Confucius was a native of Shandong in the Spring and Autumn Period. His last name is Kong, his first name and his last name are Zi. He was a famous thinker and educator in ancient China.
Once, Confucius went to Qi State and saw two children arguing about a problem. Confucius saw it and found it very interesting. He said to Luz, the student who followed him, "Let's listen to what the children are arguing, shall we?" Lutz curled his lips and said, "What serious words can two yellow-haired boys say?"
"Master knowledge regardless of age. Sometimes, children tell the truth much better than those stupid and conceited adults? " Lutz blushed at once and dared not say anything.
Confucius stepped forward and said kindly, "My name is Kong Qiu. Seeing that you are arguing so enthusiastically, I want to join in. Do you think so? "
"Oh, so you are Confucius, I heard that you are very knowledgeable. Ok, please comment and see who is right! " The two children said.
Confucius smiled and said, "Don't worry, say it one by one."
A child said, "We are arguing about when the sun is closest to us. I said near morning, and he said near noon. Tell me who is right? " Confucius thought carefully for a while and said, "I haven't thought about this question before, so I dare not say it casually." Please tell me your reason first. "
A child scrambled to say, "Look, the sun is big and round in the morning, and it becomes smaller at noon." . Everyone knows that the near thing is big and the far thing is small. "
Another child went on to say, "He is not right. The sun in the morning is very cold and not hot at all, but the sun at noon is as hot as boiling water. Doesn't this mean that the noon sun is near? "
After that, the two children looked at Confucius together and said, "You judge who is right."
Confucius was stumped by this. After thinking for a long time, he still thinks that the two children have their own reasons, and they really can't tell who is right and who is wrong. So he honestly admitted, "I can't answer this question. I will ask more knowledgeable people and answer you later. "
The two children laughed after listening: "People say that Confucius is a saint, so you have questions that you can't answer!" " "Then he turned and ran away.
Lutz said unconvinced, "You really should say something casually to calm them down."
Confucius said, "No, how can you hear this interesting truth unless you honestly admit that you don't understand?" In learning, we know what we know and don't know what we don't know. Only with this honest attitude can we learn real knowledge. "
Confucius said in The Analects: "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, but knowing." Confucius kept his word, and he should also show this spirit of seeking truth from facts in front of children. This is not only a person's attitude towards learning, but also an honest virtue.
Chapter two: Moral education stories of Confucius students.
Moral education stories of Confucius students
20 10 March 2 13:03 administrator study time: 20 minutes comments 0
Professor Li Yining told two stories in a lecture, which can illustrate the material "acquisition" of "virtue" from both positive and negative aspects. The first story is that King Lu issued a letter to China people who have the opportunity to go abroad. If they see their compatriots enslaved abroad, they must redeem them, and the expenses incurred will be reimbursed by the government after returning home. A student of Confucius found that his compatriots were enslaved abroad and redeemed them. But he didn't reimburse the expenses, so everyone praised him for his noble character. When Confucius learned this, he criticized him and said, It is immoral for you to do so, because you will make others feel at a loss. Why? If others also see their compatriots being enslaved abroad, if he listens to the king, redeems his compatriots and reimburses expenses according to regulations, others will compare him with Confucius' students-Confucius' students can not be reimbursed, but you reimburse them-which makes him look less noble, even though he obeys the king's orders to reimburse them; If he learns from you and doesn't reimburse the expenses after redemption, he will lose money for no reason. This kind of loss is acceptable once, complaining twice, and unwilling many times. Because students with Confucius don't report their accounts first, others will fall into the dilemma of "not reporting well, and not reporting well". In this way, in order to avoid the dilemma, the future Lu people may pretend not to see their compatriots being enslaved abroad. As a result, more and more China people no longer save their compatriots in distress, and more and more compatriots in distress can't get help. Therefore, although your behavior is "selfless", it is immoral because it will not let more people "win".
The second story is that a student of Confucius saw someone accidentally fall into the river while crossing the bridge, and he risked his life to save him. His family was very grateful and thanked the students for sending a cow. Cattle is the most precious thing in agricultural society. The students had no choice but to obey, so they took the cow home. On the way home, the person who praised him just now saw that he had snatched a cow from someone else and turned to accuse and insult him. People think that people should not be rewarded for doing good deeds. When Confucius learned this, he praised his students and said: It is very moral for you to take the cow home, because you will make others realize that doing good deeds will pay off. When people's moral belief that "doing good will be rewarded" is formed, more and more people will bravely help others when they see that others are in danger. In this way, your behavior will inspire more and more people to do good deeds and help more and more people in trouble. Therefore, although your behavior is "personal", it is moral.
