(1) Supervision function
Supervision refers to the supervision and supervision of superiors to subordinates. The supervision function is the core, and it is also the function that can best reflect the essential attributes of educational supervision institutions. Its purpose is to enable the subordinate departments to implement the educational principles and policies at all levels quickly, effectively, accurately and actively, and complete the tasks of education, teaching and education management. Without or weakening this function, educational supervision institutions will lose their meaning of existence or cannot function normally at all. Educational supervision institutions must exercise their supervision functions in accordance with the relevant national educational policies, laws, regulations, directives and rules, and shall not be influenced by any individual's subjective will. In a sense, the supervision department is the law enforcement department.
In China, due to the long-term neglect of legislation, the legal system is extremely imperfect. We are used to "doing things according to documents", and the documents of governments at all levels have no clear legal effect and lack a strong supervision system. Therefore, the people, including a considerable number of cadres, lack the concept of the legal system. At the same time, due to the weak concept of the legal system, although we have formulated some laws and regulations, such as the Compulsory Education Law, the Higher Education Law and the Teachers Law. If we encounter problems in one way or another in the implementation process, the binding force of the law will still be weakened and there will be a phenomenon of non-compliance with the law. Establishing and perfecting educational supervision institutions and strengthening educational supervision functions is a major reform measure carried out simultaneously with the legal system construction.
The education supervision organization and its members represent the administrative supervision function of the government and the education administrative department, just like an "imperial envoy for education", which inspects and urges the lower-level governments and administrative departments and their affiliated schools to comprehensively and correctly implement the party's principles, policies, decrees, instructions and plans, so that the implementation does not deviate from the decision, thus ensuring the realization of management objectives. In this sense, educational supervision institutions are the most powerful assistants for decision-making institutions and executive institutions to achieve management goals. As we all know, any management system is hierarchical, and one of the reasons is that the coverage of management ability is limited. Although policy makers and executors can go down to do some research and supervise their subordinates in person, it is impossible to leave the office often and work below for a long time. Educational supervision institutions exercise supervision functions on behalf of the government.
The supervision function of educational supervision institutions is irreplaceable. This can be clearly seen from the object, content and work focus of educational supervision. For example, we can supervise whether the subordinates put the development of education in a prominent strategic position, whether the main leaders personally grasp the education work, whether the education-related issues are included in the important agenda, whether the education development goals are included in the term goals of leading members, whether the education development is included in the overall plan of local economic development, and whether it is handled in accordance with education laws and policies. Whether to adhere to the all-round development of students, whether to formulate educational development plans according to the spirit of the central decision and local reality, rather than copying the practices of other regions, whether to actively raise educational funds, increase educational investment, tap internal potential, and improve the efficiency of the use of educational funds. , all illustrate the importance and irreplaceable role of supervision.
(2) Guiding function
Guidance means that superiors give specific guidance and guidance to their subordinates' work, work content and procedures, and work methods. Administrative supervision can always be achieved by relying on the static functions of power and law. The development trend of modern society gradually moves towards dynamic guidance, encouragement and help, and attaches great importance to giving play to people's potential enthusiasm. After World War II, one of the contents of educational supervision reform in many countries in the world is to expand the guidance and suggestion functions of educational supervision institutions. From the process of supervision, guidance is an important link. Successful guidance is based on fact-finding and fact-based evaluation, provided that there is mutual trust between the supervisor and the supervised personnel.
Educational supervision institutions and their members should not only rely on the power and discipline in their hands to supervise their subordinates, because although power and discipline are very important and necessary in the management process, this management function is static and rigid. For improving management efficiency, it is more important to give full play to its active role through positive and enthusiastic attitude and targeted concrete help and guidance to subordinates, especially under the current socialist market economy in China. Supervision departments should pay special attention to stimulating the potential enthusiasm of subordinates and giving play to their subjective initiative through help and guidance. It must not pretend to be an imperial envoy, bossing around, or even domineering. The success or failure of supervision lies in the mutual trust, mutual understanding and mutual support between the subject and the object of supervision, so as to achieve the same goal and psychological compatibility. A supervisor should be a mentor to his subordinates. Supervision and guidance should not be separated, let alone opposed. It should always be remembered that supervision is not an end in itself. Comrade Lenin once pointed out that the basic task of any supervision is not only to "study the process of things, find and record shortcomings, but also to be good at helping, identifying and correcting things when they are not satisfactory." We organize educational supervision, making it a powerful means to improve the level of educational management and teaching, and a regulator of the management and teaching process.
The embodiment of this function is also very clear, such as guiding the construction of teachers in schools, guiding the implementation of educational principles and policies, guiding how to improve school conditions, and guiding the implementation of advanced education and teaching experience in other countries and regions, so as to actively put this function into action and improve the level of education supervision.
(3) Evaluation function
Educational evaluation, also known as educational evaluation, is a new educational science developed at the beginning of this century and one of the three major fields of contemporary educational science research. The so-called educational evaluation is a process of judging the value of the educational object by using the corresponding modern educational statistics and educational measurement methods according to certain educational goals.
