I. Cabinet
In July of the 15th year of Shunzhi (A.D. 1658), the Qing Dynasty changed the Inner Third Hospital into the Cabinet with reference to the Ming system. The college students renamed the hall as Zhonghetang, Baohetang, Wenhua Hall, Wuyingtang, Wenyuantang and Donggetang (in the 13th year of Qianlong, Zhonghetang was demolished and Tijen Hall was added as three halls and three halls). It is also based on the Ming system that the bachelor's level is changed to positive five products. Afraid that college students have too much power, they deliberately lowered their grades to curb it. At this time, although the cabinet had the embryonic form of the central organ with the highest political power, its power was lighter than that of the Third Hospital in the early years of Shunzhi due to the demotion of university students and the reduction of clerks.
By the eighth year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1730), Manchu and Han were all rated as authentic. At this point, the university students became the highest officials of the Qing Dynasty, just like the prime ministers of all dynasties. The draft of Qing history? Preface to University Chronology says:
Great scholars in the Qing Dynasty, who lived through the Manchu and Han Dynasties, had great honors, so they presented gifts to each other ... Their products were first-class. As a military aircraft, since the prince, its leader must be a university student, not as good as the Tang and Yuan Dynasties.
This shows that the status of college students in Qing Dynasty is extremely respected.
Co-sponsoring a college student is Song Like's participation in politics. He is a representative of a college student. There were no places at first. When a university student walks in the palace or goes on a business trip, he chooses another person to assist in cabinet affairs. As early as the first year of Yongzheng to the fifth year (A.D. 1723- 1727), there were college students, and there were additional college students in six years (A.D. 1728). Ten to thirteen years (A.D. 1732- 1735), the associate bachelor was established again. It was not until the fourth year of Qianlong (AD 1739) that the co-organizer was determined to be a university student, and later it was changed to permanent. Its grade is slightly lower than that of college students, and it comes from Yipin.
The bachelor of cabinet is from the second grade, and both of them have the title of assistant minister (58 years after Qianlong). His duty is: full bachelor's degree plays this chapter, and Han bachelor's degree approves the "title book" (a document submitted by domestic and foreign officials to the emperor). If it should have the right to take responsibility, it is not just that. For example, in the twenty-first year of Kangxi (A.D. 1682), the imperial edict said: "A bachelor's degree is the official of the counselor's political affairs. If you have any questions, start playing. It has not been discussed recently. If it is enough to distribute this book and then use one post, why should we set up a bachelor's degree? From then on, they met and all spoke. " Despite this, the average bachelor still does some routine work step by step, which is far less responsible than the military plane Zhang Jing.
According to the records in Qing Hui Dian, Qing Shi Draft and other books, the number of cabinet members is as follows: 2 university students, 2 Han nationality students, 1 university student assistant 1 person, 6 bachelor students, 4 Han nationality students, 2 Confucian classics students, 2 Han and Han armies (the Han nationality was incorporated into the Eight Banners), 4 bachelor students and 2 Mongolian and Chinese students. There are 30 people in the Han dynasty, 8 people in the Han army, 40 people in Chinese, 6 people in Mongolia (the positions above are increased or decreased from time to time), 62 people in Chinese, and there is no quota, with a total of 288 people (the power of attorney is appointed, and the Chinese book is appointed, not occupying the quota).
The cabinet is the place where Cao meets. According to Volume II of Guangxu Huidian, his position is: "to discuss the politics of the world, to publicize the constitution and the position of general balance, in order to praise and work together." Every ceremony will lead a hundred people to do things. " Its specific responsibilities are:
First, in charge of political affairs, Xuanqu (imperial edict).
The cabinet is a first-class yamen, ranking above six departments. A college student is "respected and valued", and his duty is first to discuss and recite songs. Cabinet ministers are often at the emperor's side as advisers. They not only answered difficult questions in political affairs, but also handled official documents and drafted orders for the emperor. The official documents undertaken by the Cabinet include systems, imperial edicts, patents, titles, achievements, forms, notes, etc. According to the Guangxu Huidian Volume II:
Those who make the sound of Nilong, such as the system, imperial edict, imperial edict, imperial edict, are all progressing according to their style. Where the ceremony announced the hundred tombs, there were words. Major political affairs, published subjects, hanging easy to offer, there are letters. Qin bestowed more than five officials, and Spyker inherited and failed to replace them, which was called death. When a foreign vassal is sealed, Qin En gives it to officials below six grades, and Spyker attacks twice, which will kill him. Yu told foreign governors and foreign officials to preach in the name of sitting, saying.
