Brief introduction of poet Qu Yuan
About 339 BC to 278 BC
During the Warring States period, Chu poets absorbed the essence of southern folk songs, merged ancient myths and legends, and created a new poetic style-Chu Ci. The appearance of Chu Ci is the great liberation of China's ancient poetry. It breaks the rigid format of "four words and one sentence" in The Book of Songs, adopts irregular sentence patterns of three to eight words, with lively and diverse forms, suitable for describing complex social life and expressing rich thoughts and feelings, and its length and capacity can be expanded at will according to the needs of the content. Qu Yuan, a great poet, is the founder and representative writer of Chu Ci.
Qu Yuan (340 ~ 278 BC) was born in Ping, a noble Chu state. Born in Lepingli, San Lv Township, Zigui in 340 BC. Qu Yuan was studious and ambitious since childhood. At the age of 26, he became a left-handed man and a good doctor in Chu. At first, he was trusted by Chu Huaiwang, who was a senior official of the left party. He advocated giving people power, making clear laws and regulations to improve internal affairs, and uniting with Qin State to oppose him. However, Chu Huaiwang's Lingyin Zijiao, Shangguan Doctor, Shanxi Merchants and his favorite concubine Zheng Xiu were all bought by Zhang Yi, the envoy of Qin State, which not only made Wang Huai unable to accept Qu Yuan's opinion, but also alienated him. As a result, Chu Huaiwang was lured to death by the State of Qin. After Xiang Wang ascended the throne, Qu Yuan continued to be persecuted and exiled to Jiangnan. In 278 BC, the general of the State of Qin led an army south to attack the capital of Chu. Qu Yuan's political thoughts were shattered and he was desperate for the future. Although he wanted to serve the country, he was unable to return to heaven, so he had to drown himself in the Miluo River on May 5th of the same year.
Qu Yuan is an outstanding politician with a long history, the first great poet in the history of China literature, and the "first-rate genius" of the Three Gorges. He was worried about the country and the people, and finally died in the Miluo River. Although Qu Yuan's political life is a tragedy, as a poet, he left more than 20 immortal poems such as Li Sao and Tian Wen. These are precious heritages in China's literary treasure house.
Li Sao is the most mature work of Qu Yuan and the most magnificent lyric poem in ancient China. The first half is a realistic narrative, which describes his ideals and experiences of improving politics. A lot of strange fantasies were added in the second half. Accompanied by wind, rain, thunder, electricity, clouds, moon, phoenix and dragon, he galloped up and down in the sky, pursuing his ideal object. The result was disappointing.
The poet integrated natural phenomena, historical figures and legends into a magnificent and romantic artistic image, realizing a high degree of integration of thought and art. Lu Xun praised Qu Yuan and said, "Escape is a big talk, and you will be outstanding all your life."
Tian Wen is a strange long poem. This is because after Qu Yuan was exiled, he lost his mind and his old beliefs completely collapsed. Therefore, he had doubts about natural phenomena, ancient ruins, religious beliefs and traditional concepts of society, which led to various questions. By asking questions, the poet vented his contradictions and pains in political life.
Historical story
During the Warring States Period, the seven vassal states of Qin, Chu, Qi, Yan, Zhao, Han and Wei fought each other for cities and land for years. At that time, Qu Yuan, the great poet of Chu, was only a young man. He was a disciple of King Huan of Chu. He was sad to see the people suffering from the disaster of war. Qu Yuan was determined to serve the country and the people, and suggested that Wang Huai should appoint talents and care for the people, which won his trust.
At that time, Qin was the most powerful country in the west, and it often attacked six countries. Therefore, Qu Yuan personally went to various countries to contact and use the joint strength to deal with the State of Qin. In the 11th year of Wang Huai, Qu Yuan's diplomacy was successful. Kings of Chu, Qi, Yan, Zhao, Han and Wei gathered in the capital of Chu and formed an alliance. Chu Huaiwang became the leader of the alliance. The strength of the alliance prevented the expansion of Qiang Qin. Qu Yuan is highly valued by Chu Huaiwang, and many important domestic and foreign affairs are decided by Qu Yuan.
Therefore, a group of nobles headed by Zi Lan, the son of Chu, were very jealous of Qu Yuan and often spoke ill of Qu Yuan in front of Wang Huai. It is said that he usurped the exclusive right and didn't care about Wang Huai at all. With more and more people stirring up trouble, Chu Huaiwang became increasingly dissatisfied with Qu Yuan. The spies of Qin reported this situation to the king of Qin, who had long wanted to attack Qi, but was afraid to do it because of the six-nation alliance. Hearing the news, he called the Prime Minister Zhang Yi to the palace to discuss. Zhang Yi believes that among the six countries, Qi and Chu are the most powerful. As long as the two countries are estranged, the alliance will dissolve. He is willing to take advantage of the internal discord in Chu State to personally break up the six-nation alliance.
