The earliest written records of Qin Dynasty can be found in The Book of Songs. In the Zhou Dynasty, guqin was not only used in temple sacrifices, court meetings, ceremonies and other elegant music, but also used by the people. "The Book of Songs Nan Zhou Guanluo" says: "My Fair Lady, Friends of the Hare"; "The Book of Songs Xiaoya Luming Literature": "I have a guest, playing drums and playing the piano"; "The Book of Songs Xiaoya Long Beach": "Wives get along like drums and harps"; "The Book of Songs Xiaoya Drum Bell": "Drum bell Qin Qin, drum instrument drum Qin Qin"; "The Book of Songs Xiaoya Futian": "Playing the piano and drums to rule Tian Zu"; "Book of Songs": "Chair painting paulownia, harp and mulberry cutting"; "The Book of Songs Zheng Feng Women's Cockcrow": "The harp and harp are in the imperial court, so it is quiet and good"; This shows that at least in the Zhou Dynasty, guqin was a very popular musical instrument among the people, which was deeply loved by the ancients and widely recognized by the ancient people. [4]
Guqin (3 pieces)
Pre-Qin era
Zhong Yi in the Western Zhou Dynasty was the earliest professional violinist in existing records. [8] According to historical records, in the Spring and Autumn Period, there were Qin musicians in the courthouses of vassal states, and most of them took "Shi" as their surname, such as,,, Shi Juan and so on. History shows that they all have superb piano skills. In the pre-Qin period, it was called "string songs" to accompany and sing with the piano. There are also a lot of records about Qin in The Book of Songs and other literary works. With the development of music in the Warring States Period, Qin Le has also been greatly developed and popularized, and a large number of Qin musicians have emerged, such as Boya Classic and Zhong Ziqi Mountain and River Society. As the main musical instrument, Qin has been endowed with ritual, spiritual edification and aesthetic functions by scholars. The so-called "a gentleman is close to the harp, and this instrument festival is also to protect his heart" and "a scholar does not withdraw the harp for no reason". Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, worships Qin very much. He can play the piano and sing 300 books of songs. He also learned from Qin and became an example for later scholars. Later generations have two piano music, Confucius read Yi and wept for Yan Hui. Liezi,,, Zhou, Confucius, etc.
There were four famous pianos in ancient China, namely, Qi Huangong's Zhong, Chu Zhuangwang's Liang, Sima Xiangru's Luqi and Cai Yong's copulation.
Western Han Dynasty and Eastern Han Dynasty
Ten Famous Qin in Ancient China (10 pieces)
The type of Qin dynasty was determined in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The lyre unearthed from Mawangdui No.3 Han Tomb has simple structure, small horn, low resonance sound, solid wood at the end and no emblem on the panel. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Qin was very popular among literati. Cai Yong's "Cao Qin" is the richest and most detailed book focusing on pre-Qin music. The original book has been lost, and it has been compiled by later generations. There are also five Qin Ge, which are collectively called "Cai Wunong". It is said that he once made a famous piano made of wood from the residual coke of the stove. Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia is said to have been written by Cai Yan, the daughter of Cai Yong, but in fact, Hu Da Jia and Little Hu Jia were both written by people in the Tang Dynasty. In addition, there are Liu Xiang's On Qin Yuan Lu and Yang Xiong's Qin Qingying. Qin Qu Guangling San was also widely circulated at this time. During this period, Sima Xiangru and Huan Tan were also famous piano players. The earliest known finger spectrum of Cheng Wenqin can be traced back to the Han Dynasty.
Jin Wei
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, wars and disputes led to a large number of scholars of Qin Dynasty who were not attached to the imperial court, such as "Seven Scholars of Jian 'an" and "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". The style of Qin people is popular. They not only play, but also create a large number of Qin people. Ji Kang's four songs, namely, Changqing, Short Qing, Long Side and Short Side, are collectively called Ji's Four Pavilions. The existing music score of the same name is contained in the Ming Dynasty music score, which is not necessarily the original. He also wrote Fu Qin and On Sound without Sorrow. Ruan Yu, Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Ruan Xian and Ruan Zhan are also famous performers.
Southern and Northern Dynasties
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, both monarchs and literati loved music and literature, and literati loved to play the piano and explain the sound, which was very popular. Due to the restriction of the aristocratic gate system on literati, many literati are cynical and entertain themselves with piano books. During this period, the earliest word spectrum appeared, and Qiu Ming, a hermit in the Southern Dynasty, had the word spectrum "Stone Tunes the Orchid". During this period, other famous musicians were Dai Qing, Zong Bing and Liu Yun.
Sui and Tang Dynasties
Yan music was popular in Sui and Tang Dynasties, but the piano style was a little lower. Dong is good at playing songs such as Hu Jia, and his works are as follows. During this period, the newly created Qin music includes Yin, Zhao Junfen, Li Sao, Yangguan Triple Harmony and so on. The Qin Dynasty also developed greatly in the Tang Dynasty. For example, Sichuan Leijia's "Nine Flutes" is a famous piano handed down from ancient times, which has been regarded as a rare treasure in all dynasties. Subtraction notation gradually matured in the Tang Dynasty and became the main notation for recording piano music. Qin also spread to Korea and Japan in the early Tang Dynasty. During this period, other famous Qin musicians were Li Bai, Bai Juyi, Han Yu, Zhao Yili, Xue, Chen Kangshi and Chen Zhuo.
