Key words: system theory, integrity, dynamics, openness, order and coordination
Quality education is the main theme of education (especially basic education) reform in China. As an educational system engineering, it should obviously follow the guidance of system science. This paper tries to talk about quality education from the perspective of system theory.
First, the systematic characteristics of quality education
Quality education is an educational activity aimed at developing people's physical and mental potential, cultivating people's physical and mental quality and cultivating people's sound personality. It takes all students as the object of education, the development of students' comprehensive quality as the goal, the active, vivid and lively development of students as the symbol, and carries forward the democratic, equal and cooperative relationship between teachers and students. These basic characteristics are interdependent, interpenetrating and transforming each other, forming a system with some characteristics of system theory.
(A) the integrity of quality education
The core idea of system theory is to regard things as a whole, the components of the system as the elements of the organic combination of this whole, and attach importance to giving full play to the overall function and benefit of the system. Quality education has a strong integrity. This integrity is mainly reflected in:
1, the integrity of educational goals. Quality education is guided by Marxist theory of all-round development of human beings and pays attention to the all-round development of students' quality. Vertically speaking, developing human potential, shaping human personality and realizing human value constitute the trinity structure of human development. Horizontally speaking, that is, the all-round and harmonious development of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty and labor is an education that integrates the development, cultivation and training of students' ideological and moral, scientific culture and physical and mental quality. Moreover, this all-round development also embodies the unity of students' general development and special development, the unity of group development and individual development, and the unity of present development and future development.
2. Integrity of the education process. To implement quality education, we should first establish a correct concept of quality education, form a clear guiding ideology, effectively translate it into educational practice, adopt effective educational ways and methods, create a good educational environment and establish a scientific evaluation system. This process is a systematic trend, involving many important links and a systematic project.
3. Integrity of the educational environment. Quality education was originally put forward for the phenomenon of one-sided pursuit of enrollment rate in exam-oriented education. One-sided pursuit of enrollment rate is a "syndrome" of education and society, which is caused by both internal and external factors of education. Among them, external factors are the key. It can be said that the fundamental reason is society. Therefore, the environment that affects the implementation of quality education is holistic. First, the internal environment of the school; The second is the family and social environment, which constitute a unified educational network and have an overall impact on quality education.
(B) the dynamic nature of quality education
System theory holds that any system has a process of formation, formation, development and change, which is dynamic. This change and dynamic development of the system enable each system to give full play to the function of "self-movement" and achieve the optimal goal.
1, the realization of quality education goal is a dynamic development process. For individuals, quality education is to make every student get lively and all-round development in active learning, which is the highest realm pursued by quality education. Among them, all-round development includes the coordinated and unified development of the physical and mental potential of the educated, especially the psychological ability, which embodies the individual's personality characteristics, autonomy and creativity; Taking the initiative to receive education is the method and means of development, which requires the process of quality education to be carried out under the control of students' subjective consciousness, making receiving education a real individual's internal need and pursuit and a way for students to express themselves freely; Liveliness is an obvious feature of development. Because the process of quality education requires giving full play to students' enthusiasm and subjective initiative, educational activities become a kind of fun and enjoyment for students. In the process of implementing quality education, the above three aspects are coordinated development, mutual promotion and mutual restriction. Without all-round development, quality education will lose its real meaning and deviate from China's educational policy; Without students taking the initiative to receive education, development will be mechanically rigid; Without a lively spirit, development will never enter a higher level, and all development, training and training may become a burden to students. The realization of the goal of quality education is a process of mutual restriction and coordinated development of the above aspects, which has the characteristics of dynamic development.
2. Quality education faces a dynamic future. The development of education is advanced, and education should cultivate talents for the future, not for further study or employment. In its special report, UNESCO pointed out: "The most successful workers in 2 1 century will be all-round development people". The goal of quality education is the goal of all-round development of human beings. This target system is advanced, based on 2 1 century and the future, so that the trained students can meet the requirements of the future development of human society. This quality structure of attaching importance to predictive research and cultivating future talents is an unparalleled great vitality of exam-oriented education. Quality education enables education to actively adapt to the inevitable trend of social development and maintain the inevitable connection and dynamic balance with social development in the dynamic development situation.
