1. Translation is the starting point of the second round of classical Chinese review.
2. On the basis that students have mastered the general principles and skills of classical Chinese translation, strengthen the awareness of marking by stepping on the spot, and take difficult words and sentences as a breakthrough to guide students to master the methods and skills of classical Chinese sentence translation in college entrance examination.
Second, the focus and difficulties in teaching
1. Grasp the key words (keywords, special sentence patterns) and know the score points.
2. With the help of accumulation (classical Chinese knowledge, idioms, grammatical structure, context, etc. ), skilled in solving difficult words and sentences. Starting from translation, let students master methods and skills in practice.
Iii. Teaching hours 1.
Fourth, the teaching steps
(1) Review and consolidate warm-up training: translate the following classical Chinese sentences in class.
1. I have tried everything in the world, and no one is like this.
2. Dogs don't know how to eat food, but they don't know how to be hungry.
3, looking at the ocean and sighing: "There are wild words, smelling a hundred words, thinking that you don't know it, I call it also. I always laugh at generous families. "
4, divided into six fierce, and it is a long-term strategy.
5. If you can't kill people, if you are afraid, the world will rebel.
(B) to master the skills and methods of classical Chinese translation
Classical Chinese translation can comprehensively examine students' ability to infer the meaning of real words in classical Chinese, judge the usage of function words, identify the sentence patterns in classical Chinese and understand the general idea of the article, so it has become an important topic in classical Chinese reading in college entrance examination, with a score of 8- 10. Because it is a subjective question, the students' scores are very low. The reason is that students don't understand the requirements of translating classical Chinese, the method is incorrect, the problem is solved casually, and the kung fu is not meticulous, so the sentences turned out are prone to this kind of small problem. Therefore, based on my years of teaching experience, I have summed up effective translation methods for classical Chinese. I suggest that students follow the following steps when translating classical Chinese sentences.
1, a kind of consciousness-stepping on consciousness.
To sum up, in recent years, the classical Chinese translation questions in the college entrance examination are all given points on keywords, so what points should be paid attention to in classical Chinese translation? There are mainly the following types: key monosyllabic words, flexible use of parts of speech, special sentence patterns, fixed sentence patterns, disyllabic ancient and modern synonyms, interchangeable words and so on.
For example, the 20xx national volume 2 classical Chinese test requires translation: "The horse died of obesity, which made the ministers sad and wanted to be buried with the coffin doctor." I think it is impossible to argue between the left and the right. "The" pick points "in this sentence are" obesity ","mourning ","gift from the coffin doctor ","contention "and" thinking "(5 points, 5 points in total); Knowledge that everyone knows, such as "horse", "death" and "burial", is generally not collected. When translating, we must attach great importance to these "scoring points", concentrate on accurate and smooth translation, never be vague and never make mistakes.
Reference answer: The horse died of obesity. (King Chu) asked the ministers to handle his funeral and buried him inside and outside the coffin with the doctor's gift. The left and right ministers suggested bluntly that they could not.
2, two principles-literal translation is the main, free translation is the supplement.
"Literal translation" means to translate word for word in strict accordance with the original text, try to keep the characteristics of the original words and sentences and try to keep the style consistent with the original text. "Free translation" refers to translation according to the main idea of the original text, which is not limited to words in the original text, but can be expressed in a different way from the original text. Generally speaking, literal translation should be given priority to, supplemented by free translation. The translation of classical Chinese in college entrance examination is also based on literal translation.
3. Three criteria-faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance
"Faith" is the implementation of every word, striving for accuracy;
"Da" means that clauses are fluent and strive for fluency;
"Elegance" means vivid image and exquisite literary talent.
Tip: NMET translation generally only involves "faithfulness" and "expressiveness".
Three methods-memorizing words, translating and copying.
A, delimit words: delimit the classical Chinese sentences one by one, and then explain them one by one. Note: Ancient Chinese was mostly monosyllabic words, so all the words except "Liu" (all proper nouns such as dynasty, year number, name, place name, title and official position) were marked with horizontal lines. , or words that are also common in modern Chinese).
