? First of all, the concept of Confucius teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is put forward. Well-field system is a state-owned land system in ancient China society, which has always occupied a dominant position in the land system. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the popularization and use of Tieli Niu Geng promoted the development of productive forces. The rapid development of productive forces has accelerated the collapse of the enfeoffment system, and wars for hegemony among vassals have continued, resulting in social unrest. This great social change gave birth to the rise of the new landlord class, the rise of the scholar class opened the curtain of cultural decline, and private schools rose widely. Confucius' scholarship is the result of the times. Times have changed, and the struggle between old and new forces in society is fierce. Due to the social demand for talents at that time and the development of the new landlord class, Confucius private schools have adapted to this point in enrollment and teaching. There is no restriction on the age and identity of students, including ordinary people and aristocratic students. Both the class scope and the age span of enrollment have undergone unprecedented changes. 1. Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is the essence of Confucius' teaching thought, which is reflected in The Analects. Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is to organize and implement education and teaching according to the individual differences of students' psychology and other specific situations. Confucius first understood this principle and applied it flexibly in teaching and educational practice. [1] There are 3,000 disciples of Confucius all over the world, with 10 philosophers and 72 sages. He teaches many students, but his personality is very different. Confucius conducted targeted education according to each person's characteristics. For example, Yan Hui and Fan Chi asked about "benevolence", while Ziyou and Xia Zi asked about "filial piety". Confucius would give different answers according to their personality differences.
Confucius said, "If you are above the average person, the language is pleasant." : people below, not in language "("Yong also ").
Fan Chi invited him to learn about crops, and Confucius said, "I am not as good as an old farmer." . Please learn to be a nursery. Yue: "I am not as good as the old nursery." Leave Fan Chi. Confucius said, "Little Xu Fan! If you give a good gift, the people will not dare to be disrespectful; If you are just, then the people dare not refuse; If you keep the letter, people will not dare to be heartless. If the husband is like this, then people in all directions are tired of their children. How can they use crops? " (The Analects of Confucius Lutz)
Confucianists yearn to see Confucius, who speaks ill. Will be ordered to leave home and sing with an instrument so that they can be heard. ("The Analects of Confucius Yang Huo")
The butcher asked me, "Three years of mourning is a long time. If a gentleman is not polite for three years, the courtesy will be bad; If you don't have fun for three years, have fun. The old valley has gone, the new valley is rising, and the time has passed. " Confucius said, "A husband eats his husband's rice, and a wife eats his wife's brocade. How can he be safe with his daughter?" Say, "Ann." "Female Ann is for it. Husband and wife are in mourning and don't want to eat, listen to music and live, so they don't do it. This woman is safe, so do it! " When Confucius slaughtered me, he said, "It's unkind to do it! My son was born three years ago, and then he broke away from his parents. My husband was lost for three years, and the whole world was lost. Have you loved your parents for three years? "(The Analects of Confucius Yang Huo) here means that people with above-average ability can teach him profound knowledge, while people with below-average ability can't teach him profound knowledge. Confucius believes that people are born with the difference between wisdom and stupidity. This is an important content of his educational thought, that is, to determine the content and method of teaching according to the level of human intelligence. [2] Confucius's division of people has the following connotations: First, Confucius believes that wisdom and stupidity are different between people, so teaching methods vary from person to person. When imparting knowledge to students, they must conform to their qualifications and ability to accept knowledge. Secondly, Confucius advocates that there are differences among students, pays attention to the observation and analysis of students, and teaches students in accordance with their aptitude, so that both teaching methods and results are more targeted. Because of different personality, "learning" is one of the key words in Confucius' thought, and its learning methods and contents are also different. Disciple Fan Chi asked Confucius how to learn how to cultivate crops, but Confucius said that I was far behind farmers in this respect. Fan Chi had to learn to grow vegetables again. Confucius said: I can't compare with an experienced old vegetable grower in how to grow vegetables well. Confucius reacted violently to Fan Chi. "Little people, so is Xu Fan!" Confucius condemned Fan Chi as a villain because he was short-sighted and as ignorant as the people. If you do good deeds, the people will not dare to respect you; if you do good deeds, the people will obey you; if you do good deeds, the people will not be moved. People obey and trust you, even if they are thousands of miles away, they will come to you. You should use your charisma and talent to make people submit to you. ? The way Confucius declined the funeral of his sons and nephews was funny, saying that he was sick and didn't want to see him. But as soon as the messenger went out, Confucius played a song with a piano, which was a bit provocative. "Young man, look at me at home, I just don't want to see you." Humor, to some extent, is a kind of "excess of wisdom". Confucius' funny humor is an unexplained genius. It is a joke that ordinary people can't think of. It is an intellectual spark that cannot be created. It is pure natural and fleeting. After the death of a loved one, you must mourn for three years before you can perform a musical ceremony. I think that if you can't salute music for three years, the music will collapse, but Confucius replied, "If you feel that your conscience