenjiang: "Mr. Ran's trip is not only a trip, but also a trip to the origin of into the badlands and a trip to the meridians of the mountains. This spirit of "seeking knowledge" is the characteristic of Europeans and Americans in the past century, not to say that Mr. Wang learned it 280 years ago! Therefore, anyone who talks about Mr. Wang, or just loves his articles, or just surprises him, is not a person who can really know Mr. Wang. " [ 17]

Ding Wenjiang spoke highly of Xu Xiake's "thirst for knowledge". To this end, Ding Wenjiang said in the article "Xu Xiake's Travels": Xu Xiake "refused to accept the attachment, so he had to see the truth of the two rivers and three mountains himself-this is the real purpose of Mr. Xu's travel. This (thirst for knowledge)-the spirit of sacrificing for the truth was rare in the world before18th century, but it existed in Mr. Wang 280 years ago. This is really the greatest honor in our academic history! Qian Muzhai trusted him and worked out his own works with Zhang Qian, Yuan Xuanzang and Ye Lvchu. I'm afraid he is attached to Muzhai. However, according to our eyes, his achievements are no less than these three people, but his spirit is different, because these three people are either flattering the emperor or the Buddha. Chivalry is purely seeking knowledge, and seeking knowledge is different from asking for help. " [ 18]

In Ding Wenjiang's Preface to Reprinting Xu Xiake's Travels and His New Chronicle, Ding Wenjiang also praised Xu Xiake's courage and dedication with great respect: "If you are a scholar, the thief is not afraid, the barbarians are uncontrollable, and the political chaos is immobile. Go your own way and die." [ 19]

Ding Wenjiang comprehensively summarized Xu Xiake's geographical discovery in his Travels: "① I didn't know that Jinsha River was the upper reaches of the Yangtze River until Mr. Wang. The examination of the source of the river written by Mr. Wang is not only completely in line with the facts, but also puts forward the reasons for his doubts, and then proves and explains it layer by layer with his own observations. Finally, he says that the source of the river is not easy to know and is an excellent scientific paper. (2) I didn't know the origin of the upper reaches of Nanpan River until Mr. Wang (3) I didn't know that Lijiang River (namely Hongshui River), Lancang River and Nujiang River are three rivers that enter the South China Sea respectively. (4) I didn't know the origin of Longchuan, Daying and Binglang River until my husband started. " [20]

After carefully reading the travel notes, Ding Wenjiang wrote affectionately: "You can know the difficulties in studying Yunnan waterways. In a place like southwest Yunnan, the river is in a deep valley with mountains on both sides (the lowest ridge is six or seven thousands of feet higher than the river! ) You can't sail in the river. A river changes its name every few tens of miles; People at the top and people at the bottom, people from this river and that river, are all old and dead! It is extremely difficult to find out the source and outlet of a river. " [2 1]

On the literary value of travel notes, Ding Wenjiang's analysis is also quite insightful. Ding Wenjiang thinks that many people who love reading and traveling often know but don't know why. Ding spoke highly of the literary achievements of travel notes and summed up four characteristics of travel notes:

First, observe carefully and truly. He criticized some scholars for their weak ability to observe nature, so he often used cliches to accuse readers. For example, he said that a steep cliff several feet high was described as "thousands of feet on the precipice"; A lake with a perimeter of several miles is described as "endless". Others say that climbing Mount Tai can see the East China Sea and treat the Wenhe River as the Yellow River, which is not worth laughing at. Ding Wenjiang said; "Mr. A travel notes, from beginning to end, not a vague word; Distance is always miles, feet and steps ... everything about topography, geology, plants, products, mining, military affairs, history and customs is ignored. When I started writing, it was natural that every sentence was very practical and detailed, which made people tired of reading. " [22]

Second, the careful use of nouns. Ding Wenjiang believes that many scholars often abuse nouns when describing terrain. He praised Shack's Jizu Mountain, which Shack divided into 14 types: terrace, ridge, staircase, valley, canyon, green, flat, forest, spring, waterfall, pool, stream and hot spring. Ding Wenjiang commented: "This analytical spirit is really unique to Mr. Wang, so there is no repetition and ambiguity in the terms used in all travel notes." [23]

Third, the understanding of the system. Ding highly appreciated Xu Xiake's ability of observation and analysis. He thinks Jiangyuan test and Panjiang test are good examples. He thinks reading travel notes is "orderly and coherent". [24]

Fourth, the sincerity of appreciation. Ding Wenjiang believes that it is important to observe and analyze things systematically, but it is meaningless to describe scenic spots. Then, "no matter how accurate his observation is, how detailed his analysis is, and how thoroughly he understands the system, the article is still boring and cannot resonate with readers." [25]

