1. infancy (0- 1.5 years old)
The first stage, 0- 1.5 years old, infancy, the main task and demand of this stage is to solve the psychological conflict between basic trust and distrust. Simply put, it is also a critical period for the establishment of a sense of security. 0- 1.5 years old is the most important period to build a sense of security. The focus of this stage is to build children's sense of security and fill them with basic trust. The most important factor in building a sense of security is the effective companionship of the mother.
A child with a good sense of security will have a sense of belonging to love and know that he is loved and deserves to be loved. Children have high self-esteem and self-confidence, are willing to communicate with others, and often have good interpersonal relationships.
2. Late infancy (1.5 ~ 3 years old)
1.5-3 years old is characterized by the fastest development of children's self-awareness. At this stage, children begin to know that they are separated from the world and others. They are independent individuals, so children will have the need to explore. This stage is very important for children to develop independent thinking ability, willpower, concentration and cultivate good habit patterns.
For example, children are exploring bottled water and pouring water, but parents are worried that getting wet clothes will hinder their exploration, or although they are allowed to play, they will go over every once in a while to feed a mouthful of water, give a fruit, or wipe their hands and add clothes, which will disturb their attention. Can children's good concentration be formed? When children go to primary school or grow up, they complain that inattention affects their class and study?
The key period is to cultivate from an early age, and good habits will get twice the result with half the effort!
3. Kindergarten (3 ~ 6 years old)
This stage is also a very important stage for children. Most of children's embryonic abilities develop rapidly at this stage, including the cultivation of psychological quality and learning ability. At this stage, the most critical psychological development task for children is exploration. 1.5-3 years old is the exploration period, which is the behavior of understanding the surface of things, and 3-6 years old is the exploration period, which is the behavior of deeply understanding things. At this time, we will not just stay on the surface of things, but continue to go deep into the internal laws of things after understanding the surface of things. At this stage, children are purposefully exploring, that is, exploring and exploring what is inside.
Some inner abilities that children need in the process of inquiry will gradually develop rapidly at this stage, such as children's learning ability, imagination, creativity, sense of responsibility, courage, anti-frustration, problem-solving ability, emotional management ability and so on.
The stage of "looking at the old at the age of three, looking at the old at the age of seven" is a crucial period for children to lay a solid foundation for growth!
Secondly, there is also a significant psychological development demand at this stage, interpersonal communication.
3-6 years old is the stage when children enter kindergarten. In kindergarten, whether children like it or not, they need to contact and communicate with others actively or passively, so at this stage, children's interpersonal skills have been developed.
Kindergarten can be divided into three stages: (small class, middle class and large class)
(A), 3 ~ 4 years old children's psychological development characteristics
1, the behavior is dominated by emotions.
The actions of children aged 3-4 are often dominated by emotions, not by reason. Cry if you want, and laugh happily.
2. Like to imitate
Children aged 3-4 have poor independence and strong imitation. Seeing what others are playing, I may want to play this myself; See what others have; I want to do this myself. Parents should understand their children's requirements, empathize with their children's needs, and also guide their children to learn to share and cultivate their communication skills.
3. Think with intuition.
Because 3-4-year-old children think very specifically and directly, they can only understand things from the surface. The requirements for young children should also be specific, and positive education should be used more at the same time. Satire is likely to be ineffective, and children will not understand and will not touch it.
(B): 4 ~ 5 years old children's psychological development characteristics.
4, 5-year-old children have adapted to kindergarten life, coupled with physical and mental development, it is very lively and active.
1: Love to play, can play.
Children all like to play games. However, although 3-year-old children love to play, they can't play. 5, 6-year-old children love to play, but because of the growing interest in learning, distracted, less and less time to play. 4, 5-year-old children belong to the typical game age stage, which is the peak of role games. They have been able to plan the game content and plot, arrange their own roles, how to play, what rules are there, and how to deal with them if they don't follow the rules? Basically, they can cooperate or discuss, but the contradictions in the game sometimes need the help and solution of adults.
2. Lively and active
Middle school students aged 4 or 5 are between small class and large class. They are neither "clever and obedient" like three-year-old children, nor "sensible" like five or six-year-old children. At this stage, children's main characteristics are "lively and active", or they are called "too naughty and too skinny" by adults. Many studies have found that 4 or 5 years old is the period when many psychological qualities of children develop fastest.