The thought of karma is a vivid interpretation of the view that "virtue is rewarded". Mr. Nan, a scholar in Taiwan Province, believes that China's 5,000-year-old cultural thought is based on "karma". What goes around comes around is what people say in their daily lives: "Good is rewarded with good, and evil with evil". Doing good will gain, and doing bad will lose. Even if this retribution does not happen to the party concerned, it will extend to his relatives and descendants; Even if it doesn't happen in this world, it will continue to future generations. Confucius said in the Book of Changes: "If there is a good family, there must be Qing Yu; If you accumulate evil, there will be many disasters. " Taoism also claims that God can know people's good and evil and reward them. As for Buddhism, there is a more complete and systematic thought of karma. In fact, all the major religions in the world have similar sayings, such as "immortality of the soul", "samsara" and "three lives and three lives". The thought of karma is covered by the mystery of religion. Actually, it is also based on human nature. Life experience tells us that a person is often "repay kindness with kindness, and repay hatred with hatred", and many human natures have formed a universal "social law". Therefore, in a sense, what goes around comes around is a moral law of society. Honesty and moral character formed in the market economy is neither the innate goodness of human beings nor the repeated appeal of hope. Through moralists. "Strengthen?" The virtue that can be cultivated is really the advice of the "karma" of repeated games in market life to both sides of the transaction. If a society does not establish a just moral strengthening mechanism and cultivate the moral belief that "good and evil must be reported" in people's hearts, then all moral education will be pale and powerless. Most of the "Twenty-four Filial Piety" stories that once prevailed in China implied "virtue and virtue"
"Teaching, its performance is either moving heaven and earth, getting help from the gods, or moving the other side of people who have insulted themselves, making them change their minds, or getting respect and imitation from others, and so on; If we read the moral teaching story in the book Virtue edited by William Bennett again, we will also feel the pulse of virtue.
Of course, the reward in moral life can only be regarded as the affirmation and comfort of the spiritual personality of the moral subject, and there is no need to pursue the reciprocal reward in material value at all. In fact, if he pursues this reciprocal return, he will not do moral behavior. In the eyes of ordinary people, moral behavior should be free, otherwise your heroic feat will be eclipsed. In fact, it is one thing for moral actors to accept returns, and whether society has a system to provide them with returns is another matter. The moral reward mechanism is not only an affirmation of the virtue of the actor, but also an encouragement and guidance to other potential moral actors, and at the same time, it is also building a social strengthening mechanism for the sustainable development of virtue. On the other hand, we can still see a lot of moral weakening. Some victims refused to testify, which not only made the bad guys unable to be punished, but also made the good people who gave their lives to save them not get the recognition they deserved. Some people have been saved by heroes, but when he learned that he had to bear some expenses for the hero's sacrifice, he quietly avoided it; Some people not only look on coldly when the hero needs help, but also sneer? . Looking through newspapers and periodicals, we often see the helplessness, wry smile and misery of moral heroes! I hope that the "chilling" of heroes will not make them regret their heroic feats! Will not "teach" the world further away from morality!
A child was unfortunately drowned, and the father who couldn't swim begged the crowd standing on the shore to help save his child. Everyone is indifferent. Father had to offer a price, saying that anyone who helped him save the child would be willing to pay him in full. So, several young people bargained with the father until they reached their own price, and then jumped into the water to save people. It is undoubtedly sad to be spared from destruction, but bargaining before saving lives should also be condemned. So, is this behavior the same as the behavior that Confucius' students are rewarded for saving lives mentioned in this article? On the surface, it looks the same, because everyone has been rewarded; But after careful analysis, we will find that there are essential differences between the two. The behavior of bargaining before saving lives belongs to commercial behavior, and the behavior of saving lives before rewarding lives belongs to moral behavior. Commercial behavior is for the purpose of making profits, and the real feelings of the actors at this moment (that is, "virtue,' straightness' is also." ) not to save people, but to make a profit; The purpose of moral behavior is to do good, and the real feeling of behavior at this moment is to save people. The ultimate reward of business behavior is the purpose of behavior-because to get this reward, it is only a means and way to get the purpose; The ultimate reward of moral behavior is the result of behavior-because I did this behavior, I got this reward. If he is not rewarded, he will feel that the behavior as a means is unworthy and a failure, and the success or failure of the means is proved by the purpose; Moral behavior is aimed at the behavior itself, and whether there is something behind it can not be used as the basis for judging the success or failure of the behavior itself. Of course, if this kind of behavior is praised by the society and he is affirmed materially or spiritually, then this kind of behavior will be positively strengthened, and he may be more inclined to repeat similar behaviors. If he is not praised or opposed by society, he may be more inclined to avoid similar behavior. At a time when people's lives are seriously threatened and moral spirit is called for, business behavior is not worth encouraging and should even be condemned.