The king of Qin was overjoyed and prepared gold and silver treasures for Zhang Yi to carry with him. Zhang Yi returned the seal to the king of Qin, resigned from Qin Xiang in disguise, and set off for Chu. After arriving in Du Ying, Zhang Yi first visited Qu Yuan and talked about the benefits of Qin's strength and Qin Chu's alliance. Qu Yuan said: "Chu cannot change the status of the six-nation alliance."
Zhang Yi told Zilan: "With the six-nation alliance, Chu Huaiwang trusts Qu Yuan, and when the alliance is dispersed, Qu Yuan has nothing to be afraid of." Zilan was very happy when she heard this. The nobles of Chu state are all related to Zhang Yi. Zilan took him to see Chu Huaiwang's favorite queen, Zheng Xiu, and Zhang Yi gave Zheng Xiu a pair of priceless white jade. Bai Bi's precious light dazzled the eyes of the king of Chu. Zheng Xiu readily offered to help them publicize the Qin Chu League. Everyone thinks: "To unify Qin Chu, we must first dismantle the six-nation alliance; If you want to break up the alliance, you must first cherish the king's distrust of Qu Yuan.
Zilan thought of a plan: He said that Qu Yuan had paid bribes to Zhang Yi, and Zheng Xiu leaked the news to Wang Huai. Zhang Yi was overjoyed and said, "The Queen is willing to contribute. It's a blessing of Qin Chu, a blessing of China! " When Yi Cheung was ready, Tuozilan introduced Wang Huai. He advised against uniting with Qin and listed many benefits. Finally, he said, "As long as the king is willing, the king of Qin has prepared 600 Li of land for the State of Chu. Chu Huaiwang is a greedy man. I heard that he took 600 miles of land for nothing. How not to like it. Go back to the palace and tell Zheng Xiu happily. Zheng Xiu congratulated him, but frowned: "I heard that Qu Yuan asked Zhang Yi for a pair of white jade, but I am afraid I will object!" Chu Huaiwang listened with a grain of salt.
The next day, Chu Huaiwang hosted a banquet in honor of Yi Cheung. During the dinner, when talking about Qin Chu's friendship, Qu Yuan vehemently opposed it and had a heated argument with Zilan and Shanxi merchants. He thought, "It is a matter of life and death for Chu to give up the six-nation alliance and give Qin a chance! He denounced Zhang Yi, Zilan and Shanxi merchants, went up to Chu Huaiwang and said loudly, "Your Majesty, I can't believe it! Zhang Yi was sent by the State of Qin to break up the alliance and isolate Chu. You must not believe it. Chu Huaiwang remembered Zheng Xiu's words, and sure enough Qu Yuan tried his best to oppose Qin Chu's reconciliation. Covet the land of Qin. Can't help but be angry: "The 600-Li land of Chu is worth a pair of white jade!" Let the samurai pull him out of the palace gate.
Qu Yuan was heartbroken and stood outside the palace gate and could not bear to leave. He hoped that Chu Huaiwang would wake up and change his mind, so as not to bring disaster to the country. Standing from noon to evening, I saw Zhang Yi, Zi Lan, Jin Shang and others walking out of the palace door with joy, but I was disheartened. He sighed and murmured, "Chuzhou, you will suffer again ..." Qu Yuan was unhappy after returning to China, and he could not help sighing at the thought that once his alliance was destroyed, Chu would not be able to maintain its immediate prosperity.
The elder sister who looked after the house for him asked the reason, knowing that he had been framed by a villain, and advised him to stop talking. Qu Yuan said, "I'm from Chu, and I can't see the danger of Chu even if I die!" He thought that Chu Huaiwang would wake up and tell right from wrong. As long as Wang Huai changes his mind, Chu will have a way. But Chu Huaiwang no longer summoned him. He becomes more and more sad and often stays up all night. He wrote a long poem called Li Sao, in which he wrote his sadness and resentment towards Chu. "Lisao" means "sadness". When people are sad, why not call God and parents to express their grievances!