Cabinet is an important place for silk fiber, which is served daily by imperial edict and the Ministry of Military Affairs undertakes orders. Anyone who should issue paper money is subordinate to the cabinet. In addition, the cabinet is also responsible for recording the memorial, which is divided into three volumes: whenever this chapter is issued daily, when the ticket signing office of Manchu and Han records the reasons and records the imperial edict in detail, it is divided into one volume, which is called "silk book"; The special imperial edict is divided into one volume, which is called "imperial edict book"; Chinese and foreign ministers and workers who wrote the memorial, obeyed orders and submitted it to the Ministry for deliberation and defense are divided into one volume, which is called "external record". Three volumes are kept in the cupboard for reference.
Second, deal with this chapter.
The daily affairs of the cabinet are to handle this chapter for the emperor. "Cabinet Record" said: "College students are in the army, and everything is unified. In fact, they also manage reading every day. " "Imperial Examination General Examination" is a volume of 80 years, and the position of a college student is mainly to deal with this chapter. The chapter "Inside and Outside Officials in Qing Dynasty" can be divided into two categories: general edition and partial edition. The five chapters of provincial generals, governors, towns, learning politics, salt politics, Shuntian prefect and Shengjing (now Liaoning Province) were all sent to the cabinet through the General Political Department, which was called "Tongben"; This chapter of the six departments of Beijing, as well as the hospitals, houses, temples and prisons, is called "Ministry-based". After Tongben arrived at the pavilion, there was no full section. First, it was translated into Manchu by Han Benfang, and it was transferred to this room for review. The back was clearly written and confused. The original version is a combination of Manchu and Chinese, and it is submitted to the Chinese ticket signing office together with the translated version. The ticket sign is drafted by the Chinese book, reviewed by the waiter bachelor and reviewed by the college students. After that, the ticket signing is completed, the Chinese ticket signing is completed, and the Chinese is signed. Provided by the internal performance office; After the emperor approved it, he gave it to us. Chinese scholars approved Chinese characters on the front, and Hanlin Man Han Shu approved Chinese characters on the back, which became a "little red book". Then, the implementation was issued: the house was taken out from the house and handed over to the Red Office. Every day, the Central Office took over six departments and then copied them to the yamen for implementation; At the end of each year, the six books will be returned to the red book office, handed over to Beijingtang, and then kept in the red book library. In addition, the cabinet also handles some memorials.
Third, handle matters related to sacrifice.
All more grand ceremonies and sacrifices, such as the emperor's ascent to the pole, the establishment of the emperor, the worship of heaven, the worship of ancestors and so on. , handled by the cabinet. "Guangxu Huidian" Volume II:
Every big sacrifice, middle sacrifice, first book wish edition. If the deity is located in altars and temples, it will be regarded as carving and decorating green. The same is true of making books and treasures. When the emperor reached the top, he got a letter, a grand ceremony and a treasure. The release of the album is a festival. Life will begin, and so will seals. Civil and military officials are in the list. How to announce large-scale meetings, tables and exhibitions.
Fourth, organize book revision and store files.
Compiling history books is the duty of the Hanlin Academy. At the beginning of Shunzhi, imperial academy was placed under the Third Hospital of Inner Mongolia, and the library was also under the Third Hospital of Inner Mongolia. After Kangxi, although the Imperial Academy was established separately, all books were edited. The bachelor of cabinet was still the chief inspector, and the bachelor was divided into vice president, editor-in-chief and editor. In addition, the cabinet is also responsible for preserving archives and classics. In Donghuamen, there is a little red book and a record library, which are important files of the Qing government. In addition, posts are also reserved. Guangxu Huidian case contains 14. "In the seventh year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1729), it was decided that all provinces should write this chapter, add a poster and send it to the Juju Annotation Hall. Once recorded, the poster will be sent to the cupboard for preservation. " The largest number of files kept by the cabinet is the little red book, and others also have records and hadith.