(C) the order of quality education
The system develops from a lower structure to a higher structure, that is, orderly. The orderliness of quality education is shown in:
1, quality education is orderly. Generally speaking, quality refers to people's physical and mental organizational structure and their quality level, including physical, psychological and social and cultural levels. Therefore, we believe that quality education includes three levels. One is physical quality education, which is the foundation; The second is the cultivation of psychological quality. This is a further development on the basis of the former and promotes the further improvement of the former; The third is social and cultural quality education. This is based on human physiological organizational structure as the material carrier. Through education, individuals can form and develop their own cultural literacy through internal psychological processes. This is the highest level of quality education. These three aspects constitute the overall quality education in a hierarchical and orderly manner.
2. The pursuit of quality education is orderly. The starting point and pursuit realm of quality education are different from exam-oriented education. First of all, quality education is a universal compulsory education, which should be open to all school-age children equally, and it is the most basic and qualified to ensure the all-round development of every student physically, intellectually, morally and spiritually. This is the most basic requirement of quality education; Secondly, quality education is a post-compulsory education. That is, on the basis of compulsory education, let most students receive higher-level education to cultivate students' higher quality and meet the needs of social development, which is the further requirement of quality education; Finally, quality education is a kind of developmental education, that is, it respects students' differences and aims to fully develop students' personalities and specialties, which is the highest realm of quality education development. These three levels are different stages of the development of quality education, and each stage is based on the development of the previous stage and needs to be developed to the last stage. Pursuing the continuous development of quality education is the embodiment of taking quality education as a systematic work.
Second, the implementation of quality education system optimization
Implementing quality education is an arduous and complicated systematic project, involving all aspects of society, schools and families. We should not only pay attention to the optimization of our own structural system, but also consider the optimization of external factors. Here, based on the viewpoint of system theory, some implementation suggestions are put forward.
(A) adhere to the overall optimization of the quality education system
It is through the overall optimization of the education process that quality-oriented education shines with unparalleled vitality of exam-oriented education, which is the core issue of changing exam-oriented education into quality-oriented education reform. Starting from the system theory, we must build a complete and scientific quality education system, which is the fundamental guarantee for the success of quality education.
First, the overall planning of quality education content. The starting point of quality education is to comprehensively develop and improve people's overall quality. Therefore, it is necessary to teach students the overall educational content, fully reflecting the comprehensiveness and coordination of "moral education, intellectual education, physical education, aesthetic education, labor education and psychological education". In addition, teachers should grasp the dynamic balance in the teaching process of educational content with the holistic view of education.
Second, the optimal combination of educational methods. Quality-oriented education faces all and pays attention to the development of every student. Every student is different. We should choose the most effective education method according to different objects and teach students in accordance with their aptitude. At the same time, we should be good at seeking the best combination and complementarity of various educational methods according to the diversity of educational contents and the comprehensiveness of educational tasks.
Third, optimize the educational channels as a whole and form a unified educational network. The effective implementation of quality education requires the organic combination of classroom teaching, extracurricular activities, productive labor, social activities, class team activities and community activities to form a unified overall education network, give full play to its overall functions and promote the all-round development of students. Of course, it should be pointed out that classroom teaching should still be the main way to implement quality education, and the second classroom activity or extracurricular activity undoubtedly plays an important role and significance in implementing quality education, but it should be the continuation and supplement of classroom teaching, and the two should not put the cart before the horse.
Fourth, the overall optimization of the construction of teachers. The implementation of quality education depends on high-quality teachers. Therefore, on the one hand, we should devote ourselves to building a team of teachers with new ideas, good concepts, good professional skills, strong ability and high quality; On the other hand, it is necessary to use the overall effect principle of system theory to realize the optimization and reasonable collocation of teachers' work arrangements, and pay attention to giving full play to their respective advantages, so that teachers can complement each other's advantages, maintain dynamic stability and achieve the best combination.
Fifth, the overall optimization of the education evaluation system. In order to ensure the implementation of quality education, it is necessary to have a corresponding education evaluation system. First of all, we should establish a new concept of education evaluation, including a correct concept of integrity, quality, talent, students, development and teaching. Secondly, it is necessary to formulate a set of evaluation objectives with reasonable standards, comprehensive content and science; In addition, a perfect evaluation organization system should be established in order to make correct evaluation and guidance in time.