doesn't hurt, that's fine." Originally I wanted to embarrass my classmates, but I didn't take it for granted. Although Mr. Kong finally gave the answer, we can still see from this matter that it strangled my courage to challenge authority. Lutz asked, "Where's Sven?" Confucius said, "With my father and brother around, how can I smell and act!" You Ran asked, "Where is Sven?" Confucius said, "Si Wen must do it!" Gong Xihua said, "You still ask,' What did Si Wen do?' Confucius said:' Father and brother'; Begging also asks, "Steven Zhu Xing?" Confucius said:' Si Wen Xing Zhi'. Red is also confused, dare to ask? Confucius said, "Seek to retreat, so advance; Because I am also a person, I retired. " Lutz and You Ran in The Analects of Confucius Advanced asked Confucius the same question, but Confucius gave a completely different answer. Lutz asked Confucius, "If you have an idea, must you implement it immediately?" Confucius said, "With parents and brothers around, how can you do it as soon as you have an idea?" You Ran asked the same question, but Confucius gave a completely different answer and encouraged You Ran to realize it. Gong Xihua questioned Confucius' answers to two students. Confucius taught us to listen to the opinions of our elders and not to go our own way, because Ran was brave and impulsive by nature, and he was timid by nature, so we should encourage him in action, otherwise he would stop. Confucius' teaching of Luz and You Ran is based on their different personality characteristics.
2. It is a dialectical principle to treat Confucius' principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude according to different environments. According to different objective objects, targeted education and guidance have achieved practical results. [3] This is the most typical embodiment of the principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. However, the premise of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is to fully understand the different characteristics of different students. Confucius has different descriptions and evaluations of different students and is very familiar with the personalities of different disciples. In daily life, Confucius learned the characteristics of students mainly through conversation and individual observation. In The Analects of Confucius, there are many fragments of disciples' quotations gathered together to talk and exchange, and there are conversations between teachers and students. In direct conversation and communication, Confucius can "listen to his words and watch his actions". Confucius can directly and objectively understand a student's personality characteristics and aspirations. Zhang Xuegan, the son of Confucius, said, "It is rare to listen to doubts more and think carefully about the rest." If you see more dangers, if you are cautious about others, you will regret it. If you don't say anything, you will regret it, and Lu is one of them. Peter said that he was killed by Ju Fu and asked about politics. Confucius said, "Haste makes waste; Haste makes waste, forgetting righteousness at the sight of profit. Zi Gong asked, "Which is better, a teacher or a businessman?" "Confucius said:" The teacher has passed, but the business is not as good as it is. "said," but then the teacher will recover? Confucius said, "Too much is too late." "Zhang Zi learned from Confucius how to be an official in politics. Confucius taught him to be good at listening to many opinions, so as to reduce doubts, and then carefully express his doubts, so that few people would complain. With rich knowledge, you can eliminate most of the hazards and do things carefully. There is no regret in doing that. Less complaining, less regret, and cautious words and deeds are Confucius' admonitions to Zhang. There are many aspects that an official should pay attention to. Some should be respectful, some should be respectful, and some should be responsible, but Confucius still knows a little about Zhang Zi, a disciple who treats people extremely. Confucius suggested that we should be careful what we say and do. Xia Zi used to be a local governor in Jufu. He came to ask Confucius about politics. Confucius told him that the principle of politics is to focus on the long term and not to live in the present. A century-old plan can be achieved overnight. Don't be eager for quick success, don't be eager to show results, and don't spend too much effort on petty profits. Take care of the overall situation. Everything will change qualitatively before it changes quantitatively. Rome wasn't built in a day, so don't worry. If you blindly pursue speed and do the opposite, the result will be farther from your goal. If you want to finish something quickly, the effect may not be good or even disappointing, so don't rush to achieve it. Zigong asked Confucius, Zhang Zi or Xia Zi, who is better? Zi Zhang Cai has learned a lot, but he has some evil tendencies and likes to whitewash peace. In The Analects of Confucius Advanced, Confucius also said that Zhang Zi was "a teacher, not as good as a businessman", that is, Zhang Zi's character was a little too flamboyant, and Xia Zi's character was a little too weak. He said that "too much is not enough", too much is not enough, and too much is not enough. This is the most classic expression of Confucius' doctrine of the mean. Confucius didn't answer directly, but he thought they didn't reach the golden mean. The teaching concept of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude has not come from Confucius' remarks and The Analects of Confucius since ancient times, but from Zhu's Confucius Teaching Students in Accordance with Their aptitude. " [4] By analyzing the meaning of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, and with the help of Confucius' teaching examples in The Analects, this paper analyzes the reasons why this educational thought has been respected by successive dynasties. With the development of the times, "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" has gradually upgraded from the initial teaching method to a concept of talent training. Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude means that teachers adapt the depth, breadth and progress of teaching to students' knowledge level and acceptance ability according to students' personality, potential and ability, and at the same time consider students' personality characteristics and personality differences, so that everyone's talents and conduct can get the best development. [5] ?