Inside the Cabinet, there are classrooms, full rooms, Chinese rooms, Mongolian rooms, full ticket signing and detaining offices, Chinese ticket signing and detaining offices, cabinet rooms, supervision offices, red book receiving and dispatching offices, copy warehouses, batch offices and other institutions, which are responsible for various affairs. Their official positions and specific responsibilities are as follows:
Classroom: Cabinet Secretariat Department, 10 bachelor (full 6, Han 4), 6 classics (full 2, Han 2, Han 2), 22 attendants. In addition, people who go to bachelor's degree, bachelor's degree, Chinese department, etc. The work in the lecture hall is appointed by college students, and there is no quota limit. Its office is divided into two halls, the south hall and the north hall. The South Hall has four locations:
(1) is responsible for the defense. The cabinet has no seal, it is written in a foreign language, and it is cleared by the ancient books museum.
(2) receiving and processing manuscripts. Letters from the yamen are sent directly to the two halls, and then distributed to each room according to the nature of the transaction.
(3) Official performance appraisal. Responsible for the performance appraisal of waiters, classics, Chinese books and other officials.
(4) Managing "official" affairs. Get the "confession" of assistant affairs and control soap service.
The North Hall also has four positions:
1. Take the throne. Prepare a record of the request and enter the form of congratulations.
(2) Handling ceremony affairs. That is, about the preparations for the ceremony.
(3) Wash treasure with treasure. Please use the national treasure seal and the year-end seal to wash the treasure.
(four) the collection of red books, the custody of the chapter.
Full house, full house or full house. There are 2 bachelors, 4 waiters, 39 Chinese departments, 24 Chinese departments and 3 volunteers, a total of 72 people (all full). Responsible for proofreading the Manchu part of the question book and managing the collection affairs of the cabinet treasury and Huang Shizhen. Such as collected and stored records, hadith, Juju notes, history books, strategies and seals. Send and receive daily records to the emperor, add and modify the genealogy of princes and Spyker, and write various Manchu languages.
Hanben Library, also known as Hanben Hall, has four bachelors (two in Manchu), five students (three in Manchu), 42 students in Chinese books (365,438+0, eight in Han army and three in Han army), 65,438+06 students (all full) and three students. His job is to send and receive a copy, copy and paste yellow and all documents that should be translated into Manchu, such as imperial edicts, inscriptions, books, greetings and so on. Therefore, it is also called the translation room.
Mongolian Room, also known as Mongolian Hall, has 2 bachelors and 2 apprentices, with Zhongshu 16 and Zhongshu 16 (all members). Translate Mongolian, Hui and Tibetan languages and communicate with foreign countries. Whenever there are events and statements from various vassal ministries, they will be translated and played. All tributes, inscriptions, plaques and special activities to pay tribute to the vassal ministries are translated and written by the Mongolian room. Manage the Hadith of Mongolian Records. All foreign languages, such as Russian notes, are called to the Russian Library of the Hanlin Academy for translation. When western countries come to take pictures, they call the officials of the Western Pavilion to translate.
At the ticket counter, there are 3 waiters (full), 22 Chinese books (full 20, Mongolia 2), 8 Chinese book stickers (full) and 4 volunteers, in addition to the commissions of several waiters (full). The Manchu ticket signing office is responsible for proofreading this chapter in Manchu, compiling Manchu ticket signing, which will be sent to this newspaper when the emperor is on patrol. The memorials of officials inside and outside Beijing, which have been examined and approved by the emperor, should be handed over to the government offices in Beijing to know or handle, and the military department should hand in the tickets and sign them, informing them to handle the refund.
Ticket counter, 2 waiters, 27 Chinese books (all in Chinese) and 4 waiters. In addition, some people participated in the Committee. Review this chapter in Chinese and write a ticket in Chinese; Write imperial characters, such as system, imperial edict, patent, edict, book, wish, title, etc.
The patent office was set up in the 10th year of Kangxi (A.D. 167 1) and was managed by Li and Han Dynasties. Specializing in sorting and receiving. All manuscripts written at the ticket signing office in the Han Dynasty must be examined by the Patent Office, finalized and signed with treasures. Letters and gifts should be printed and stored in a fixed pattern, filled in by the China Book Department and examined and issued by the Patent Office.