Ding wrote: "Mr. Wang is surrounded by mountains and rivers, so even people who don't like to travel should be moved by his travel notes." Chen sent him a poem saying,' Looking for a mountain is like visiting a friend, and traveling far away is like being in the body', which can really describe his innocence of joy and forgetting to return. " [26]

Here, I can't help but mention another scholar, Pan Lei [27]. In Ding Ben's Travel Notes, Ding Wenjiang put the preface written by Pan Lei for travel notes at the front, and all the other old prefaces were put after the whole book, which was a pioneering work. In several prefaces written for travel notes, why did Ding Wenjiang only love Pan Cigeng's prefaces? The answer can be found in the comments after Xu Pan on the first page of A Journey to Ding Ben. Ding believes that although there are many people who preface travel notes, they don't really understand the true meaning of Xu Xiake. It is only in the preface of Pan Cigeng that the main idea of the knight's journey of seeking knowledge is stated for the first time. "It is the one who can really know a gentleman". [28]

When sorting out Xu Xiake's travel notes, Ding Wenjiang didn't see Xu Pan at first, but discovered it when Liang Rengong (Qi Chao) accidentally read Pan Lei's "The Seven Volumes of Tang Ji in the Early Sui Dynasty". This preface was not found in previous versions of travel notes, and was recommended to Ding Wenjiang by Liang Rengong. In Shen Songquan's Punctuation Travels, Mr. Liang Rengong wrote in the preface: "My friend Ding Wenjiang has studied Xia Ke the most. I show it in this order, and he likes it and surprises it, which is called a good structure. " [29]

Then, Ding Wenjiang saw the later state, and Ding used "ecstasy" to describe his feelings [30]. Ding Wenjiang thinks this is a preface that best understands the true meaning of chivalrous men. Ding wrote in his travel notes: "Because it is the first article in this article, it is engraved in the preface of Volume 20 to show the difference." [3 1]

From 192 1 to 1927, Ding Wenjiang began to sort out, arrange and compile Xu Xiake's travel notes, chronology, maps and various appendices. He found out the information of his geological investigation in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan, and compared it with his travel notes. In Xu Xiake's Chronicle, Ding sorted out his family background, life story, travel experience, spiritual outlook, travel writings and circulation, and previous comments. Ding Wenjiang also compiled a set of 36 maps of Xu Xiake's travel route in Travel Notes, which is unprecedented. In addition, Ding also put the portrait of Xu Xiake in Xianfeng's rare book in Ding Benyou Ji, so that this portrait can be passed down to this day.

Hu Shi said in Biography of Ding Wenjiang: "Xu Xiake traveled for curiosity and knowledge 300 years ago, and his spirit is indeed the most rare and admirable in the modern history of China." "Of course, in your mind, there is always a great example of Xu Xiake's" Wan Li Expedition "that explores Yunnan and southern Sichuan alone and makes a trip of geographical and geological investigation, which inspires him. Later, he used his personal experience and newly learned geographical knowledge to sort out Xu Xiake's travel notes, made a detailed map for him and made a chronicle for him. In the chronicle, he praised his important discoveries and corrected some mistakes in Panjiang Kao and Jiangyuan Kao. This is how he repaid the knight's kindness 300 years ago. " [32]

Hu Shi knows Ding Wenjiang's respect for Xu Xiake best. Hu Shi said: "He admires Xu Xiake the most and loves to read his travel notes. This time I went to the southwest, of course, I brought a reference to Xu Xiake's Travels. Later (Republic of China 10), he gave a speech in English to Xu Xiake at the Beijing "Literary Friendship Association", especially praising him as the first person in China to discover that Jinsha River is the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In the fifteenth year of the Republic of China, he especially praised this unprecedented travel book in the Novel Monthly (Volume 17). He spent a lot of time sorting out his travels, made a new travel map and a very detailed chronicle of Xu Xiake, which was published by the Commercial Press in 17. " [33]

Hu Shi wrote: "Ding Zaijun is Xu Xiake in our new era, which is recognized by us. What he regrets most is that Xu Xiake's Travels of Jinsha River was lost, which made it impossible for us to know his "direct observation of Jinsha River" 300 years ago. It can be said that you recorded a few words of Jinsha River yourself to make up for that big shortcoming. " [34]

