The theory of individual standard represents the memory formulas of characters: Dream (Mencius), Lu (Rousseau), Pei (Pestalozzi), Fu (Frobel), Ma (Maritan) and hutchins (Maslow). The theory of individual standard advocates that the educational purpose should be centered on individual value, and the educational purpose and activities are mainly formulated according to the spiritual needs of individual self-improvement and development.

Individual-oriented theory is a theory that advocates taking the individual as the center, determining the purpose of education and conducting education according to the needs of individual development. Contrary to the theory of taking society as the standard and advocating the formulation of educational goals and education according to national interests and social needs. The argument is summarized as follows:

The purpose of education is not formulated according to the needs of society, but according to the needs of individual development;

The value of individual is higher than that of society, and the value of society only lies in its contribution to personal development;

People are born with a sound instinct, and the role of education is to let this instinct develop unaffected.

Specific knowledge points:

(1) The individual-oriented theory holds that the purpose of education is to cultivate natural persons for their own development and value realization. Its representative figures are Rousseau, Froebel, Parker, Alan Kay, Rogers, Maslow and Pestalozzi.

(2) Social-oriented theory holds that the purpose of education is to cultivate citizens for the development of society and the country, and its representatives are Spencer, Kerschensteiner, Plato, Durkheim, Comte, Nadulp and Herbart.