I. Overview of education
1. The essential attribute of education is to cultivate people's social activities purposefully.
2. Basic elements of education: educatees, educators and the influence of education.
3. The most basic elements of education: educators and educatees.
4. The characteristics of family education: leading, infectious, authoritative, targeted and lifelong.
5. Characteristics of social education: openness, generosity, diversity, compensation and integration.
6. Teachers are the main body of school education, and direct educators play a leading role in the whole educational activities.
In the re-education activities of students, they occupy a major position.
7. The characteristics of school education: professional function, strict organization, comprehensive function, systematic content, effective means and stable form.
Two. The origin and development of education
1, the characteristics of primitive social education: non-independence, spontaneity, universality, non-hierarchy, non-class and primitiveness.
2. The Four Books refer to the University, the Doctrine of the Mean, the Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Poetry 055-790000; The Five Classics refer to Shu, Li, Yi, Chunqiu and Li 0055-7900000.
3. The basic characteristics of modern education: publicity, productivity, scientificity, futurity, internationality, lifelong and revolutionary.
4. "The official is the teacher and the law is the teaching" and "the monk is the teacher and the official is the teacher" are the educational thoughts of ancient Egypt.
Three. The Birth and Development of Pedagogy
1. Pedagogy is a science that studies educational phenomena and problems and explores educational laws.
2. Confucius' educational proposition: education is classless (everyone can receive education); Taking "benevolence" as the core; Preach others; "If you don't get angry, you will be threatened" (heuristic teaching).
3. Mencius is "rich and unrestrained, poor and unyielding, mighty and unyielding"
4. Xunzi takes the Five Classics as the teaching content and Xue Ji as the focus, which is the core of his teaching theory.
5. Mozi's three criteria are "knowledge and skill, debate and morality", knowledge and skill, thinking and discussion, and Austria.
6. Taoism advocates "Taoism is natural", advocates skeptical learning methods and pays attention to dialectics.
The Republic is the earliest educational monograph in human history, which was written at the end of the Warring States Period.
8. "Shouling" follows the teaching principle of step by step.
9. "Dao, Qiang and Kai" embodies the enlightenment education thought.
10, Socrates teaching method, also known as "midwifery", laid the foundation of heuristic teaching.
1 1, Plato's book Principles of Eloquence; The original advocate of "learning to play"
12. Aristotle, an encyclopedia philosopher in ancient Greece, put forward the principle of "education goes with the flow" and systematically expounded the educational thought of coordinated development with physical education, intellectual education, moral education and aesthetic education for the first time.
13, quintilian is the first educator in the history of western education, and is the bud of the class teaching system.
14, The Great Teaching Theory is the first educational monograph in the West, the first research work on educational teaching methods in the world, and the highest achievement in the development of ancient European educational theory.
15 and 1632 "World Map" are the signs that pedagogy began to form an independent discipline.
16, bacon first proposed pedagogy as an independent discipline.
17, Comenius advocated "intelligence for all" education and gave everything to everyone; The book Amir.
18, class teaching system is one of Comenius' greatest contributions to modern pedagogy.
19, Rousseau's On Education, a French enlightenment thinker and educator advocated that education should conform to children's nature.
20. Kant's Lienhard and Goddard was the first person to give a lecture in a university with pedagogy as its course.
2 1, Pestalozzi is the first educator who clearly put forward the slogan of "psychological education" in the history of western education.
The book Random Talk on Education.
22. Locke's representative work "General Pedagogy" advocates "whiteboard theory" and holds that human development is completely determined by education.
"Gentleman Education" holds that gentleman education is implemented in the family.
Herbart is a famous psychologist and educator in modern Germany, the "father of modern pedagogy" and the "founder of scientific pedagogy".
24. 1806 Democracy and Education marks the establishment of normative pedagogy and is also the first work of modern pedagogy.
25. Herbart I principle: the principle of education; Second, theoretical basis: psychology and ethics; Three centers: teachers, teaching materials and courses (clarity (understanding), cooperation (imagination), systems and methods.
26, Dewey's works 19 16 "pedagogy".