Duzhashi, in the fifth year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1727), ordered all government offices and hospitals to send the statement of the causes of daily events to the cabinet, and then set up Duzhashi at the end of the month. Its officials are appointed by Manchu university students, Chinese scholars and Chinese clerks, and there is no quota limit. There are four people in this service. If the event is discussed and resumed by the Ministry, it will be recorded in the diary file. Once the ministries move to the hospital, they will check one by one and play once a month, which is the so-called "monthly discount". Every day, the military department issues Manchu imperial edicts, which are moved from the full ticket sign to the inspection room for storage. By the end of the month, Manchu and Han combined writing and playing, which was called "playing imperial edict".
Send and receive the little red book office, also known as the little red book office and the mailroom. There is no record in Hui Dian of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties. The name began in Jiaqing Hui store. Founded in the reign of Ganjia. The secretary is appointed by the Man Hanshu University, and there is no quota. All the approved problem books are handed over to the Red Book Office and distributed to six subjects for circulation every day. At the end of the year, they were returned to collectors and stored in the Red Book Library.
The Sanskrit Library, also known as the Sanskrit Office, is composed of college students from Manchuria, and a committee for ancient books and Chinese books has been appointed. Specializing in the receipt and payment of rice and silver for cabinet members. This kind of rice money was issued by provincial governors, governors and political envoys. The distribution method is as follows: college students should pay San Qian every day, and the following officials should pay six cents to Zhongshu every day to pay for meals.
Copying library was founded in the reign of Ganjia, beginning with the name of Jiaqing calling back. Its official was appointed by the Manchu-Hanzhong University, and there was no quota, so the title book was collected. Before Qianlong, every year, when the books were collected, the Chinese books at the endorsement office of Chinese tickets were sent to Huangshi Guangyi. Stored for many years, there is no land to store, and a copy library was established.
Approved this place, Qianlong used to be called "Red House", which is located in the imperial court. Its officials include 1 Manchu imperial academy officials (selected from various ministries in imperial academy) and 7 Chinese book officials, who are responsible for receiving, sending and approving books respectively. Every day, Zhongshu submits it to the examination and approval department at the ticket signing office, and then sends it to the internal performance office for submission. When preparing to send it, the examination and approval office will sign it in Manchu according to the emperor's reading, endorse it in red ink, and then hand it over to the cabinet. Any changes or "folds" will be saved in the file and handed in daily.
It took more than 270 years for the cabinet of the Qing Dynasty to take charge of state affairs from the establishment of the Inner Third Hospital in the tenth year of Tiancong (AD 1636) to Xuantong's third year (AD191year). When the Inner Third Hospital was just established, it was still outside the customs and had the right to discuss and dispose of it. It has just begun to take shape. After entering the customs, in order to increase the authority of the Inner Third Hospital, it was ordered that all political affairs or foreign (foreign) secrets or strange strategies should be transferred from the Inner Third Hospital. It is also determined that the level of the Third Hospital is the same as that of the Sixth Department (lower than that of the Sixth Department at first). In the fifteenth year of Shunzhi (A.D. 1658), it was officially changed to Cabinet, but it only followed the official system of Ming Dynasty, and did not strengthen the authority of Cabinet. On the contrary, it lowered the rank of the university students (positive five products), reduced their official positions, and their power was lower than that of the Inner Third Hospital. In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (A.D. 166 1), he was transferred back to the Inner Third Hospital, with six undergraduate departments. In the 9th year of Kangxi (A.D. 1670), he returned to the cabinet as a bachelor and minister. After Kangxi came to power, the military kept secret and always belonged to the cabinet. In the eighth year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1730), college students were promoted to the first class, above ministers (ministers were subordinate to the first class). At that time, although the military department had been set up, the leaders of military ministers, except the prince, must be university students, so the university students at that time were highly respected because they called the cabinet "Zaifu". In the second year of Qianlong (AD 1737), after the establishment of the military department (the military department was closed for two years), all confidential seals were typed in the military department. All important military affairs must be carried out by the Minister of Military Affairs, and the power of the cabinet will be light, only dealing with some daily affairs. Zhao Yi said in Miscellaneous Notes under the eaves: "The Ministry of War is close to the palace, which is convenient for summoning. Those who are military ministers are all pro-ministers and important ministers, so they are all here. " The draft of Qing history? The preface to the Chronicle of University Students said: "After Yongzheng, the military department sent a letter. Cabinet Zaifu, in name only. " The cabinet university who originally held the position of prime minister has become a virtual title of promotion, and the cabinet has become an organ that handles daily government affairs and issues proclamations. In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (A.D. 190 1), it was played in August, and ministers at home and abroad generally used memorials. After the title was changed, the provincial governors did not need to hand over the copy of the title event to the General Political Department to the cabinet, and the cabinet became a "idle Cao". At this time, the cabinet office just became a place to store documents. In April of the third year of Xuantong (A.D. 19 1 1), a Western European-style responsible cabinet was formed, and the old cabinet was abolished.