3. The concrete image of thinking
4, 5-year-old children's thinking can be said to be a typical child's thinking. When solving simple problems, we can no longer rely on actual tentative actions, but must rely on the image of things. The image of things often affects their thinking and understanding of problems.
For example, in their minds, the image of a "son" is a child or a young man, while a man with a beard and wrinkles is the characteristic of a "grandfather". Therefore, when people say that someone who meets the characteristics of grandpa is someone's son, they often feel puzzled. Or often understand things like this; For example, "can bear hardships" means "can eat a lot of hardships"; And Kong Rong "let pears" because "others are too short of snacks".
(C): Characteristics of psychological development of children aged 5-6.
1: studious, curious and inquisitive.
Children aged 5 or 6 should ask not only "what" but also "why".
Eager to learn and ask questions is the expression of thirst for knowledge. Even some naughty behaviors reflect children's thirst for knowledge. Children of this age especially like to take toy cars apart. They took it apart to see what was inside and why it moved. Why do you pronounce it? I want to take the radio apart to find my aunt who is talking inside. Therefore, parents should protect their children's curiosity and patiently answer their children's 100 thousand why. Or look for answers with children. Also try to provide children with some materials that they can play freely, support their inquiry behavior, adopt an accepting and tolerant attitude towards bad behavior in the process of inquiry, and provide appropriate help when children need it.
2. The ability of abstract generalization began to develop.
5, 6-year-old children's thinking is still concrete, but there has been the bud of abstract generalization. For example, they have begun to master some abstract concepts; Be able to classify familiar objects simply; I can also understand the causal relationship of things. As the ability of abstract generalization begins to sprout, children in large classes can have simple scientific education, visit scientific knowledge and get in touch with nature, guide them to discover various internal relations between things and promote intellectual development.
3. Personality begins to form at first.
Children aged 5 or 6 have initially formed relatively stable psychological characteristics. They began to appear more "independent" and had relatively stable personality and behavior; Some are warm and generous, some are timid and shy, some are active, some are quiet, some have strong self-esteem, some are gentle, some like singing and dancing, some show their painting ability and so on.
4. Childhood (6 ~ 12 years old)
The stage of 3-6 years old is the stage of rapid development of children's ability, and the stage of 6- 12 years old is the stage of solidification and formation of children's ability. Therefore, if you have missed the stage of 3-6 years old, you should try to grasp the stage of 6- 12 years old, which is an important period for children to adjust. At this stage, children's abilities in all aspects are developing well, and some are close to the level of adults. The key task of psychological growth at this stage is ability, which is formed through competition.
Children at this stage are easy to enter the competitive state and are particularly interested in competition. An ordinary behavior introduces the concept of competition, and children are more willing to actively participate. Children at this stage show their values and abilities through competition, and at the same time optimize and adjust themselves through competition.
How does the development of this stage affect many excellent internal qualities of children, such as perseverance, self-control, empathy, enterprise and self-esteem, and also affect children's various abilities, such as expression ability, anti-frustration ability, ability to face challenges and independent thinking ability. If the development is not very good, children will easily form a psychological state of inferiority, unwilling to try, unwilling to communicate with strangers, and unwilling to show themselves to the outside world.
5. Adolescence (12 ~ 18 years old)
Adolescence is a developmental period; Adolescence is the period when the human body matures; Adolescence is a period of change; Adolescence is the most rapid and obvious period of juvenile physical and mental changes;
Children's self-awareness will undergo a qualitative change in adolescence, pursuing personality independence and autonomy, and their independence will be enhanced.
Adolescence is more likely to become a rebellious period because most parents think that their children are still young and have the idea of controlling them, but children often prove that they have grown up with fierce resistance, and adolescent children are unwilling to accept being controlled by adults.
The most important psychological characteristics of adolescence are the complete independence of self-consciousness and the formation of true self. The psychological characteristics developed at this stage are mostly life direction, intrinsic motivation, sociality, self-orientation, world outlook and values.
Suggestions for getting along with children at this stage: treat children as adults completely. Respect, democracy, freedom and guidance are the main themes.
The most critical education point in adolescence is the handling of parent-child relationship, which is intimate but not out of line.