27. Dewey's new three centers: children, experience and activities.
28. Dewey and Ke Qubo, representatives of pragmatic pedagogy; Pragmatism ignores the study of systematic knowledge, the leading role of teachers and the characteristics of schools.
29, Kailov's "New Education Outline" is the world's first Marxist pedagogy works.
30. Yang Xianjiang's Educational Process is the first Marxist pedagogy work.
3 1, Bruner is a representative figure of structuralist educational thought, and he has written On Great Teaching.
32. Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, suggested that children's intellectual development stages should be divided into perceptual movement stage, pre-operation stage, concrete operation stage and formal operation stage.
Comenius (Father of Pedagogy)
Democracy and Education Pedagogy (1632) has become a symbol of an independent discipline.
1. Educational principle: Education adapts to nature (fundamental guiding principle).
2. Education system: systematically discuss the methods and implementation contents of class teaching system.
3. Teaching philosophy: "Pan-wisdom" education will impart extensive knowledge of nature to people with lofty ideals.
4. Educational content: provide an encyclopedic curriculum.
5. Put forward and demonstrate the intuitive, systematic, quantitative, intensive and conscious teaching methods.
6. educational purpose: (ultimate purpose) religious purpose (eternal life; (direct purpose) realistic purpose (knowledge, virtue, pious person.
Dewey's educational thought (how to realize Du's democracy and change experience aimlessly).
Dewey (founder of pragmatic philosophy, representative of progressive education, representative of modern education school).
capital
1. three-center theory: children, experience and activity center
2. The essence of education: education is life, education is growth, and education is the reorganization or transformation of experience (the foundation and core of educational thought); Tao Xingzhi believes that life is education.
3. School is society.
4. Starting from middle school
5. Five-step teaching method: find out the controversy of creating difficult situations; Put forward various assumptions to solve the problem; Infer which hypothesis can solve this difficulty; Test this hypothesis.
Four. Educational function
1. Educational function refers to the influence and function of human educational activities and educational system on personal development and social development.
2. The factors that affect the educational function generally include: personal identity, social propaganda and guidance, parents' quality and employment tendency.
3. Human development can be divided into physiological development, psychological development and social development.
4. The individual function of education is the premise of the social function of education, and the social function of basic education restricts the exertion of the individual function of education.
5. School education plays a leading role in people's physical and mental development.
6. The social transformation function of education means that education can improve people's quality, guide people's socialization, influence people's social practice and promote social development and change by developing people's potential.
7. Human capital is formed by investment and plays an important role in social production.
The return rate of human capital investment is high.
8. Factors affecting the social function of education: productivity, political and economic system, science and technology, culture and population.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) educational purpose
1, the purpose of education is the overall expectation and conception of the quality of people cultivated by educational activities, and it is the stipulation of the quality of the main body of social and historical activities.
2. The purpose of education is an important part of education policy.
3. Education policy includes service direction, educational purpose and ways to realize educational purpose.
4. The educational purpose put forward by the United Nations: learning cognition, learning work, learning coexistence and student existence.
5. Functions of educational purpose: guidance function, control function and evaluation function.
6. The purpose of individualized education is to cultivate "natural persons", such as Rousseau and Rogers.
7. According to the theory of social standard, the purpose of education is to cultivate qualified citizens and members of society.
Representative figures Plato, Comte and so on.
8. It embodies the basic mission of education in China to cultivate talents at all levels for economic construction and all-round social development and progress.
9. Marx expounded the theory of man's all-round development in the Teacher Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), which is the theoretical basis for establishing the educational purpose of our country.
Intransitive verbs teachers and students
1. A teacher in a broad sense refers to a person who teaches knowledge and skills to others, and a teacher in a narrow sense refers to a professional engaged in education and teaching contracting in a school.
2. 1994 Zhuzi's "Politics" confirmed the professional status of teachers from the legal point of view for the first time.
3. The fundamental task of teachers is to teach and educate people.
4. The creativity of teachers' labor is reflected in teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.
5. It takes ten years to plant trees and a hundred years to educate people, which reflects the long-term nature of teachers' labor.
6. Teachers' morality refers to the moral norms and codes of conduct that should be followed in education and teaching activities.