Second, the military sector.
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, it followed the old system of the Ming Dynasty, and "Zhang Shu Piao drafted the manuscript, and the main cabinet". Military secrets, mainly discuss the office ". In the seventh year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1729), due to the frequent use of troops in the northwest, the cabinet was too far away from the imperial palace, which was inconvenient for the emperor to give the opportunity himself. Therefore, this year 1 month, the military department was established in the palace, called "Military Affairs Department". Formerly known as "Military Aircraft Room", it was renamed the Military Department in the 10th year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1732).
The military department is the power of the cabinet, so it is said to be "a branch of the cabinet." The Ministry of Military Affairs ruled 180 years in the Qing Dynasty, and became the slaughterhouse of various yamen. Its system is special, the official system is concise, and there are officials but no officials. All its work is presided over by the Minister of Military Affairs and handled by Zhang Jing, a military aircraft.
Ministers of military aircraft, commonly known as "military aircraft", are divided into Manchu officials, Manchu university students, ministers of various ministries, assistant ministers and governors. They are all transferred in by special orders, they are part-time jobs, and there is no personnel quota; At that time, when a prince or a university student, Man Han, was the leader, it was called "slap the head" and "leader". According to the Qing system, the prince could not enter the military aircraft. In January of the fourth year of Jiaqing, he used military aircraft to handle affairs in a complicated way and ordered a prince to walk in the military forever. In October of the same year, it was also called "non-ancestral system". It was not until the third year of Xianfeng (AD 1853) that the Prince was appointed as the military affairs minister. In the early days, the foreman was responsible for discussing government affairs when the emperor summoned him, or drafting imperial edicts according to the emperor's will. Any minister of military affairs appointed by the emperor to work in the military department is called "walking in the military department" or "walking on the minister of military affairs" People who have just arrived in the military department, if their qualifications or abilities are still shallow, are ordered to go to school in the "Minister of Military Aircraft", which means that they are apprentices, and their status is slightly lower, so they are behind in scheduling. A year or two later, the foreman and military affairs minister specially asked the emperor to remove the word "learning". Military ministers also have different qualifications, tastes and powers. For example, some Manchu ministers are only allowed to watch Manchu memorials, or new ministers are not allowed to watch Zhu Pi's memorials. These different treatments are decided by the emperor.
According to Guangxu Huidian (volume 10 17), in the fifth year of Jiaqing (A.D. 1800), the minister of military affairs was only allowed to write the imperial edict delivered on the same day in the military department, and was not allowed to be the top scholar in the military department's handling department and academy (because the minister of military affairs was part-time, the original position of the department and academy was therefore Members of various ministries are not allowed to go to the military department to "do things" (ask their government officials for instructions). Idle people are not allowed to peep at the place where military aircraft work in Beijing. Because Wang Xiaman and China military commanders are not allowed to talk to the Minister of Military Affairs in the military, "offenders will be severely punished". In order to strictly implement these regulations, the court of Douchayuan sends a person to the value room of the office next to the military department to monitor every day, and only when the value is scattered can the military department ministers be returned.
When the military department was first established, it was limited to the military. The draft of Qing history? "Chronological Preface of Military Ministers" said: "At the beginning, it was only a brief introduction to temples, commerce and military affairs." However, since then, the power has gradually expanded, and even military plans have to be managed. Its specific responsibilities are as follows:
1. Responsible for drafting imperial edicts issued by the emperor and handling memorials submitted by officials. Documents reported by officials, those who played "please purport" belonged to the military department, and the titles belonged to the cabinet as usual until the late Qing Dynasty.