From the viewpoint and development trend of modern education management, actively carrying out education evaluation plays an important role in improving the quality of education management, implementing educational policies and promoting the development of education. The content of educational evaluation is very extensive, which can be summarized as: comprehensive evaluation of the management level of educational administrative departments, evaluation of teaching work, and evaluation of students' learning attitude and learning quality.
Educational supervision and evaluation is an important part of educational evaluation system. Scientific education evaluation is of great significance for correctly positioning, correcting education thoughts, promoting education reform, strengthening scientific management, realizing overall optimization of education, improving education quality and school-running efficiency, and fully mobilizing the enthusiasm of the broad masses of education management cadres and the masses. Inspectors of educational supervision institutions should exert their functions in this respect, be good at cooperating with relevant departments, establish a systematic educational evaluation system, and actively play a coordinating role and its due backbone role.
Education is a kind of social practice, and its achievements meet the needs of political, economic and cultural development of a certain society, thus constituting the political, economic and cultural values of education. The sum of these values constitutes the social value of education. Educational evaluation is to make a scientific judgment on the social value of certain educational activities, so as to promote the continuous development of educational activities. Educational evaluation is different from the previous evaluation and appraisal of educational activities, and it has a relatively complete theoretical system and testing methods. As a system, educational evaluation has many functions, including guiding function, encouraging function, improving function and evaluating function. For example, the guidance function mainly means that the evaluation goal must be directional and objective, and through the guidance of evaluation, the direction of running a school and the teaching goal can be pointed out for teachers and students; Through constant feedback and adjustment in the evaluation process, school leaders, teachers and students can get closer to their ideal goals. Incentive function mainly refers to the timely feedback function of evaluation. Through evaluation, the information of educational results can be obtained in time, strengthened, adjusted and corrected in time, so that the teaching process, educational plan and educational results can be continuously improved and improved. The evaluation function mainly refers to the value judgment of educational effect, which is determined, screened and managed through comparison, identification and rating. Educational evaluation is an important means for educational supervision institutions to supervise their subordinate institutions, which is of great significance to realize scientific management of education, improve management level and improve education quality.
Feedback function
Feedback is a very important concept in cybernetics. Feedback refers to the process that the information output by a system acts on the controlled object, and then this reaction is taken back as information, which affects the re-output of the control system information.
The educational supervision system is regarded as the feedback system of educational management, that is to say, the personnel of educational supervision institutions realize the "feedback" on the implementation of principles, policies, instructions, tasks, principles and policies by reflecting the opinions and requirements of lower education departments and educators. Feedback is the basis for checking whether decisions (including principles, policies, instructions, tasks, etc.) are correct. ) are correct and effective. The number one problem related to this is that educational supervision institutions and personnel can realize their staff function by giving opinions and suggestions to educational administrative departments, school leaders and teachers on the basis of analyzing feedback information.
In the education supervision system, the command center gives instructions, the implementation of the subordinate execution system, and even whether the instructions themselves are correct can be directly understood through the feedback system, thus forming a closed management loop. Feedback is a "bridge" between cause and effect, which makes the development of things and the surrounding environment in a dynamic unity. If there are mistakes in decision-making, follow-up decisions can be made and corrected in time; If the decision is correct and the execution is biased, the course can be adjusted and corrected in time. The supervisor plays a unique and irreplaceable role in the process of information feedback. This is because on the one hand, he is detached and has an objective view of the problem. On the other hand, he is not a simple microphone, but follows certain procedures, principles, ways and methods to collect, identify and screen first-hand materials, and process, make and transmit them truly and effectively. Give full play to the feedback function of the supervision organization, so that leaders are alert, strategic and decisive.
A remarkable feature of modern state management is the extensive establishment of expert think tanks (some called advisory bodies), and all major decisions must be scientifically demonstrated and the best scheme selected. Educational supervision institutions are the brains and staff of government and educational administrative leaders, and they are the "outer brains" of leaders. Supervisors have both administrative authority and high professional level; Not only around the leaders, but also at the grassroots level; Understand both the upper meaning and the lower feelings; With both theoretical guidance and practical experience, giving full play to the staff and advisory functions of supervision institutions can make leaders have clear thinking, firm determination and accurate judgment. Judging from the lack of sufficient demonstration and extensive supervision of such decisions in China, it is very necessary to give full play to the feedback function of educational supervision institutions.
The main functions of the above-mentioned four types of educational supervision institutions are a unified whole, which should be a combination of supervision, supervision and guidance, with positive guidance as the mainstay. "Supervision, inspection and evaluation" are all for guidance, the premise and foundation of "guidance", and the deepening and concentrated embodiment of "supervision, inspection and evaluation". The ultimate goal of supervision is to guide the supervised units.
Therefore, in the process of educational supervision, only by giving full play to its overall function can we give full play to the effectiveness of educational supervision institutions. These four aspects are indispensable and cannot be broken through, otherwise serious mistakes will occur in our work.
I hope my answer is helpful to you.