Qin Tang, especially the Guzheng in the Tang Dynasty, is plump and round in appearance. In most existing Qin Tang, two pieces of paulownia wood are often stuck on Longchi and plump panels, which are used as counterfeit banknotes. Until the early Ming dynasty, there were still piano makers using this method. Qin Tang's broken sentences are mostly snake belly broken, as well as ice broken and running water broken. There are two kinds of paints on the piano surface: ink and chestnut shell. Those with cinnabar paint were all added when people repaired them. The grey tire is pure antler ash, and both sides of the back of the piano are wrapped with linen from bottom to top until the edge of the panel to prevent the upper and lower plates from opening glue. The sides of these pianos are all between 120 and 125 cm.
Song and Yuan Dynasties
Due to the policy of suppressing martial arts in the Song Dynasty, from Song Taizong to the emperor to the ruling and opposition parties in the Song Dynasty, all of them were very good at playing the piano, and they were proud of their ability to play the piano, reaching the peak of good piano in previous dynasties. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Qin began to show obvious genre inheritance. In the late Southern Song Dynasty, 1 Guqin School Zhejiang School appeared, represented by Guo Mian. The piano music "Ancient Complaints" written by Jiang Kui in the Southern Song Dynasty is the earliest piano music in existence. The famous musicians in this period are Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Yi Hai, Ze Quan, Ye Luchu, Cai, Yi Hai. During the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Qin was widely spread among the Khitan, Nuzhen and Mongolian noble literati.
Guqinbian in Song Dynasty, with a total length of1.28cm and a shoulder width of 25cm. Its flat body grew up, and its size was bigger than that of Qin Tang handed down from ancient times. It is one of the main styles of Qin in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, besides the antique works, the shape gradually became flat and narrow, especially the Zhong Ni-style guqin, which was the main style of making the piano in the Southern Song Dynasty. The main material for making the piano in Song Dynasty is the bottom of tung-faced catalpa or pine-faced bottom. Broken lines include snake belly, ice lines, running water and little cow hair. The gray tires are mainly antler ash, and some people use flax as the base, but rarely. Eight-treasure ash was also used in the late Northern Song Dynasty (that is, gold, silver, pearls and emerald corals were crushed and mixed with antler ash for common use). The Song Dynasty is an important stage in the history of piano-making after the Tang Dynasty. The government even set up a special bureau to make piano, which is called "official piano".
Qin-making in Yuan Dynasty was the product of the transition period of Song and Ming Dynasties. Because of the short duration, there are few existing objects.
Ming and Qing dynasties
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were many schools and a large number of piano scores were printed. The first existing subtraction score, Magic Secret Score, has preserved many ancient songs. In the late Qing Dynasty, the piano art declined relatively. During this period, other famous musicians were Wang Zhi, Jiang Keqian, Yang Lun, Yan Cheng, Xu Changyu and Gan Long. [9]
In the Ming Dynasty, the number of pianos was unprecedented. Whether it is the prince of the emperor or the family of officials, there are many people who are good at piano. There are four famous piano makers in the imperial clan: Wang Ning, Hengwang, wangyi and Lu Wang. Among the four kings, Qin was the most famous, which began in Chongzhen. It is reported that there are as many as four or five hundred pieces with the same style and size, all of which are numbered and engraved on the abdomen in chronological order; The name "Zhonghe" is engraved on the back of the piano, and Jing Yi's poem "The Water of the Yangtze River" and the seal of "Lu Chuan" are all painted with eight treasures.
Modern Times
From the late Qing Dynasty to1950s, there were about 100 people who could play the piano in China. Today's Qin Yu Society was founded in the Soviet Union and Shanghai in the1920s, and the piano publication Qin Yu Today was the only major event at that time. From11950s to11960s, Cha Fuxi led an investigation team to conduct a general survey in areas where Qin people gathered in China, visited many Qin people, collected written and recorded materials, and compiled and published books such as Collection of Guqin Music and Integration of Qin Le, which laid the foundation for the revival of Guqin art. Tang Jianyuan compiled a book Fu Qin. Guqin has been gradually incorporated into the music professional education system, and Guan Pinghu, Cha Fuxi, Gu, Zhang Ziqian and Wei Zhongle have successively studied and taught piano art in Beijing and Shanghai. In addition to restoring ancient music, musicians also try to create new music.
During the Republic of China, Qin spread to Southeast Asia, Europe, America, Australia and other places with the literati going abroad, especially after the reform and opening up, a large number of Chinese were overseas. So far, there are piano musicians and piano clubs in Malaysia, Singapore, the United States, Canada, Germany, Britain, the Netherlands and Sweden.
Modern Times
Due to the decline of guqin and its symbolic cultural thought, guqin art was included in the second batch of world intangible cultural heritage representative list by UNESCO on June 7, 2003. On May 20th, 2006, the State Council, People's Republic of China (PRC), listed the Guqin in the 1 national intangible cultural heritage list and classified it as "folk music" numbered II-34. [ 10]