Second, deal with the major policies submitted by the emperor. If the emperor cannot make a ruling on important political affairs, it will be submitted to the military department for deliberation or secret discussion, or submitted to the military department and the relevant yamen for deliberation. In particular, the military department will discuss whether it can be played by secret means; In conjunction with the discussion, or by the military, or by the yamen manuscript, temporary discretion.
Three, some major cases, the emperor to the military affairs minister, or by the military affairs minister in conjunction with the Ministry of justice. Military ministers can appear in military departments or use torture. When using torture, choose the office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs or the yamen under the command of the infantry. Every autumn trial case, the Minister of Military Affairs also participated.
4. Appointment and removal of important civil and military officials and ministers, assistant ministers, governors, governors, and even officials of the policies of Taoism, politics, education, customs and salt, generals stationed in the frontier, leaders in charge of affairs, ministers, etc. , are compiled by the minister of military affairs, the minister of military affairs is responsible for making the list of personnel to be filled and submitting it to the emperor for appointment. In case of scientific research, the military affairs minister also listed a list of examiners and presidents for the emperor to choose. In the second interview or court examination, the Minister of Military Affairs is responsible for checking papers, checking handwriting or appointing marking officers.
5. Reconnaissance of mountains, rivers, tunnels, military forces, money and grain: Every March, the military department will survey the mountains and rivers and the distance of tunnels according to relevant books. If it is a remote area, you need to check the old and new files and make additional consultation visits. The military forces and money and grain used are simply counted by government agencies such as the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Ministry of War and the Academy for future reference. In case of emperor's inquiry, submit it immediately.
6. The Minister of Military Affairs may, at the behest of the Emperor, act as an "imperial envoy" and go to various places to inspect or handle some political affairs.
Military aircraft Zhang Jing, commonly known as "small military aircraft", was also called "minister" in the early days. At first, Zhang Jing didn't have a fixed number. He chose the tone among cabinet secretaries and other officials. In the early years of Qianlong, it was transferred from the cabinet, ministries and government offices. Since the fourth year of Jiaqing (AD 1799), Zhang Jing, a military aircraft, has been divided into two classes of Manchu and Han, with 8 people in each class, with a total of 32 people. Each class has 1 foreman and 65438 assistant foreman Zhang Jing, and the minister of military affairs will choose someone who is highly valued in Zhang Jing. The selection and appointment of Zhang Jing, a military aircraft, is based on Volume 7 of Shu Heng Ji Lue: "Zhang Jing, a military aircraft in the Han Dynasty, was composed of cabinet ministers, six doctors, foreign ministers, directors and seven small Beijing officials, and was also filled by scholars and juren; Zhang Jing, a military aircraft of the Manchu Dynasty, is full of cabinet books, six, hospital doctors, foreign ministers, principals, and brushwork. " In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (A.D. 1906), 20 vacancies were identified in Han Dynasty.
Zhang Jing, a military aircraft, is also a part-time job. All officials who undertake to enter the military department are still the real vacancies of the original yamen and are promoted as usual. Zhang Jing, a military aircraft, is generally five or six products, and Zhang Jing, the foreman, is born with three or four products. As a rule, Zhang Jing, a military aircraft, did not participate in the inspection in Beijing, and his reward was promoted to the discretion of the military aircraft minister. Usually once every three years. When things such as repairing files and editing strategies are over, he is guaranteed as usual, so Zhang Jing's promotion is faster. At that time, people regarded it as a shortcut to promotion. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (A.D. 1906), on the 10th day of December, the Supplementary Regulations on the Upgrade of Zhang Jing's Flexible Military Aircraft was made, with its foreman Zhang Jingshi as the third product and assistant foreman Zhang Jingshi as the fourth product. The following chapters and Beijing are judged according to original products. And provide a three-year ladder promotion compensation method ①. Zhang Jing, a military plane, handles the daily work of the military department, handles documents, notes and drafts manuscripts. As Fu Heng is the foreman of Minister of Military Affairs of Qianlong, Minister of Military Affairs Zhang Jing is also responsible for drafting government decrees. Also participated in the trial of new cases in the military sector; Follow the minister of military affairs or be sent to the provinces alone to investigate and handle government affairs.