Li Yining's Entry into WTO and China's Economic Reform, CCTV Science and Education Channel (10) and Lecture Room, 200 1-9- 12, these two stories also tell us that judging whether a person's behavior is moral is not to see whether he is selfless or private, but whether his behavior makes both sides "have something to do". Selfless behavior is not necessarily moral behavior, selfish behavior is not necessarily immoral behavior. This is quite different from the concept that people usually use "selflessness" to define virtue.
Quoted from Hong Sheng. Morality, utilitarianism and others. Reading. 1998(7): 122.
Wang. Singh knows this. Huazhong Normal University Press, 1999:3 1 1.
The third article: "moral short story"
Moral short stories
Grass and seedlings
When Confucius traveled eastward, he saw farm tools in the field, but the farmers had already left, so he picked up a hoe, surrounded a seedling and shoveled it with difficulty.
After a while, the farmer came back, saw great anger and said angrily, "Why did you shovel my seedlings?"
Confucius felt very strange, so he pointed to the seedlings and said, "Look, what I shoveled is obviously grass." Unexpectedly, the farmer said more angrily, "I am planting grass for horses!" " "Confucius was dumbfounded.
Story sentiment:
Helping others is just right.
Change your mind
There is a company that produces toothpaste, which is very popular with consumers. The annual growth rate is 10% to 20%, but in 1 1 year, the company's performance began to stagnate.
The company manager held a high-level meeting to discuss countermeasures. At the meeting, the president promised that whoever can come up with a solution will be rewarded with 65,438+10,000 yuan. A young manager stood up and handed the president a piece of paper. After reading it, the president immediately signed a check for 654.38 million yuan.
There is only one sentence written on this note: enlarge the opening of the toothpaste tube1mm.
Consumers are used to squeezing out the same length of toothpaste every morning. If the opening is enlarged, then
The daily consumption of toothpaste is bound to increase greatly.
The company immediately changed the packaging, and the next year, the company's turnover increased by 32%.
Story sentiment:
As long as you increase the diameter of the heart by one millimeter, you will see that any change in life has its positive side, full of opportunities and challenges.
Sweep the sun
There are two brothers, only four or five years old. Because the bedroom window is closed all day, they think the room is too dark and envy it when they see the bright sunshine outside. The two brothers agreed to go out to bask in the sun together. So the two brothers took brooms and dustpans to the balcony to sweep the sun.
When they moved his dustpan into the room, there was no sunshine inside. After repeated sweeps, there was still no sunshine in the room.
My busy mother in the kitchen saw their strange behavior and asked, "What are you doing?" They replied, "The room is too dark, so we should sweep some sunshine in."
Mom smiled: "As long as you open the window, the sun will naturally come in. Why do you have to sweep? "
Story sentiment:
As long as the closed heart door is opened, even if only a little gap is exposed, you can immediately feel endless light and warmth.
Facing the wind and rain
A group of college students agreed to climb the mountain, but unfortunately they were caught in heavy rain, causing flash floods, and rolling mudslides buried their fresh lives forever. Faced with this sudden tragedy, many people can't help asking: "We are halfway up the mountain and suddenly encounter a storm. What should we do?" The mountaineering expert said, "You should walk to the top of the mountain."
"Why don't you run down the hill? Isn't the wind and rain on the top of the mountain worse? " People asked suspiciously. "Go to the top of the mountain, although the wind and rain may be bigger, but it is not enough to threaten your life. As for running down the mountain, it seems that the wind and rain are smaller and it seems safer, but it may be drowned alive when flash floods break out. "
Mountaineering experts seriously said: "for wind and rain, if you want to escape from it, you have to be involved in the torrent;" Welcome it, but you can survive. "
Story sentiment:
Difficulties are the enemies of life. If you overcome it, you will take a step on the road of life. Bypassing it does not mean getting rid of it. On the contrary, sooner or later, it will hinder you and even ruin your future.
The story of three clocks
A newly assembled Jason Chung was placed between two old clocks. Two old clocks "Tick-tock" and "Tick-tock" are walking minute by minute. One of the old clocks said to Jason Chung, "Come on, it's time for you to work. But I'm a little worried. After you left 32 million times, I'm afraid you can't stand it.
Yes "
"Oh, my God! 32 million times. " Jason Chung was surprised. "Want me to do such a big thing? Can't do it, can't do it. "
Another old clock said, "Don't listen to his nonsense. Don't be afraid, you just have to count every second. "
"There is nothing so simple in the world." Jason Chung expressed doubts about this. "If so, I'll try."
Jason Chung easily "ticks" every second. Unconsciously, a year passed, and it did it 32 million times.
Story sentiment:
Everyone wants their dreams to come true, but success seems far away. Burnout and self-distrust make us doubt our ability and give up our efforts. In fact, we don't have to think about the future, just think about what I want to do today and what I should do tomorrow, and then work hard to complete it, and the joy of success will gradually penetrate into our lives.