B. Translation: Take a pair of translations of underlined words, and then link the explained meanings into sentences one by one according to the grammatical habits of modern Chinese.
C. Copying: After checking the grammatical points in the classical Chinese sentences one by one, copy the translated sentences linked on the draft paper to the answer sheet. In the process of copying, we should achieve "three cleanups" and "three noes" "Sanqing" refers to the clean surface, clear handwriting and clear strokes; "Three noes" means not to scribble, not to write irregular traditional or simplified characters, and not to write typos.
Tips: Sichuan has implemented online marking since 20 1 1. Online marking is "scanning the test paper as a whole and dividing the questions into blocks". After scanning, each candidate's answer sheet will be divided into several parts, and different teachers will mark the paper on the computer. On the one hand, it ensures the fairness and justice of marking; On the other hand, it also puts forward higher requirements for candidates' cleanliness and writing ability. "The marking teacher can only see the contents of the scanning area. If the examinee's handwriting is scrawled or his expression is procrastinating, it will affect his score. "So, first of all, candidates should cultivate good answering habits at ordinary times, and they must use special pens to answer questions with moderate depth; Smear less and alter slightly, even if it is altered, it should be modified according to the regulations (cross out the modified content with double horizontal lines, and then write the content that should be changed above or below). The handwriting should be clear and neat. " Second, don't write too big and loose, don't write too full if there is a grid, the font should be straight, don't be too skewed (scanning with a large inclination is hazy and fuzzy), and don't space the words too much. Note: Anything that is ambiguous and difficult to identify, whether it is a short answer or a composition, will be awarded zero.
For example:
(1) Uncle Jian's son and teacher. Battle of Kan
Uncle Jian's son joined the army.
Transcript: Uncle Jian's son joined the army.
(2) Is it because Meng Zhizhi was trapped in Zhou Lang? Red wall fu
Isn't this place the symbol of Cao Cao's determination and the place where Zhou Yu besieged-
Transcript: Isn't this the place where Cao Cao was besieged by Zhou Yu?
(3) When the city began to dusk, pedestrians were robbed, killing and injuring crosswalks. (Sichuan 20 10)
Near the evening in the city, flying dust robbed people-the dead and wounded were lying on the road, and the drums kept beating.
Pay attention to a few words: dusk: near dusk; Crossing: lying on the road; Drum, nouns as verbs; Note the omission.
Written record: (Chang 'an) The city was dusty in the evening and pedestrians were robbed. The dead and wounded were lying on the road, and the drums kept beating.
4. Four-step procedure
(1) Grasp the specific context and determine the general idea;
(2) Analyze the words and sentence features of the original sentence, find out the adoption points, and be aware of them;
(3) Correctly handle some special situations (such as rhetoric, cultural common sense, proper nouns, idioms, etc. );
(4) Express the translation accurately according to the norms of modern Chinese.
4. Six-character policy-increase, stay, delete, change, adjust and guess.
(1) Supplement: If the original sentence is omitted or the words used in ancient and modern times are different, some elements can be added or supplemented according to modern Chinese grammar to make the translation clear and fluent. Including:
① Translate monosyllabic notional words into disyllabic notional words.
Ex.: Pei Gong said to Sean, "I'm going to join the army, and many people will join us." Hongmen Banquet ")
② quantifiers are added after numerals.
Example: Xuan Fan was caught in four fires, but it didn't catch fire, and he almost had a protector. -Xuanzhi of the Neck and Ridge
③ Subject, predicate, object and preposition that should be supplemented in the ellipsis sentence.
Exodus: Does the public regard General Lian as the King of Qin or the King of Qin? -Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru
(4) supplement the omitted content, such as related words.
Exodus: However, if you have enough strength, you can laugh at it, but you have regrets. -"Journey to Baochan Mountain"
⑤ Complete the judgment word "yes" in the judgment sentence.