(B) improve the openness of the quality education system
According to the system theory, any system can only be orderly and maintain its vitality if it is open and exchanges information, energy and materials with the outside world. To implement quality education, we must actively stay in the social system, enhance openness, and enrich and develop the content and form of quality education.
1, create conditions conducive to the implementation of quality education, including internal conditions of schools and social conditions. The implementation of quality education first depends on schools and teachers, such as the renewal of teachers' ideas and the improvement of their quality, as well as the reform of school education and teaching, that is, the optimization of educational conditions within schools. But even this would not be enough The implementation of quality education depends on creating good social conditions, especially the talent selection mechanism, entrance screening system and labor product distribution system, and it should reflect the value orientation of attaching importance to quality and taking quality as the main measure. Comparatively speaking, the latter is the root to solve the problem. Adhere to the opening up, we should see the restrictive role of society in education, find problems from society, optimize conditions, change a society with academic qualifications into a society with talents, and adhere to the combination of social conditions and educational conditions to form an external macro-climate and an internal micro-climate conducive to the implementation of quality education.
2. Construct a practical environment in which school education, family education and social education are organically combined. Implementing quality education is a basic project of national education, and it is not feasible to rely solely on the efforts of schools or educational fronts. Only by implementing open education and mobilizing the active participation of society and families can we achieve the expected results. Therefore, it is necessary to build a unified, coordinated and trinity education network with school education as the main body and family education and social education as the two wings, so as to form a joint force of educating people and truly reflect the essential requirements of comprehensively improving quality education.
3. Enhance the openness of classroom teaching and adhere to the combination of classroom teaching and practical activities. Teaching is the main position to implement quality education, but simple classroom teaching or theoretical knowledge learning can not complete the important task of quality education. Therefore, while optimizing classroom teaching, we must strengthen openness, extend to practical activities, make full use of social favorable conditions, carefully organize colorful and diverse practical activities, and build an operating system that organically combines classroom teaching and practical activities, thus effectively promoting the realization of quality education training objectives.
(C) do a good job in the coordination of quality education system
The education system is a dynamic system. A dynamic process can't play its due role if it can't keep dynamic balance. The reform of quality education should seriously study the relationship between the elements in the system, find out a reasonable "degree", optimize the educational structure and improve efficiency. For example:
1, postgraduate entrance examination. Education and teaching in schools can't be separated from certain examinations, but too many examinations, or taking examination results as everything and taking further education as the center, are also contrary to quality education. Quality-oriented education focuses on students' development, but it does not cancel all examinations, but reforms the contents and methods of examinations, making them timely, moderate and appropriate, and making examinations serve to ensure and promote the quality of education and teaching and develop students' quality.
2. Teaching and learning. Quality education depends on giving full play to the role of classroom teaching as well as teachers' teaching, and teachers should play a leading role. But quality education is also a democratic education with students as the main body and based on the cooperation between teachers and students, which constantly optimizes the educational environment. Teaching is for learning, with the existence of students as the premise and the development of students' subjectivity as the condition and destination. Therefore, the focus in the teaching process should shift from "teacher-centered" to "the unity of teacher-led and student-centered".
3. Personality and commonness. Quality education is not selective education, but developmental education, aiming at promoting students' "personality development". However, the cultivation of students' generality is not excluded, and the development of students' individuality is based on the "qualified" generality. The cultivation of human needs to reflect the requirements of social development, and "commonness" is an important aspect of human socialization.
4. In-class and extracurricular activities. The implementation of quality education is a unified process in and out of class, and simple classroom teaching or excessive extracurricular activities are one-sided. Focus on collective education in class, and pay more attention to individual education after class. The two should coordinate and organize, pay equal attention to multiple channels, forms and methods, and ensure that quality education is geared to all and takes care of individuals.
There are still many relations in quality education that need to be further understood. To implement quality education, we must coordinate the relationship between them, solve the problem of "degree", and organically integrate all the elements of quality education into a complete structure with the best efficiency, which is the key to do a good job in quality education.