As can be seen from Hu Shi's above words, Ding Wenjiang has done a landmark work-sorting out Xu Xiake's travel notes, distributing maps, making Xu Xiake's chronicle and publishing it. Most importantly, Ding Wenjiang made clear the scientific value of travel notes from the perspective of modern geography. It is no exaggeration to say that Xu Xiake was valued in the history of geographical development in China, starting from Ding Wenjiang. Throughout, Xu Xiake's contemporaries or descendants praised Xu as "loving his writing or surprising him". As a geological scientist, Ding Wenjiang made an in-depth study of Xu Xiake. Mr. Weng Wenhao said ... (referring to Ding Wenjiang-author's note) is extremely cautious about scientific writing, and will never publish it easily unless he is completely convinced. ”。 Ding Wenjiang's knowledge and understanding of Xu Xiake, and even the arrangement of his travel notes, is a process, as Ding Wenjiang himself said: "I went abroad at the age of sixteen and didn't return until I was twenty-six. People who haven't read the credentials for ten years don't know Xu Xiake's existence at first. Xinhai returned from Europe, entered Yunnan from Vietnam and will enter Guizhou from Yunnan. Ye's predecessor told him:' You study geography and are good at traveling. You should read Xu Xiake's travel notes. Xu Youjun is a countryman, and it is also the responsibility of your generation to recommend him. " "[35]

19 14, Ding Wenjiang visited Yunnan. He walked alone in eastern Yunnan and northern Yunnan for more than 200 days. When he was tired, he read his travel notes to prove what he saw. Only then did he marvel at the energy, the essence of the investigation and the detailed and true records. Because thinking about the knowledge of the land is not unknown. Mr. Wang works hard and is an expert. He has traveled all over the country and speaks like the back of his hand. Later generations are limited to old news, and there is no picture to test. They only know the strangeness of Mr. Wang's article, but can't say where his experience is. I am eager to collect new pictures and divide them into special pages, so that readers can authenticate according to the pictures without feeling blind, and the collected pictures are not enough to prove the whole book; After returning to Beijing, he was detained by his position and had no spare capacity; Only in the summer of ten years, I made a general plan and gave my husband a tourist route. I read an English essay at the Beijing Literature Association, which briefly described his life. " [36]

Huang pointed out in the article "Plant Geographic Information in Xu Xiake's Travels": "However, I have seen the history of our country all over, and I have not been afraid of difficulties and obstacles, and I have taken pains to explore the mystery. For example, Mr. Xu Xiake in the next season is really a solitary bright moon, and he is the only one since ancient times. Mr. Ding Zaijun's personal success, his arduous efforts, his broad mind and his meticulous and simple writing deeply touched Jing Pei. That is to compile a chronicle to illustrate the Ming Dynasty, not only to show the high-profile examples of ancestors, but also to let the latecomers know why. " [37]

The patriotism of Xu Xiake and Ding Wenjiang is manifested in their deep feelings for the mountains and rivers of the motherland. Three hundred years ago, Xu Xiake personally, objectively and truly reported the written report of the Nature Society, which was confirmed by a field investigation in Ding Wenjiang three hundred years later. Three hundred years ago, Xu Xiake made outstanding contributions to geology in China, and three hundred years later, Ding Wenjiang, the founder of China Geology, made a careful textual research and spoke highly of it. Both Xu Xiake and Ding Wenjiang are outstanding geographers, great patriots and models worthy of learning.

Ding Wenjiang is not only an outstanding geologist, but also an outstanding explorer. After Xu Xiake, he tracked Xu Xiake's travel route, witnessed Xu Xiake's discovery with his consistent "scientific spirit", corrected some of Xu's mistakes and filled the gap left by his predecessor.

Ding Wenjiang once lamented: "The poor have read Mr. Wang's travels for 280 years, and only one Pan Cigeng is his true confidant!" [38] Today, isn't Ding Wenjiang Xu Xiake's true confidant? ! Ding Wenjiang was not only a true confidant, but also the only real Xu Xiake in modern times.

Today, the author only shows Ding Wenjiang's achievements through Ding Wenjiang's contribution to Xu Xiake and his travel notes. In fact, during his short life voyage of 49 years, Ding Wenjiang not only made historic and outstanding contributions to the exploration and development of China's geological cause, but also made pioneering achievements in many fields. From June 5438 to 10, 2007, in huangqiao town, Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province, Ding Wenjiang's hometown, in order to commemorate this encyclopedic geoscientist, the commemoration of Ding Wenjiang's birthday 120 anniversary was held, and the author was fortunate to attend. At the seminar, the author proposed that Ding Wenjiang research should be systematic and form a joint force; Ding Wenjiang Research Association should be established in due course; It is suggested that huangqiao town and Ma Town, the hometown of Jiangyin Xu Xiake, become sister towns. The author also suggests that the study of Ding Wenjiang should be called "Ding Xue", because the precious wealth left by Ding Wenjiang to future generations is not only in geoscience, but also in many fields such as economy, education, military affairs, culture, science and technology, history, politics, tourism, archaeology, surveying and mapping, cartography, sociology, anthropology, and minority linguistics. Xu Xiake's research is called "Xu Xue", A Dream of Red Mansions is called "Dream of Red Mansions", and Li Daoyuan and Notes on Water Mirror are called "Sydney". Ding Wenjiang is the main founder of China's geological cause, and a famous scientist and sociologist at home and abroad. It is appropriate to study his knowledge and call it "Ding Xue".