When this poem was introduced into the palace, Zilan, Shanxi merchants and others got attack materials, saying that Qu Yuan compared Wang Huai to Xiezhou. Chu Huaiwang was furious and dismissed Qu Yuan. The air in Du Ying is driving Qu Yuan crazy. The girl advised him to rest somewhere else, and he said loudly, "I can't take Chu and the people!" " However, under the persuasion of the girl, he moved out of Du Ying and prepared to settle in Hanbei. He walked for a while and then looked back for a while. "What a heroic city! "
He cares about state affairs, so he stops for a few days at every place to ask for news. One day, he saw the story of the gods of heaven and earth and the ancient sages painted on the wall of an ancient temple. The deeds of the holy king and the wise king touched his heart, and he couldn't figure out why Chu Huaiwang was so confused. He shouted to the gods, "Is there any right or wrong in this world? ? ..... "So he wrote a long poem" Nine Questions ". The gods didn't answer him, but the facts did. Chu Huaiwang broke off diplomatic relations with Qi and broke up the alliance, so he sent someone to take Yi Cheung to Qin to receive the land.
Near Xianyang, Qin Dou and Zhang Yi pretended to be drunk. When they got off the bus, they fell down and said that they hurt their legs, so they left Chu for the advanced city. Chu lives in a guest house and goes to see Yi Cheung every day. Zhang Yi always drags his legs, so he can't be interviewed until he is well. It was three months before Zhang Yi got the news that the six-nation alliance had indeed collapsed.
When Ambassador Chu mentioned the delivery of land, Zhang Yi was completely embarrassed. He said: "I said I gave it to the king of Chu, which is my own six-mile land." How can the land of Qin be dedicated to people? " The messenger of Chu was speechless and had to come back empty-handed to report to the king of Chu. Gal, can make Wang Huai dizzy. He took advantage of the opportunity of saving his strength and having enough food in recent years to send general Qu Ping to lead a hundred thousand troops to attack the State of Qin.
The king of Qin immediately changed his plan to attack Qi, and simply joined forces with Qi to meet the Chu army in two ways. The Chu army could not resist the attacks of the two countries and even lost several battles. Qu Ping was killed and later occupied the Hanzhong area of Chu State. The news spread to Hanbei, which made Qu Yuan very anxious. Angry and sighing, he finally decided to go back to Du Ying to resist the State of Qin.
On the way, he received an order from Chu Huaiwang to send him to the State of Qi to reunite with the League. Qu Yuan thought happily, "Your Majesty has finally understood!" I went to Qi immediately. Chu Huaiwang violated the African Union, and Qi was very angry. However, Qu Yuan was respected by the King of Qi, and after some negotiations, he promised to withdraw the Qi soldiers who helped Qin attack Chu. Before Qu Yuan returned to China, he got the news of the Qin Chu peace talks. Afraid that Chu Huaiwang would be cheated again, he resigned from the King of Qi and hurried back to Chu.
He went to Yunmeng of Chu State and saw the local people mourning the soldiers who died. Qu Yuan was very moved and stopped to pay homage. He stood in front of the throne and recited his poem "National Mourning" to mourn the soldiers who died for the country. When reading the sad place, all the people shed tears, and Qu Yuan was in tears. Qu Yuan walked for a few days when he heard a legend: Zhang Yi came to Du Ying again. He couldn't help stamping his feet again and again, working hard day and night to get to Du Ying.
Zilan and Jin Shang heard that Qu Yuan had come back, and hurried to report to Queen Zheng Xiu. They are all afraid that Qu Yuan will return to Du Ying and leave him in front of Chu Huaiwang, which will always be a great disaster. That night, Zheng Xiu cried to Chu Huaiwang: "Qu Yuan told Yunmeng people that all the people who died in battle were unjust deaths, all because I advised Chu Huaiwang." This time he came back to avenge the wrongful death. Chu Huaiwang was furious: "How dare he do this?" This is crazy. Zheng Xiu took the opportunity to interject: "It's crazy! You are not crazy, how can you say such presumptuous things to the people? I'm afraid to see him! If he wants to be in Du Ying, let me go to Jiangnan! "
The next day, Chu Huaiwang gave an order: Qu Yuan was appointed as the doctor of San Lv. He didn't have to go to the palace and went to work immediately. He sent Zilan to give orders to Qu Yuan. Zilan met Qu Yuan, smiled and congratulated him, and conveyed Wang Huai's orders. Qu Yuan was stunned. He looked up at the sky and sighed, "Your Majesty, you can't be confused any more. The country of Chu and the people of Chu depend on you! " The girl worried that he would get into trouble again and suggested that he leave Du Ying as soon as possible to take office. Qu Yuan said, "You worry about me, and I worry about Chu!" But it's nothing to think about, so I have to get ready to take office.