Example: Qin, the land of tigers and wolves. The biographies of Qu Yuan are translated as follows: Qin is a country of tigers and wolves.
Lian Po, Zhao Zhiliang will also. -"Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" translation: Lian Po is an excellent general of Zhao.
(2) Leave: keep some words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, such as country name, year number, emperor name, official name, place name, person name, thing name, book title, unit of measurement, etc.
(1) to the first year of Linchuan in July, Wang rebellion. -"Journey to Baochan Mountain"
(2) "Water Mirror" cloud: Peng Li has Shi Zhongshan. Li Yuan thought he had come to a deep pool ... "
(3) In June of the seventh year of Yuanfeng, Ding Chou, Yu and An were suitable for you. -"Shi Zhongshan"
(3) Delete: The usage of some function words in classical Chinese has no equivalent in modern Chinese. If the hard translation is awkward or cumbersome, you can delete the translation. These words include: voiced words, auxiliary words forming syllables, signs of structural inversion sentences, words paused in sentences, function words in individual conjunctions and compound words with partial meanings, etc.
"Although a husband, his face is weak" (Mao Ci)
"The sun and the moon suddenly don't drown, spring and autumn for its generation. (modal particles)
"Only the grass and trees are scattered, lest the beauty die." (structural assistance)
"His knowledge of Tao is also ahead of mine" (pause auxiliary word in the sentence)
(4) Change: monosyllabic words become disyllabic words, flexible words in parts of speech become flexible words, and flexible words become flexible words. In other words, what remained and what was deleted was deleted, and everything else was "changed".
(1) The wall is defective, please indicate to Wang (the change of monosyllabic and disyllabic words).
There are spots on the wall. Please let me show them to your majesty.
(2) The declaration says, "If I meet, I will be humiliated." -Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru
(3) On the day of death, the flea must come to thank Xiang Wang. -"The Hongmen Banquet"
4 Yu Ziqian Zhou Xing suits you. -"Shi Zhongshan"
(5) Mood: Due to the evolution of ancient and modern grammar, some sentence expressions are different, so translation should be adjusted in time according to the grammatical habits of modern Chinese. Include verb inversion, prepositional object, attributive postposition and prepositional structure postposition.
(1) Earthworms don't have the advantages of minions, and their bones and muscles are strong. Sharp minions, strong bones and muscles. )
(2) Husband Jin, why do you hate it? Translation: What is satisfaction?
(3) The moon rises from Dongshan and lingers between bullfights. (adverbial postposition)
(4) "It's a pity that you didn't!" Your cleverness is too serious! You are so stupid! )
(6) Guess: When encountering difficulties, you may wish to make reasonable inferences according to the context!
Summary of translation methods:
Keep, delete and change every word
Text clauses are transferred in the same order to increase penetration.
Don't panic when you encounter difficulties.
Last resort. Guess.
Show only a small part of talent
Using the above methods comprehensively, translate the following paragraphs:
(Example: Beijing College Entrance Examination ☆ Translate the underlined part of the following classical Chinese into modern Chinese.
Guan Zhong said, "I feel poorer for Uncle Bao. Uncle Bao doesn't treat me like a fool. Know the time is good or bad. I have tasted three officials and three people, and I am driven by you. Uncle Bao doesn't think I am evil, but he knows that I am not evil. " My parents know steamed stuffed bun. "Uncle Bao is in Guanzhong, under him. There are not many smart people in Guan Zhong, but Uncle Bao knows many people.
China's Classical Translated Songs
Read the full text and understand the meaning; Buckle the words and translate them carefully.
Every word is implemented, and accuracy comes first; Monosyllabic words, disyllabic substitution.
The official land of the Year of National Mourning has not yet been translated; If there is any omission, please supplement it neatly.
Adjust the word order and delete nonsense; Rhetoric allusions, supplemented by free translation.
Inferring the meaning of words, and linking them before and after; Words and sentences are connected.
Go back to the original text and check it carefully.