7. Teachers' development can be divided into three stages: paying attention to survival, situation and students.
8. Microteaching is a small-scale classroom teaching for a few students for a short time (5-20 minutes), and the teaching process is recorded and analyzed after class.
9. Posner, an American educational psychologist, put forward the teacher growth formula: experience reflection = growth.
10, students are plastic, dependent and studious.
1 1, the representatives of "student-centered theory" are Rousseau in France and Dewey in the United States.
12, the representative figures of "teacher-centered theory" are German Herbart and Soviet Union's Kailov.
13. The educational relationship aimed at directly promoting students' development is the most basic teacher-student relationship in schools.
14. Teachers' quality is the core factor affecting the relationship between teachers and students.
Seven. path
1, Zhu mentioned curriculum many times in Children and Curriculum. "Be flexible, keep the classroom" and "small classroom, great effort". The curriculum here refers to the classroom and its process.
2. In the west, curriculum is a term used in educational science, which originated from British educator Spencer.
3. Dewey put forward the curriculum, that is, students' learning experience.
4. Curriculum is the planning and design of educational objectives, teaching contents and teaching activities, and it is the sum of all the contents of teaching plan, teaching syllabus and teaching materials and their implementation process.
5. The utilitarian educator Spencer put forward "What knowledge is the most valuable" in 1885, which is the beginning of defining this subject.
6. 1902 Dewey's curriculum theory is a groundbreaking work, which has a far-reaching impact on modern curriculum theory.
7. 19 18 bobbitt's Basic Principles of Curriculum and Teaching is regarded as the first monograph on curriculum in the history of education.
8. Taylor's The Mean (1949) is regarded as the cornerstone of modern curriculum theory.
9. Taylor defined four steps of course writing. Determine objectives, select experiences, organize implementation, and evaluate results.
10, knowledge-centered curriculum theory is also called subject-centered curriculum theory. Representatives Spencer, Herbart and Bruner advocated that school education should be based on subject classification, centered on subject knowledge and aimed at mastering basic knowledge, basic laws and corresponding skills.
1 1. Social centralism curriculum theory, also known as social reformism curriculum theory, is represented by Flamengo.
12. Learner-centered curriculum theory mainly includes empirical curriculum theory (Dewey) and existential curriculum theory (Naylor).
13, Dewey School's four direct experience courses: handicrafts; Department of Linguistic Society; Ministry of research and exploration; Art department.
14, Bloom put forward the curriculum theory centered on knowledge structure, and advocated that the teaching content should be centered on the basic structure of each subject.
15, the theory of formal teaching is based on sensory psychology and represented by figure rock.
Pedagogy believes that the purpose of education is not to impart knowledge, but to develop students' intelligence.
16, the theory of substantive education starts from utilitarianism and holds that the purpose of education is to impart practical knowledge, and intellectual development is not important.
Senator Spencer.
17. Subject course is the oldest and most widely used course type.
China ancient six arts and western ancient seven arts are the earliest subject curriculum forms.
18, the curriculum goal is the most critical standard to guide the whole curriculum preparation process, and it is the expected result of the school curriculum at a specific stage.
19. The curriculum content is the core element of the curriculum, which is a knowledge system and experience system based on the curriculum objectives, selected from the human experience system, and organized according to a certain logical order of disciplines and the needs of children's psychological development.
20. Taylor clearly put forward the continuity, sequence and consistency of curriculum arrangement.
2 1, Bruner put forward the idea of organizing the course content in a spiral way.
22.Garne advocates organizing teaching content in a straight line.
23. Knowledge, society and children are the three major factors that affect school curriculum development.
24. School curriculum is mainly manifested in three materialized forms: curriculum plan, subject curriculum standards and teaching materials.
25. Curriculum implementation is the process of putting the curriculum plan into practice and the basic way to achieve the expected curriculum goals.
26. The goal evaluation model is based on Taylor's "evaluation principle" and "curriculum principle".
27.CIPP is an evaluation model of background, input, process and result.
28. Curriculum resources are the basis of curriculum construction, including teaching materials and various resources that are beneficial to students' development in family and social life.
