The Origin and Background of Confucianism "Han Shu's Records of Literature and Art": "The stream of Confucianism, with Si Tuleideng's official position, helps people to be enlightened by Yin and Yang." Wandering between the Six Classics, we should pay attention to benevolence and righteousness. Zu, Shun, Franchise Wen, Wu, and other masters all focused on his writing and put Tao in the first place. "(Modern scholar Zhang Taiyan agrees with this view. However, Hu Shi holds the opposite view. He agreed with the view that the scholars in A Brief History of Huai Nan Zi were eager for success, and put forward the view that Confucianism was transformed from warlocks among the adherents of Yin Shang Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period of Confucius' life, the profound crisis caused by irreconcilable contradictions within the society shook the authority of traditional culture, and the spirit of doubt and criticism of traditional culture increased day by day. Even Confucius, the ancestor of Yao and Shun and the founder of the Charter, had to inject the spirit of the times into his own ideological system and carry out appropriate transformation of traditional culture in order to establish a new harmonious order and psychological balance in social practice. This situation is particularly prominent during the Warring States Period, when great changes took place, because what kind of social model will be in the future has become a big problem that has attracted worldwide attention and caused a big debate in the ideological circle. At that time, a hundred schools of thought contended on behalf of the interests of all social classes and strata, and put forward their own opinions one after another. One of the most important debates is how to treat traditional culture. In the ideological confrontation around this issue, Confucianism and France are the most representative schools. They are evenly matched, tit for tat, and there are many candidates, all of whom are excellent scholars. In addition, there are schools of Mohism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, and so on, which can be described as numerous schools. Confucianism is an important school in the Spring and Autumn Period. It was founded by Confucius, a great thinker and educator, and later developed by Mencius, a thinker and writer. The core of Confucianism is benevolence. Politically, Confucius advocated restoring the ritual system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, advocating private schools in education, advocating teaching without distinction, emphasizing teaching in accordance with students' aptitude, and emphasizing no resentment, unwillingness and unwillingness; Mencius advocated that kings should be benevolent in order to make the world return to the heart. Confucianism was highly praised by many rulers during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. However, in the turbulent social situation at that time, the princes advocated force for their own interests, and the Confucian moral policy was difficult to implement. After the Han Dynasty, Confucianism was regarded as the orthodox thought of feudal society. Mohist School (1) Background Mohists mostly come from the lower classes, and take "promoting the benefits of the world and eliminating the harm of the world" as the educational purpose, "the cave mat is not warm, the ink is not sudden", especially hard training, "short brown clothes, the soup of quinoa, it is too late", "down-to-earth, benefiting the world, and doing it" ("it is also worthwhile) Wearing brown fur and sandals, working day and night, taking self-suffering as the extreme, living in poverty. The writer can "go to the soup and jump the blade, never look back when he dies", which means never look back until he dies. Debate between Mohists is called "Mohist debate"; Martial arts practitioners are called "Moxia". Mohism must obey the leadership of the giant, and his discipline is strict. According to legend, "Mohist law, the murderer dies and the injured person is punished" ("Lv Chunqiu"). For example, the son of a giant's belly killed someone. Although he was forgiven by King Hui of Qin, he still insisted on the "Mohist law" of "the murderer dies". According to Mohist regulations, Mohists who are sent to various countries as officials must implement Mohist political ideas; I'd rather resign when I can't. In addition, an official Mohist should donate his salary to the group so as to "share the wealth". Leaders should lead by example. Mohism is a school with leaders, doctrines and organizations, and they have strong feelings for social practice. Mohism bears hardships and stands hard work, is strict with self-discipline, and takes upholding justice and morality as its first duty. Most of the writers are knowledgeable workers. Mohism in the early period had a great influence in the early Warring States period, and it was also called a prominent school with Confucianism. Its social ethics takes universal love as the core, advocates "the two are easy to change" and opposes the social hierarchy concept emphasized by Confucianism. It puts forward "mutual love and mutual benefit" and regards Shang Xian, Shang Tong, frugality and funeral as the way to govern the country. He also opposed the annexation war at that time and put forward the idea of self-destruction. It advocates non-destiny, ambition and knowing ghosts. On the one hand, it denies the destiny, while at the same time acknowledging the existence of ghosts and gods. In the early stage, Mohist school put forward a cognitive method based on experience, which advocated "seeing by hearing" and "taking facts and naming them". Three tables are put forward as a method to test the correctness of understanding. The late Mohism merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, geometry, geometrical optics, statics and other disciplines, which was called "post-Mohism" (also known as "post-Mohism"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in Qin and Han Dynasties. The former inherited the early Mohist social ethics and made great achievements in epistemology and logic. The late Mohist school not only affirmed the role of sensory experience in cognition, but also acknowledged the role of rational thinking in cognition, which overcame the empiricism tendency of the early Mohist school. It also clearly defines the basic categories of ancient logic, such as reason, reason and class, distinguishes three concepts, such as "Da", "Class" and "Private", and studies the forms of judgment and reasoning, which occupies an important position in the history of ancient logic in China. After the Warring States period, Mohism has declined. In the Western Han Dynasty, Mohism basically disappeared after the Western Han Dynasty, due to the policy of Emperor Wu's exclusive respect for Confucianism, the change of social mentality and the hard training, strict rules and noble thoughts that Mohism itself was not accessible to everyone. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, an important school appeared. The book Mozi was compiled by Mozi's disciples while giving lectures. The style of writing is unpretentious and lacks literariness, but it is logical. It is good at reasoning with concrete examples, which has greatly developed the reasoning writing and played an important role in the development of later argumentative writing. The founder is a famous thinker Mozi (Mo Zhai [Emperor Yin Di]). Mo Zhai advocated universal love, non-aggression, and Shang Xian, which was in sharp opposition to Confucianism. The core of Taoist thought is "Tao", which is regarded as the origin of the universe and the law governing all movements of the universe. Laozi once said in his works: "Things are born in harmony, and they are born naturally. Little ha! How rare! Independent and unchanging, it can be the mother of heaven and earth. I don't know its name, so it is called the way "(Chapter 25 of Laozi). Sima Tan, the father of Sima Qian, the "Taishigong", once wrote an article entitled "On the Essentials of Six Schools", which summarized the pre-Qin schools into six schools: Taoism, Confucianism, Mohism, Fame, Dharma and Yin and Yang, and expounded the essences, gains and losses of the six schools. He said: "Taoism makes people single-minded, dynamic and intangible, and supports everything." It is also a skill. Because of the harmony between yin and yang, it is not appropriate to adopt the goodness of Confucianism and ink, sum up the essence of law, keep pace with the times, conform to the changes of things, and establish customs and do things. It is easy to adopt with reference to the contract and get twice the result with half the effort. " "Its art is based on nothingness and uses conformity. Nothing is impermanent, so we can study the love of all things. Not for the first thing, not for the second thing, so it can be the master of all things. "In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty ruled the country with Taoist thoughts, so that the people could recuperate from the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty. History calls it the rule of cultural scene. Later, Confucian scholar Dong Zhongshu advocated the policy of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" to Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, which was adopted by later emperors. Taoism has since become a non-mainstream thought. Although Taoism has not been officially adopted, it continues to play an important role in the development of China's ancient thoughts. Metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties and Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties were developed by combining Taoist thoughts. After Buddhism was introduced into China, it was also influenced by Taoism, and Zen was inspired by Zhuangzi in many ways. Among the pre-Qin philosophers, Taoism did not have as many disciples as Confucianism and Mohism, and its status was not as lofty as Confucianism. However, with the development of history, Taoism, with its unique understanding of the universe, society and life, presents eternal value and vitality in philosophical thought. Taoism was later absorbed by Zhang Lu's Wudou Midao and other religions, and evolved into one of the important religions in China-Taoism. Romantic in Wei and Jin Dynasties paid more attention to alchemy when talking about metaphysics. So Taoism and Taoism are often confused. (Zhang Ling, also known as Zhang Daoling, is the founder of the "Five Mi Dou Daoism" and is also considered as the founder of Taoism). During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a school with Tao as the core was formed. Its founder is the famous thinker Lao Zi (Li Er), and its main representative is the famous thinker Zhuangzi (Zhuang Zhou). Later, Taoism merged with famous scholars and legalists, taking the advantages of Yin and Yang, Confucianism and Mohism, and formed the Huang-Lao School, which advocated taking nothingness as the foundation, imitating others, and doing nothing because of the times. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, due to the exclusive admiration of Confucianism, the study of Huang Lao began to decline. However, Taoism still influences China's traditional thought and culture. During the development of Taoism, some scholars believe that the origin of Taoism should be an ancient hermit tradition. Of course, some scholars say that Laozi is the protector of the Qing temple. In a word, the origin of Taoism is by no means an active participant in social politics. They observe the world situation from a bystander's point of view, seriously think about the truth of the universe, and describe the laws of heaven and personnel changes in highly abstract and ideologically persistent language, which is their specialty in principle research. When the two sons of Lao Zi and Zhuangzi in the pre-Qin Dynasty compiled the Outline of Taoist Thought, the depth of Taoist metaphysics immediately influenced the metaphysics of Confucianism and Legalism. Confucian Yi Zhuan and Han Feizi's Jie Lao are both new theories based on their theories. However, as far as the actual influence of social politics is concerned, Lao Zi's theory was not formally tested until the rule of Huang Lao was implemented in the early Han Dynasty, because after the end of the social war between Qin Chu and Han in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people finally discovered the harm of fighting for power and profits and the importance of recuperation, so they attached importance to the political philosophy of the principle of learning from the old. When the Western Han Dynasty was strong, the kings began to rejoice, and wars broke out again year after year, and the atmosphere of the times changed again, and then it became corrupt. When the talk of Wei and Jin dynasties began, Taoist philosophy began to have vitality again. Yanhe and Wang Bi pioneered the hermeneutics of Zhuang studies. Wang Bi went deep into Taoism and explained it theoretically with concise and powerful hermeneutics works. Xiang Xiu and Guo Xiang developed the hermeneutics of Zhuang studies. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Taoist thought did not reproduce the distinctive creative tradition, but the logical path of Taoist thought became an important inspiration for the creation of Taoism, the Book of Changes and Confucianism, especially from Zhuangzi's gasification world outlook, which was developed more extensively and deeply. At the same time, the spread of Buddhism was expressed by the wisdom principle of Taoism for a long time, which was called "Geyi Buddhism" period.

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