Critical moment {a story about morality Confucius}.
One day, a general was eating. A waiter in the middle said, "Ah, general?"
The general glared at him and said, "You shouldn't talk when the general is eating or talking." Everyone was silent.
A few minutes later, the general asked the waiter, "Well, what did you want to say to me just now?" The waiter lowered his head and said, "It's too late, General, it's too late."
"What did you say late? What's the matter? "
"Yes, general, it's late. There is a bug in your salad. You have eaten! "
Story sentiment:
There are two kinds of people who fail: those who don't listen to anyone and those who listen to everyone.
The last exercise
A philosopher took a group of his students around the world and finally sat on a lawn in the suburbs. He said to his students, "After ten years of travel, you have read a lot, and now your studies are coming to an end. Let's have the last lesson. "
The disciples sat around the philosopher, and the philosopher asked, "Now we are sitting in the wilderness, and the wilderness is full of weeds. Now I want to know how to get rid of these weeds. " The disciples were very surprised. They didn't expect that the philosopher who has been exploring the mysteries of life asked such a simple question in the last lesson.
A disciple first said, "Teacher, a shovel is enough." The philosopher nodded.
Another disciple went on to say, "It's also a good idea to burn with fire." The philosopher smiled and motioned for the next one.
The third disciple said, "Sprinkling lime can get rid of all weeds."
Then the fourth disciple said, "To get rid of weeds, just dig out the roots." When all the disciples had finished speaking, the philosopher stood up and said, "Your class is over."
Chapter four: Confucius' short stories.
The story of Confucius:
When one of Confucius' students was cooking porridge, he found something dirty falling into the pot.
Yes He quickly scooped it up with a spoon and was about to dump it, when it suddenly occurred to him that a porridge and a meal were hard to come by. So I ate it. It happened that Confucius walked into the kitchen and thought he was stealing vegetables, so he taught the classmate who was in charge of cooking. After the explanation, everyone suddenly realized. Confucius said with emotion, "What I saw with my own eyes is not true, let alone hearsay?"
Study and review from time to time.
Confucius' predecessor was a nobleman in the Song Dynasty, but later he declined. When he was three years old, his father died, and his mother took him to Qufu, the capital of Lu, not far from Qiaoyi, and lived a poor life. Lu was recognized as the cultural center at that time, and it preserved many ancient Shang and Zhou cultures, only Song Like. There are enough ceremonies, such as marriage, death and ancestor worship. Of course, the poor can't say this, but from kings, princes and doctors to ordinary slave owners and wealthy families, they all pay special attention to this. They think it is a good opportunity to show off their wealth. Whenever there is a big wedding or funeral, they will hire a group of people to hold the ceremony. People who were engaged in this profession at that time were called "Confucian scholars". Influenced by this ancient culture since childhood, Confucius learned a lot of ancient etiquette. Even when playing games, he often used small pieces of wood as sacrifices and small clay balls as offerings to practice ancient etiquette, and he always enjoyed it and developed into a political proposition of governing the country with courtesy. Therefore, later generations called the doctrine advocated by Confucius "Confucianism".
A threesome requires a teacher.
When Confucius was a child, his family was poor and it was difficult to get a good education. However, he is very studious and often regards others as his teachers, even though he is asking about Xiang Tuo, a seven-year-old child. He used to "greet the old man", "admire Changhong" and "learn from the piano", and Confucius' story "Learn from the donkey and learn from the official system"? On one occasion, the monarch of Lu came to Lu to appear before him. Although Zanzi is the king of a small country, he can claim to be a descendant of Shao Luo. At the banquet hosted by Lu, Uncle Sun asked Shao Luo why he took the bird name as the official name. Zanzi talked about the origin of the ancient official name, and also took the opportunity to boast that "my great-grandfather was a little loyal and the phoenix bird was suitable, so he was disciplined by birds." After hearing this, Confucius thought that his behavior was ridiculous, but he did study the ancient official system, so he "met Si Qi".
Confucius and the old man who drew water
There is a story about Confucius. This story is as old as Laozi. Confucius, a story about morality.
Confucius is traveling. When he passed a village, he saw an old man, a very old man. He drew water from the well to irrigate the land. This is a very hard job, and the sun is so big. Confucius thought that this man might not have heard that there is a mechanical device to draw water-you can draw water for others with cows or horses, which is easier-so Confucius went over to the old man and said, "Have you heard that there are machines now? It is very easy to draw water from a well with them. If you work for twelve hours, they are 1.
It will be finished in half an hour. You can let Malays do it. Why do you bother? You are an old man. "He must be ninety years old.
The man said, "It's always good to work by hand, because every time you use a cunning machine, a cunning mind will appear." In fact, only a cunning mind can use cunning.