Textbooks are the core and main component of curriculum resources.
29. The objectives of the new curriculum include knowledge and skills, processes and methods, emotional attitudes and values.
The core idea of the new curriculum is "for the development of all students".
Eight. Classroom teaching
1. Education is an activity composed of teachers' teaching and students' learning under the standard of educational purpose.
2. Educational theory is an important part of pedagogy, which is both a theoretical science and an applied science.
3. Philosophy-led teaching theory comes from Socrates and Plato's "knowledge is morality".
4. American psychologists Bruner and osbert, who put forward cognitive teaching theory, believe that Bruner's cognitive structure teaching theory is the most influential theory.
5. Bloom advocates discovery teaching method.
6. American humanistic psychologist Rogers's unguided education advocates the best education, with the goal of "people who give full play to their roles, people who discover themselves, and people who realize themselves".
7. Constructivism is the contemporary development of cognitive structure learning theory, which emphasizes the great potential of students, and holds that education takes students' existing knowledge and experience as the growth point of new knowledge and guides students to "grow" new knowledge and experience from existing knowledge and experience.
8. The main contradiction in the teaching process is the contradiction between students and what they have learned.
It is reflected in the contradiction between the teaching tasks put forward by teachers and the necessity and actual level of students to complete these tasks.
9. Confucius' teaching process thought of "learning, thinking and doing" is the first learning-based teaching process thought in China.
10, Pedagogy puts forward a five-step learning method of "erudition, doubt, caution, understanding and faith".
1 1, Herbart divides the teaching process into four stages according to the principle of "apperception group": clarity, association, system and method.
But it ignores the initiative and enthusiasm of students.
12, Dewey's five-step teaching method of "learning from middle school": difficulties, problems, assumptions, tests and conclusions.
13, Kailov 0755-79000 puts forward four stages: perception, understanding, reinforcement and application.
14. Receiving instructions-Teaching process-Stimulating curiosity-Perceiving textbooks-Understanding textbooks-Consolidating knowledge-Applying knowledge-Testing knowledge, skills and techniques.
15, mastering knowledge is the basis of developing intelligence, and intellectual development is an important condition for mastering knowledge.
16, Herbart's "Education without education is unimaginable" shows that education will always be education.
17. The principles of teaching intuition include object intuition, imitation intuition and language intuition.
18, program teaching mode and direct teaching mode are based on Skinner's conditioned reflex theory.
19. The theory of model education was put forward by Wagenshen in Germany.
20. Bruner, an advocate of discovery teaching mode, believes that the attitude or method of grasping the basic structure of the discipline is "discovery".
2 1. Mastery learning mode was founded by Bruner in America.
Under the guidance of "every student can learn well", it is based on collective education, often supplemented by timely feedback.
22. Flip class means that in the information environment, teachers mainly provide learning resources in the form of teaching videos, so that students can watch and learn new learning videos and other learning resources before resuming classes.
23. Micro-class refers to the whole process of wonderful teaching and learning activities carried out by teachers around knowledge points (key difficulties and doubts) or teaching links with video as the main carrier in and out of class according to the requirements of new curriculum standards and teaching practice.
24. Microteaching is a controllable practice system and an important way to train new teachers and improve teaching level.
25. Jumping teaching is suitable for Chinese subjects.
26. The way of telling can be divided into three ways: telling, explaining and speaking.
27. Talk method, also known as question-and-answer method, is a way for teachers to ask students questions according to certain teaching requirements, ask students to answer them, and guide students to acquire or strengthen knowledge in the form of questions and answers.
28. Conversation methods are divided into retrospective conversation and enlightening conversation.
29. Demonstration method is a way for teachers to show objects, intuitive teaching AIDS, conduct demonstration experiments, and use modern audio-visual teaching methods to guide students to acquire knowledge and strengthen knowledge.
30. Model laws fall into four categories. Display objects, specimens, models and photos; Icons, images and map presentations; Experimental demonstration; Slides, movies, video presentations.
Demonstration method embodies the teaching principle of intuition and integration of theory with practice.
3 1. Teaching methods based on emotional cultivation mainly include appreciation teaching method (appreciating nature, life and art) and situational teaching method.