Second, the theoretical basis of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude
Confucius' teaching principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude was initially embodied in his enrollment and lecture system. In the way of teaching, Confucius gives priority to individual teaching, supplemented by collective teaching. Just like the Song Dynasty's "Confucius Scholarship Map", it depicts Confucius traveling around the world, returning to Shandong and opening the door to teach his disciples. Under the background at that time, the class of scholars continued to expand. In order to meet the needs of talents and politics, the previous study was transferred from officials to the people. Confucius founded a private school just in line with this, and he taught students all over the society. In addition, the principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is also reflected in the process of educating students, and the teaching methods will change according to their qualifications and abilities. Finally, Confucius also attached great importance to observing and deeply understanding students.
1. Return to education equity, promote students to give full play to their strengths and teach students in accordance with their aptitude. From the perspective of education, "material" is qualification. It will be manifested in the form of memory, observation, attention and thinking ability, including the personality characteristics of the educated, differences in cognitive and learning abilities and other factors. According to Confucius, people's innate qualities are divided into four levels: sensitivity and clumsiness. He believes: "Those who are born with knowledge are also on the top; Those who learn and know, second; Those who study hard are second to none; Those who are trapped and don't learn, the people are the next. " [6] At the same time, Confucius also regarded students' personality as particularly important. Personal qualification is external, personality difference is internal, external and internal are different and inseparable, and the combination of external and internal plays a vital role in people's success. Confucius, an ancient sage in China, had a view of human nature, which believed that sex was closely related to learning. Although this view of Confucius' theory of human nature is based on the human nature of "wisdom", "normality" and "stupidity", it embodies a breakthrough in Confucius' epistemology, that is, he believes that there is not much difference in people's innate qualities, and the acquired learning has a great influence on a person, which provides a theoretical basis for everyone to be educated and everyone needs to be educated. In the Confucian system, "benevolence" is a kind of love that originates from the family, transcends the family, and extends to the society, the country and even the whole mankind, nature and the universe. But Confucius' "love" is poor love, which is different from Mozi's "universal love". As a great educator, Confucius' educational aim is to cultivate a gentleman with both ability and political integrity, whether in connection with ancient times or in retrospect. The idea of "benevolence" with benevolence as the core acts on the field of education, which actually reflects that the fundamental starting point and destination of Confucius education is to pay attention to people's hearts and guide people to "love" people through moral norms and moral education. In education, we also pay more attention to fair education based on benevolence. Confucius initiated civilian education, transferred education from the imperial court to the people, gave them the right to receive education, gave them a way to rise and gave them room for development. In the teachings of Confucius, he favored the rich Zigong, often contradicted his way, and deeply loved Yan Hui, who was "in the hinterland and even killed me". 2. Respect the essence of human nature and promote all-round development? Confucius said, "I am wise. Ignorant, the lady asked me, empty, I knocked at both ends, exhausted. " This sentence of Confucius tells the secret of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Tired, tired, "knocking at both ends, exhausted", that is, doing the best of human nature. Confucius is called a saint by everyone, and everyone thinks that he is a very learned man. Confucius said, "Do I know everything? I am really ignorant. A shallow man asked me a question, and the question was empty. I don't know how to answer, it's empty. I asked him from where he questioned, and the answer came out. " Confucius' dialogue here expresses an important concept, that is, the question is the answer. Learning to ask questions is sometimes more important than getting answers. Many times, the answer is behind the question. People who come to ask, either don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, only in this mountain; I want the door to know its true face, but I don't want to accept it in my heart. So there