With the departure of Qu Yuan, the civil and military officials of the Manchu Dynasty united Zheng Xiu and Zilan, and this alliance soon disintegrated. Since the twenty-seventh year of Wang Huai, Qin has been at war with Chu. Chu is getting worse every day, and it has lost its strength to Qin Jun. In thirty years, Qin occupied eight cities in northern Chu. King Huai was very depressed. Suddenly, he received a letter from the King of Qin, inviting him to go to Wuguan in Qin State to discuss the method of Qin Chu's eternal friendship. Wang Huai thought about it, but never made up his mind: if he didn't go, he was afraid that Qin Jun would attack south; I am going, but I'm afraid Qin has ulterior motives.
Zilan first advised Chu Huaiwang: "Qin Wang is willing to make peace, and this opportunity must be missed." Shanxi merchants also said, "After a short walk, there will be at least a few years of peace. King Huai returned to the harem and listened to Zheng Xiu's persuasion. He made up his mind to write back immediately and agreed to go to Wuguan for talks. After several days of preparation, he and Jin Shang set out with 500 soldiers before leaving Du Ying. On the way, I saw a horse flying like a horse.
Rushing to the front, the man immediately jumped down, fell in front of the car and cried loudly. Chu Huaiwang saw that it was Qu Yuan, a doctor in San Lv. He heard the news that Chu Huaiwang was going to Wuguan and flew in overnight. I heard his sad voice say, "Your Majesty! The state of Qin is like a tiger's mouth. This danger is not desirable! Think about the ancestors and people of Chu, and don't just listen to the little people! " I haven't seen him for more than ten years, and Qu Yuan is haggard. When Chu Huaiwang saw him, he remembered that the national situation had been declining day by day for more than ten years, and his heart was filled with sadness.
While meditating, the Shanxi merchants stood up and said to Qu Yuan bitterly, "Today is a good day for the King to go out. What does Dr. San Lv mean by these depressing words? " Qu Yuan's lips trembled with anger and said in a trembling voice, "Doctor Shangguan! You are from Chu, so you should think about Chu. You can't send your king to the jaws of death! " Shanxi merchants were furious, and they got out of the way again. Qu Yuan clung to the shaft and refused to let go. Shanxi merchants pushed Qu Yuan to the ground, whipped his horse, surrounded Wang Huai and left.
Qu Yuan got up and chased and shouted. Afraid of the king's vacillation, the Shanxi merchants sped up the whip and the car flew away. Qu Yuan stood there panting, watching people walk west until the shadow disappeared. In less than half a month, Shanxi merchants fled back to Du Ying alone. As Qu Yuan had expected, Chu Huaiwang and his party of 500 people were detained by the State of Qin and sent to Xianyang as soon as they arrived at Wuguan.
The bad news spread all over the country. In order to calm people's minds, Zheng Xiu was made King Xiang. Master state affairs by yourself; Zilan was appointed commander in chief, responsible for the national military and political affairs. Qu Yuan, desperate to get to Du Ying, demanded that King Xiang of Qin restore the six-nation alliance and use his own powerful strength to recapture Chu Huaiwang from the State of Qin. Zilan and others advised Chu Huaiwang to go to Qin, fearing that Chu Huaiwang would come back to criticize and offend Qin. Therefore, instead of listening to Qu Yuan's ideas, he was immediately expelled from the capital. Don't let him go back to Du Ying.
After driving Qu Yuan away, these people lived a drunken life, and three years later, they suddenly received the news of Chu Huaiwang's death. It turned out that when Chu Huaiwang arrived in Xianyang, the king of Qin called the ministers to a meeting, and then he called on Chu Huaiwang to make a document and cede central Guizhou face to face. Chu Huaiwang was very angry and refused. Qin took him into custody. After more than a year's detention, the guards gradually loosened. Chu Huaiwang got the guards drunk and changed his clothes to escape from Xianyang.
After walking for a few days, he came to the border of Zhao. Zhao hates repeatedly destroying the alliance and refusing to enter the city. Chu Huaiwang walked south in regret and wanted to go to Wei. On the way, I caught up with him and caught him. Chu Huaiwang was taken back to Xianyang. He vomited blood with anger. Sick for more than a year, Xiang Wang died for three years.