Take the exam and contribute.

[1] [2] Chen. Epitaph of Mr. Xu Xiake. Travel notes of Xu Xiake. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2nd edition,13rd printing in May 1997, 1 1965438.

[3] Xu Xiake's Travels. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2nd edition 1987, 3rd edition 1997, 1 128.

[4] Needham History of Science and Technology in China (Chinese Version) Volume 5, The First Book of Geoscience. Beijing: Science Press, 1976, 62.

[5] money. Xu Wei's travel notes. Travel notes of Xu Xiake. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2nd edition, 1987, third printing in May, 1 186.

[6] Pan Lei. Preface to Xu Xiake's Travel Notes. Travel notes of Xu Xiake. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2nd edition, 1987, 3rd edition printed in May, 1997.

[7] Yang. Preface II of Xu Xiake's Travels. Travel notes of Xu Xiake. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2nd edition, 1987, 3rd edition printed in May, 1997.

[8] Xi Jupp. Preface to Xu Xiake's Travel Notes. Travel notes of Xu Xiake. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2nd edition, 1987, 3rd edition, 1997.

[9] Yang. Xu xiake's travels, preface. Travel notes of Xu Xiake. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2nd edition, 1987, 3rd edition printed in May, 1997.

[10] Qian (1582 ~ 1664) was a native of Changshu in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. When the word is accepted, it is called Muzhai, and later it is called Mengcuo. Ming Wanli Jinshi. Assistant minister of the official etiquette department at the beginning of Chongzhen. The Qing soldiers went south and took the lead in welcoming the surrender. The assistant minister of the Ministry of Justice was in charge of secretariat affairs. He read widely all his life and was good at history, and his poetry was famous at that time. There is a crimson cloud building in the home, which is rich in books, especially famous for the historical data of Ming Dynasty, and was destroyed by fire in the early Qing Dynasty. He is the author of Beginners Collection, Learners Collection and Pen Collection. There is a collection of poems from past dynasties. The wealth of books is some treasures. Later, the collection of books in Changshu became a common practice, which had a lot to do with the advocacy of money

[ 1 1] [ 12] [ 14] [ 16] [ 18] [ 19] [20] [2 1] [22]

[13] Ding Wenjiang. Xu Xiake's Travels. Annotated edition of Shen Songquan's Travels of Xu Xiake. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Bookstore, 1920s, 2

[15] Xu Xiake's Travels. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1996, 28 ~ 29.

[17] Xu Xiake's Travels. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1996, Preface: 3.

[25] Pan Lei (1646 ~ 1708), a beginner in Qing dynasty, was a native of Wang Ping Town, Wujiang (now Jiangsu). He studied under Xu Fang and Gu, and had a broad understanding of classics and history, calendars and phonology. Traveling with Zhao, making friends with celebrities and literati. In the 17th year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1678), imperial academy was entrusted with the responsibility of reviewing and participating in the compilation of Ming History, and served as the main editor of Shihuozhi and Yi Zhuan. Can't read the text, as a Japanese lecturer, sorting out transcripts and hadith, as an examiner. Those who seek fame and avoid it will benefit the public and eventually be degraded by impetuousness. Then visit Tiantai, Yandang, Wuyi and Huangshan in the south, each with a poem. In the forty-second year of Kangxi, Emperor Kangxi granted the official reinstatement, but Lei resolutely refused to accept it. In his later years, he studied phonology and imagery, and wrote Lei Yin, Poems of Sui Chutang, Selected Works of Literature, Bieji, Records of the Day by Gu and some suicide notes.

[26] [28] [29] Xu Xiake's Travel Notes. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1996, Xu Pan: 2.

[27] Liang Rengong. Preface to Xu Xiake's Travel Notes. Shen Songquan's Punctuation on Xu Xiake's Travel Notes. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Book Company, 1920s, 3

[30] [3 1] [32] Hu Shi. Biography of Ding Wenjiang. Liu Yuan Publishing Company, 1986 March edition, 37 ~ 38, 43.

[33] [34] Ding Wenjiang. Reprinting Xu Xiake's Travel Notes and Preface to His New Book. Travels of Xu Xiake. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1996, 1.

35. Zhu Kezhen. Geographer Xu Xiake. Beijing: The Commercial Press, first edition in February, 37 and 40.

Ding Wenjiang. Xu Xiake's Travels. Shen Songquan's punctuation in Xu Xiake's Travels. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Book Company,1920s, 18.