The Ministry of War is located in the north of Zonglongmen in the Forbidden City and the west of Gan Qing Gate. The office of the Minister of Military Affairs is called the Military Office. The internal organization of the military department is not recorded. According to the records of the military department, the military department is divided into the Manchu military department, which serves Zhang Jing respectively. In addition, there are "Archives Clearing House" and "Archives Clearing House of Han Dynasty" in the bank documents, or "Archives Clearing House" and "Archives Archive Room of Han Dynasty", which is the division of labor in the management of Manchu and Han archives. In the palace, Wu Man's office is located in the south of Longzongmen, on the left and right of the military aircraft hall. According to Volume III of Guangxu Huidian, the whole government is in charge of the supply affairs of officials stationed in Qijingying and military camps in other provinces and northwest China, responsible for the reward list drawn up when paying tribute to Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, San Francisco and Lama, and in charge of all the daily work of the military department itself; Hanwu handled supplementary orders from civil servants in Beijing and other provinces, officials from Wuzhi and green camp, rewards from domestic and foreign princes and ministers and gifts to foreign tribute envoys, everything that should be inspected and handled by the emperor, as well as the foreign relations of military departments and the management of military department files.
The establishment of the Ministry of War is a major reform of the central administrative organization in the Qing Dynasty, which embodies the trend of highly centralized political system in the early Qing Dynasty. After the establishment of the military department, it gradually replaced the Prince of Manchuria, who had been relying on it since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Baylor participated in the deliberation of state affairs and abolished the deliberation room. At the same time, it also weakens the power of the cabinet to participate in state affairs. Military aircraft, with the status of "vassal of monarchical power", has become a national government affairs confluence organ above the cabinet, ministries and hospitals, and all military plans are under control.
Third, the General Political Department.
The general affairs department follows the Ming system. It was established in the first year of Shunzhi (AD 1644) after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. It is called "Zheng Tong", which means that government affairs are better than water, which means that it can be accessed at any time from top to bottom. According to the "General Examination of Qing Dynasty Literature" (Volume 82), the General Political Department "is in charge of internal and external chapters, and all subjects file complaints. The questions and plays outside are all performed in Beijing and accepted by the DPRK. It is not as good as style and method. " Where there is a big political prison, it is salty to discuss with the Ministry. "Its specific task is to collect textbooks from various provinces, proofread them and send them to the Cabinet; It is not standardized to check the problem and send it to the cabinet for office; If there is a time limit, it will be submitted to the yamen for discussion. Provincial generals, deputy commanders, governors, magistrates, company commanders and other officials should print this chapter every quarter and send it to the cabinet for verification.
In July of the 24th year of Guangxu (A.D. 1898), the General Political Department was merged into the Cabinet because of "minimal affairs, but a poor reputation". Soon, the restoration was announced on August 11th. In the 28th year of Guangxu (A.D. 1902), it was officially abolished because it was renamed "Play" and there was no special department.
The General Political Department consists of two General Political Advisers (Man Han 1, with positive results), two Ambassadors (Man Han 1, with positive results), two senators (Man Han 1, with positive results) and two people (Man Han 65438), which are divided into account opening department, manuscript room and official.
The General Political Department is subordinate to the "Deng Wengu Pavilion", and is in charge of the military and civilians beating drums to avenge their grievances. He is in charge of 65,438+0 people in the Senate and is inspected by the Governor. Manchuria 1 person, Han army 1 person, in charge of 6 people, divided into six rooms: official, household, ritual, soldier, criminal and industrial. If there is a drummer, the general political envoys will repent, and if there is injustice, they will report it to the emperor and submit it to the punishments for trial. If it is a false accusation, it will be sent to the Ministry of Punishment for first-class punishment according to law. In the first year of Shunzhi (AD 1644), the "Deng Wengu" was set up in Duchayuan, supervised by one person. In the 13th year of Shunzhi (A.D. 1656), he moved to the right gate of Chang 'an to replace the management of Chinese people or imperial history. It was not until the sixty-first year of Kangxi (AD 1722) that it was incorporated into the General Political Department. This is a facility that the ruler said was "revenge" for the people.