Qin returned the useless bones to Chu. When Chu Huaiwang's coffin arrived in Du Ying, all Chu people felt very ashamed, and people along the way began to cry. This incident broke Qu Yuan's heart. He pinned his hopes of reviving Chu on Wang Huai's awakening, but now he feels that everything is over. He cried in front of Wang Huai's coffin. He asked Xiang Wang to take advantage of the fact that all countries bear a grudge against Qin, and try to get in touch with Qin and deal with Qin together. King Xiang refused to listen to him.
He cried in front of the palace door day and night, hoping to impress King Xiang. This annoyed Zheng Xiu, who called Zilan to scold him: "Are you contemptuous of the king because you disobeyed orders? If you don't go back, someone will escort you away! " Qu Yuan sharply cursed: "You advised the King to go to the State of Qin! Are you Ling Yin of Chu State? You are Qin's spy! If you make the country like this, the people of Chu will eat your meat! " Zilan quickly reported to Zheng Xiu, and Zheng Xiu was furious: "This is a madman. What can you make him do? Let him die far away and never come back! "
She immediately told King Xiang of the River to dismiss Qu Yuan from his position as a doctor in San Lv and escort him to the south of the Yangtze River, never to cross the river. . Qu Yuan was taken home, and when he saw his daughter, he sighed, "It doesn't matter whether I am bitter or not, but I hate them for bringing disaster to the country and the people!" He moved his family back to his hometown with his daughter. He also set up a spiritual position to pay tribute to Wang Huai. He read an evocative long poem and missed the prosperous Chu State that year.
Qu Yuan went to Lingyang, where he was exiled, and he was restless day and night. He knew that there must be a disaster in Chu: "But how can I leave the place where I was born and bump around in order to escape the disaster?" After several days' consideration, Qu Yuan felt that Chu was dark and had difficulty breathing, and decided to go abroad for a period of time. After walking for a few days, he hesitated again when he reached the border of Chu.
His horse whined sadly, and the groom looked back at Chu and sighed. Qu Yuan couldn't help but say excitedly, "Yes, we are Chu people and horses, and we will die in the land of Chu!" " He lived in Lingyang for nine years. He has no hope of returning to Du Ying. He has heard that the situation in Chu is getting worse and worse. Every news makes him fidgety. He remembered that Wang Huai died in Qin because he refused to cede Guizhou. He decided to visit this place and live in Xupu, Qianzhong County. The flame of patriotism burned in his heart, but he could do nothing. He can only walk around the mountain and the lake every day.
Full of sadness and resentment, he wrote poems. He is getting older and older, but the hope of reviving Chu has not been extinguished for a day. In the twenty-first year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty, a thunderbolt-like news knocked him unconscious: the generals of Qin attacked Chu in vain, occupied Ying capital, and the ancestral halls and tombs of Chu were destroyed. Chu is dying! He decided to go back to Du Ying and die where he was born. He walked in a daze for a few days without combing his hair or washing his face until he reached the Guluo River. He saw his white hair in the clear river, and his heart churned like waves.
The alliance was destroyed by villains, and Chu was in danger, and the people suffered. Qu Yuan strolled along the river. He missed Du Ying, missed the people, hated the enemy and evil, and was determined to warn the traitors with his own life and inspire the patriotic enthusiasm of the people all over the country. The land here has not been trampled by Qin Jun, and it is very clean. He took off his clothes, wrapped the stones by the river and tied them tightly to himself with a belt. Try to jump into the middle of the river. The patriotic poet took a clean stone from Chu and soon sank. This day is May 5th. After Qu Yuan's death, people respected him and mourned him. Because he fought to the death with the villain who harmed Chu, on the anniversary of his death, the people hanged Chang Pujian and drank realgar wine. Prevent evil spirits from invading.
People believe that patriotic poets will never die. On May 5th every year, they rock the dragon boat and look for poets everywhere. His patriotism has taken root in the hearts of China people.
Qu Yuan, the first great patriotic poet in China, initiated a new era of poetry from collective singing to individual independent writing. He is the founder of China's positive romantic poetry tradition, and one of the "Four Famous People in World Culture" (Copernicus in Poland, Shakespeare in England, Dante in Italy), and is solemnly commemorated by the World Peace Council and people all over the world.
main work
Jiu Wen, Ai, Li Sao
Nine songs: nine songs Priestess of Death, nine songs Dong Huang Taiyi, nine songs Dong Jun, nine songs Guo Mourning, nine songs Hebo, nine songs Li Soul, nine songs Shan Gui, nine songs Shao Siming, nine songs Xiang Fu, nine songs Xiang Jun, nine songs Zhongjun.