The premise of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is to recognize their individual differences and understand their characteristics. Confucius understood students in two common ways. First, by talking. Confucius said, "If you don't know what you are talking about, you can't know who you are." He talked purposefully with students, individuals and groups. For example, once I consciously asked Luz a hypothetical question: "If the road is not good, I will float on the sea with a fork. For me, what is the reason? " Lutz didn't say anything, but acquiesced in happiness, while Confucius said, "You are bold, you are more than me, and you have nothing to learn." Second, individual observation. By observing students' words and deeds in many ways, he examines students' spiritual world from the outside to the inside: to "listen to their words and observe their actions", to judge only from their performance in public, it is still one-sided, and to "settle for second best and keep their privacy"; It is not enough to judge only by temporary behavior, but also to "look at what it is, what it is, and what it is for", that is, to pay attention to what the students do, observe the road he takes, and examine his emotional tendency, so as to thoroughly understand a person's ideological outlook. He has accumulated a lot of experience in examining people, and thinks that different things and different situations can examine people's ideological quality.
In teaching, Confucius regards "learning and knowing" as the fundamental guiding ideology. His "learning and knowing" means that learning is the only means to seek knowledge, and knowledge is obtained from learning. Learning is not only an indirect experience of learning words, but also a direct experience through sight and hearing. Both kinds of knowledge are needed. His ideas of "being knowledgeable" and "being good at learning from the ancients" focus on the indirect experience accumulated by predecessors, such as ancient culture and political knowledge. He also put forward that "those who listen more and choose the good, go with it and learn more."
Confucius attached importance to learning and thinking, Zhang Xuesi, and combined thinking with learning. When discussing the relationship between learning and thinking, he said: "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." Oppose thinking without learning, and oppose learning without thinking. Confucius said: "I try not to eat for a day and stay up all night." It's useless to think, it's better to learn. "
Confucius also emphasized that learning knowledge should be "used" and applied to social practice. He asked the students to be careful in what they say, to be diligent in what they do, and to pay more attention to their actions.
From learning to thinking, this is the learning process summarized by Confucius, that is, the education process, which basically conforms to the general cognitive process of human beings. This thought had a far-reaching influence on the later teaching theory and practice.
Confucius said, "No anger, no anger, no anger, no anger, no anger, no anger, no anger, no anger." Anger and resentment are the external manifestations of the internal psychological state. That is to say, in teaching, students should first think seriously, think for quite a while but still can't figure it out, and then inspire him; Although I have thought about it and understood it, I can't express it in proper words. At this time, I can enlighten him. Teachers' inspiration is based on students' thinking. After inspiration, let students rethink and gain further understanding. There are three teaching methods commonly used by Confucius, namely, from shallow to deep, from easy to difficult; Can compare, push yourself and others; Knock at both ends and attack heresy. Confucius was honored by later generations as "the most holy teacher" and "the model of later generations". He devoted his life to the education of later generations, was sensitive and eager to learn, had rich practical experience and attached importance to moral cultivation. He was a conscientious and good teacher. In response to Zi Gong's question, he said, "I can't become a saint. I never tire of learning and never tire of teaching." He once commented on himself in front of the students and said, "If it is holy, then I dare. If (learning) is not tired and teaching people is not tired, it can be said that the cloud is already there. " He set an example for future teachers in six aspects:
Never get tired of studying. Teachers should fulfill their social responsibilities, pay attention to their own learning and self-cultivation, master extensive knowledge and have noble moral character, which is the premise of teaching and educating people.
Review the past and learn the new. Teachers should not only master past political and historical knowledge, but also learn from useful historical experience, understand contemporary social problems and know the solutions.
Take pains to teach others. Confucius started running schools around the age of 30 and has been engaged in educational activities for more than 40 years. Even during his five years in politics, he still taught and lectured everywhere while traveling around the world. Some students have bad moral character, low starting point, or make mistakes repeatedly, but they will not be disgusted and will be patiently induced to become talents. "Love, can not work? Loyalty and righteousness, can you not teach? " Love for students and a high sense of responsibility are the ideological basis of his tireless teaching attitude.
Lead by example. Confucius' education for students not only includes teaching by example, but also pays attention to teaching by example. Be strict with yourself and set an example to make students sensitive. "Bowing your head and complaining is far from complaining." "A gentleman seeks for himself, and a villain seeks for others." "Politicians, it is also. Zi Shuai is right, who dares to be wrong? " "its body is right, but it does not make; His body is not right, although he does not obey. " "If you are honest, what about politics? Can't be right, like a right person? "
Teaching and learning learn from each other. Confucius realized that teachers could not impart knowledge to students unilaterally in the teaching process, but could learn from each other. He answers questions for students in teaching activities and often has academic discussions together. Not only educated students, but also improved themselves.