are answers behind many questions. We just need to approach the truth of the question from both ends of the question and let the questioner speak it himself. There are 3,000 disciples of Confucius, 72 sages and 10 philosophers of Confucius, with the highest achievements in four disciplines. In terms of curriculum structure, whether it is from the "Poetry, Calligraphy, Rite, Music, Yi, Spring and Autumn" of the Six Classics or the "Rite, Music, Shooting, Imperial, Calligraphy and Mathematics" of the Six Arts, it covers all the connotations of today's quality education, including military education, and its curriculum system provides every student with a space for diversified development and personality development. Military genius Fan Chi, warrior model Luz, diplomatic genius Zi Gong, moral model Yan Hui, South King ran yong, famous scholars Xia Zi and Shang Bo. Confucius has many students, but their personalities are very different, so Confucius carries out targeted education according to each person's characteristics. The purpose is to develop students' personality, that is, to form a certain degree of differences in ideas and opinions, to form students' independent judgment ability, and to give students the confidence and courage to learn and create new knowledge. "Lutz contemptible, brave, honest and frank, crowned it with a comb, wearing it with porpoises, violently attacking Confucius. Confucius set a gift to lure Luz, and after Luz took Confucianism as a token, because the master invited him as a disciple. " (Biography of Historical Records of Zhong Ni) Although Lutz was reckless and brave, he was honest, open-minded and uninhibited. In the face of Lutz's sincere students, Confucius always taught persuasion, which turned him from an ordinary headstrong man into an important state minister. What kind of student is Gong Yechang? In the words of Confucius, the son is called Gongyechang, "but you can have a wife. Although it is among them, it is not a crime. " With his son and wife. So Gongye Chang was a disciple with a criminal record and suffered a lot from prison, but Confucius didn't mind his past. The past has become history, and the important thing is the present. Confucius was conquered by his personality charm and betrothed his daughter to him, which shows Confucius' great trust in Gongye Chang. Confucius' disciples include people from the lower classes with complicated backgrounds, as well as people with bad conduct and bad behavior. As long as you worship him as a teacher, everyone can receive education, forget past grievances, correct sins and serve the society. It can be seen that when recruiting students, Mr. Kong doesn't care about family background, official rank, intelligence, ignorance and unworthiness, treats students equally and insists on teaching students in accordance with their aptitude in the teaching process.
Third, the inspiration of the concept of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude to future generations? Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, as an educational principle and method, has always been regarded as the highest realm of education. Its meaning is that teachers should proceed from students' actual situation and individual differences, and carry out differentiated teaching in a targeted manner, so that each student can develop their strengths and avoid their weaknesses and get the best development. Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is an important teaching method. In teaching, according to different students' cognitive level, learning ability and their own quality, teachers choose learning methods suitable for each student's characteristics to carry out targeted teaching, give full play to their strengths, make up for their shortcomings, stimulate interest, build confidence and promote students' all-round development. [7] In China, since Confucius initiated the educational principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, many educational thinkers in the history of ancient education in China have advocated and supplemented this educational principle, such as Munch's educational thought of "teaching more and doing more" and Wang Fuzhi's educational thought of "keeping pace with the times". Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is an eternal topic at home and abroad. However, at present, some schools aim at preparing for exams, and the content of education is mainly exam-oriented knowledge, just like the imperial examination system, which violates the essence and original intention of education. Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is to meet the needs of individual diversified development and meet the needs of all sectors of society for talents, so it is difficult to take root in the soil of exam-oriented education. At the same time, the teaching form of education in China is still dominated by large classes, which is also an important aspect of the principle of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude".