32. In ancient times, individual teaching production was adopted as the organizational form of teaching.
33. The class teaching system in China began in 1862 in Shi Jing.
34. There are five basic links in teaching: preparing lessons, attending classes (the central link), assigning homework after class, guiding grading, tutoring after class, and evaluating students' academic performance.
35. In the classification system of educational goals, Bloom and others divide educational goals into three areas: cognition, emotion and motor skills.
36. The teaching objectives in the cognitive field include knowledge, understanding, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation.
37. The educational objectives in the emotional field include acceptance, reaction, evaluation, organization and individualization.
38. Teaching strategy is to adjust and control a series of implementation processes of teaching activities on the basis of a clear understanding of teaching activities in order to achieve teaching objectives and complete teaching tasks.
Nine. School moral education
1. Moral education in a broad sense refers to all activities that have a purposeful and systematic political, ideological and moral influence on members of society, including social moral education, community moral education, school moral education and family moral education.
2. Moral education in a narrow sense refers to school moral education, which is the targeted, planned and systematic influence of educators on young students in politics, ideology and morality in a specific time and space.
3. School education refers to teachers' purposeful activities to cultivate students' moral quality.
4. Among the educational factors of moral, intellectual, physical and artistic work, moral education is dominant.
5. Enjoy function is the highest level of individual function of moral education.
6. The goal of moral education is the starting point of moral education, which not only determines the content, form and method of moral education, but also restricts the basic process of moral education.
7. Educators are the organizers and leaders of the moral education process.
8. Educated people are the subject and object of moral education.
9. The basic contradiction in the process of moral education is the contradiction between the moral education requirements put forward by educators and the current level of the educated.
10, knowledge is moral knowledge (including moral concept, New Year and evaluation ability); Emotion is a moral emotion and a subjective attitude towards objective things. Moral behavior refers to moral will and code of conduct, which is the fundamental symbol to measure ideological and moral quality.
1 1. Without social interaction, there would be no social morality.
12, Marxist moral education is based on dialectical materialism and historical materialism.
13, the persuasion principle means that moral education must be persuasive and persuasive.
X. Class management and the work of the head teacher
1, the class is the basic organization of the student group and the basic unit of the school to carry out education and teaching activities.
2. Class organization is a formal organization composed of students, aiming at realizing the public goal of class organization.
3. The informal organization comes from the interpersonal relationship at the level of class organization's personal characteristics, and is naturally formed through personal goodwill based on the differences of needs, abilities and characteristics among members in students' common study and life.
4. Students' informal organizations can be divided into positive, entertaining, negative and destructive types.
For a class with more than 5 or 50 students, there are few opportunities for students to receive direct guidance from teachers, which is not conducive to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and the management of class organization.
6. Three stages of class development process: loose preschool collective stage (small groups appear in the class); The formation stage of class groups (activists and class backbones appear in the class); The mature stage of class collective (high cohesion and collective honor of class).
7. The principle of combining class teaching with class management refers to the dialectical unity of class teaching and class management.
8. Class management mode: routine management, parallel management, democratic management and target management.
9. Classroom psychological atmosphere management is divided into positive, negative and confrontational types.
10. The head teacher is the organizer, instructor and educator of the class.
He is the implementer of the school-running concept, the teacher who is fully responsible for the study, thought and life of a class in the school, and the coordinator of the education and teaching work of all teachers in the class.
1 1. The history of the head teacher in China: ancient times: the system of imparting Confucianism-1862, the appointment system at the same level in the capital-1938, the tutorial system-1952, and the head teacher system.
12, understanding and studying students is the premise and foundation of class teacher's work, and organizing and cultivating class collective is the central link of class teacher's work.
13. Four stages of organizing the theme class meeting: determining the theme-careful preparation-concrete implementation-deepening the effect.
14, the head teacher is the main implementer of daily ideological and moral education and student management in primary and secondary schools, and the leader of the healthy growth of primary and secondary school students. The head teacher should strive to be a life mentor for primary and secondary school students.
15, the head teacher is selected by the school among the class teachers.
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