1. Innovate the classroom teaching mode and teach students in accordance with their aptitude. China has a large population and many students. The form of class collective teaching has certain advantages and can improve teaching efficiency. Innovating classroom teaching mode is an effective way to help teachers teach students in accordance with their aptitude. For example, breaking the traditional indoctrination teaching mode, adding practical activities such as interaction and experiment in the classroom, and advocating students' independent choice, hands-on and practice on the basis of providing the same and equal learning resources, so that different students will get different development in this process, which can take into account their individual differences and is conducive to the realization of students' personalized development. Both international education and China's current education policy reflect the need to unify generality and individuality, social needs and personal development. The United States and some western countries. , in terms of paying attention to individual values, each has its own merits and successes. In contrast, China's education is in a utilitarian state. Under the influence of market interests, examinations and other factors, China's current school education "factory" can indeed "produce" a large number of qualified talents, but it is difficult to cultivate the expected innovative international talents. The essential purpose of education is to cultivate people and create themselves, not to create "stereotyped" qualified but not refined and featureless individuals. Therefore, teachers should always take teaching in accordance with their aptitude as the guiding educational principle in classroom teaching, and flexibly use their own teaching experience and wisdom to design teaching methods according to different learning environments and students' differences. In educational practice, teachers should pay attention to the different personality characteristics of different students, so as to choose "exit" or "enter". At the same time, we should pay attention to the study habits and ways of different students. Some students are suitable for autonomous learning, some students are suitable for urging learning, some students like to sit in the back row, and some students like to do it in the front row. These learning habits and methods are extremely complicated in specific educational practice, but they will also affect students' learning efficiency to some extent. Therefore, teachers should pay attention to observing students' different learning behaviors, so as to provide targeted learning guidance. In addition, students with relatively poor grades should not simply give up, but should pay more attention to them, make clear their shortcomings and teach students in accordance with their aptitude. Teachers should also encourage students to develop their specialties and interests, instead of instilling knowledge blindly, giving students too much homework burden, occupying students' extracurricular time and obliterating students' interest development. Setting up a second class requires the joint efforts of schools and all walks of life. For example, schools can set up various interest classes to provide students with diverse learning resources in the form of shift system. Students can develop their hobbies and improve their comprehensive quality by participating in interest classes. Under the background of exam-oriented education, we can try to make some changes in school education from a small aspect, and initially explore and practice the principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Socially, with the help of extracurricular remedial classes, children's palaces and other social organizations, we can help students develop their interests, conduct education according to their different hobbies and interests, carry forward the essential purpose of educating people, and teach students in accordance with their aptitude. Students' comprehensive quality and specialty are extremely important in future study or employment, which is what school education lacks. What society needs is innovative professionals with high comprehensive quality and ability. They can have special abilities in a certain aspect, which can not be achieved simply by accumulating knowledge. Only when a person is irreplaceable and becomes himself can he achieve the goal of educating and cultivating people and meet the demand of society for talents. Therefore, it is particularly important to implement the principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude under the current educational background in China. 2. Based on students' interests, family education should shoulder the primary responsibility of inspiring children to explore spiritual family education. Parents are children's first teachers, and emotional cultivation and moral edification in childhood are the first step of children's mental development. Education is the cause of love, and love is the soul of education. The education of "love" is an education that pays attention to nature and guides people to be kind and love others. Therefore, it is different from traditional knowledge education, and can not be achieved simply by preaching, but should pay more attention to the influence and infection of parents' words and behaviors in daily life. Therefore, in family education, parents should pay attention to understanding and recognizing their children's interests and wishes, and cultivate their children according to their own conditions and reality, instead of blindly controlling and "educating" their children according to their own ideas, making decisions for them and teaching them in accordance with their aptitude. Interest is the best teacher, and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is coordinated with it. In education, parents should first have a deep understanding of their children's personality characteristics, maybe have hobbies, and encourage them to stimulate their children's potential. When dealing with problems, we should be good at accepting children's emotions, identifying with their feelings and empathizing with them. No matter whether the child's mood is good or bad, or even very arrogant and naive, parents should first accept it, let the child find a safe emotional foundation, tell their parents what they think, and let parents know the child's inner world and guide them correctly in time. At the same time, if children are respected, they will also respect their parents and accept their suggestions more easily. Parents should understand their children's emotional world, understand what their children need most, do nothing, let nature take its course, pay attention to personality shaping, and let their children be an open gentleman. Parents should communicate with their children more, be friends, abandon the traditional concept of educating their children, respect their children and make their personality independent. Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, as a traditional educational thought, is still full of vitality after thousands of years of precipitation. Since its birth, it has been the essence of educational thoughts in past dynasties and the principle that must be followed in the process of education. Carrying forward and practicing has become the basic theoretical source of contemporary educational practice.