Changes in Social Life At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, after the impact of the Revolution of 1911, China's social fashion has undergone tremendous changes. The biggest change is to cut off the braid. The Qing dynasty forced Han men to wear braids, and the progressives in the late Qing dynasty regarded braids as a national shame. After Wuchang Uprising, revolutionaries mobilized the masses to cut off their braids. After the establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Government, a decree was issued requiring people to cut their braids and change clothes. Followed by clothing changes. In feudal society, people's status was distinguished by their clothes. After the Revolution of 1911, the practice of "distinguishing fame from prestige" was abandoned by the society for thousands of years, so people's clothing styles began to diversify. At that time, people severely criticized the long-standing custom of foot-binding, and there appeared non-foot-binding movements, various non-foot-binding groups and propaganda against foot-binding, which spread all over the country. 191March 13, Nanjing Provisional Government promulgated the article "Persuade foot binding", which played an important role in changing the bad habit of foot binding. The Nanjing Provisional Government also promulgated the General Order against Opium, which severely banned smoking. Women in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China; The change of costumes of all beings in China society in the late Qing Dynasty and the disintegration of costume rule: a view of modern China society from the change of customs and concepts.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, a social trend of thought appeared in China, and old and new social fashions coexisted. This new revolutionary trend involves a wide range of fields, which is rare in the history of China, and has brought a brand-new atmosphere to China society. Foreigners' Activities in China in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

The Nanjing Provisional Government issued a decree, asking people to get rid of the decadent life customs of the former dynasty, innovate the etiquette title, and abolish the old etiquette such as bowing, bowing, saluting and handing over, bowing, taking off the hat, shaking hands and clapping. Weddings, funerals and celebrations have also been transformed, abolishing all kinds of backward customs and habits of old weddings and funerals. People no longer use "adult" and "grandfather" as appellations, but all of them are commensurate with "sir", "madam" and "sir". Traditional ideas are gradually replaced by new ones. We realize that feudal monarchical power, divine power, clan power and husband power destroy individual personality, advocate western ideas of freedom, equality and fraternity, and strive to break the feudal shackles and give people equal rights and status. The problem of "civil society" in the late Qing Empire

Nanjing Provisional Government granted equal civil rights and rights to people from all walks of life in the form of law, and prohibited buying and selling people and selling their contracts. At that time, the whole country opposed prostitution and concubinage, demanding monogamy, the right to independent property and personal independence, and not mistreating domestic workers. Various social organizations aimed at humanitarianism and human rights liberation were established one after another, and the Revolution of 1911 broke the feudal shackles that imprisoned people's personality development. At this time, people began to care about state affairs, and various assemblies, associations and elections were widely carried out. Intellectual women also began to devote themselves to politics.

At that time, people attached importance to the role of industry and commerce, and thought that running industry was an important means of saving the country. People have broken the traditional concept of "four people", vigorously developed industry and invested in setting up factories, and there has been a trend of great industrial and commercial development in various places. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, industrial and commercial finance advocated new learning, students chose majors, considered practical value and interest, and recruited students of law and politics, and hundreds of them took the exam. The traditional methods of writing poems and lyrics, studying classics and reading history, and studying psychology are no longer valued. The pursuit of luxury and glitz has also appeared in society, and various consumer industries have developed in society, which has impacted the traditional moral and ethical concepts of feudal society. At the same time, China's inherent scholarship has also undergone significant changes. The change of academic view in the late Qing Dynasty: the concept and scheme of academic division in the academic history of the late Qing Dynasty: Wang Guowei, an outstanding scholar in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China: Wang Guowei's discovery of Dunhuang Tibetan Sutra Cave and the development of Dunhuang studies in the late Qing Dynasty

In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, literature and art flourished, and there appeared "condemnation novels" that exposed the decay and darkness of society, such as "The Appearance of Officialdom" and Wu's "Unusual Symptoms in Twenty Years", which exposed the decay and darkness of officials and yamen at all levels in the Qing Dynasty. There are also some novels that reflect the revolution, such as Guangzhou Rebellion, Romance of the New Han Dynasty and Blood Flowers, which describe the Huanghuagang Uprising and Wuchang Uprising.

Intellectuals actively study and publicize European and American ideas and cultures, and many translations have appeared, such as Darwin's Origin of Species, Rousseau's Theory of Civil Contract, Montesquieu's Spirit of Law and John Mill's Principle of Freedom. From it, they learned the theory of evolution, the theory of natural human rights and the modern western political program as ideological weapons against feudal autocracy. Literary and artistic works have also been translated in large numbers, and the works of Shakespeare, Dickens and Balzac have been translated and published one after another. The most famous translator is Lin Shu, who translated foreign works into ancient Chinese in China according to other people's explanations. Culture, Literature and Modernity in the Late Qing Dynasty: Selected Works of Dickens and Balzac.

In addition, modern drama and new music have also appeared. At that time, the creation of "school music songs" was very popular, and many teaching materials for classroom songs were published. In fine arts, a large number of painters with new ideas, new skills and innovative spirit have emerged. Such as Wu Changshuo, Gao and Liu Haisu. Cai Yuanpei first proposed that people must be educated in art.

The progress of the press and publishing industry In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, western learning developed greatly. With the wide application of new printing technology, the press and publishing industry entered a new development period. From 65438 to 0897, Xia Ruifang, Bao Xianen and others co-founded the Shanghai Commercial Press. At first, there was only one printing factory, and later it developed into a comprehensive publishing enterprise integrating editing, printing and distribution. 192 1 year 1 month, Lu Feikui, Deckerton, Chen Xiegong, Shen Zhifang and others founded Zhonghua Book Company. It is a modern publishing enterprise with great influence in the early years of the Republic of China, which integrates editing, printing and distribution. The development of private publishing industry soon surpassed that of church and government-run publishing institutions.

During the activities, revolutionaries also promoted publishing activities. For example, in 1902, Chen Fan founded Su Bao, hired Zhang Taiyan as the main writer, and published a large number of articles criticizing feudal autocracy. 1905, Sun Yat-sen founded People's Daily in Tokyo, Japan, to publicize the bourgeois democratic revolutionary thought. It is estimated that there were 1000 newspapers and magazines in China at that time. The rise and development of modern press and publication in China is closely related to the social, political, economic and cultural changes in China. Cultural Status of China in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China (Photo)

The development of modern education A new educational system was established in the late Qing Dynasty. 1903, the Qing court promulgated the "Regulations of Playing Schools", which stipulated the academic system actually implemented nationwide, and laid the foundation for China's modern education system. After the promulgation of the articles of association, various schools developed rapidly. By 1909, there were more than 50,000 primary schools and 123 institutions of higher learning in China. While establishing new schools, the Qing court also sent young students and officials to study abroad, and a large number of self-funded international students also appeared among the people. Overseas students have greatly broadened their horizons abroad, accepted new knowledge and become the most active and active members of China society. Zhang Zhidong and the Establishment of Shi Jing University in the Late Qing Dynasty

In the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the government reformed the education system, and the main measures included: setting up new educational institutions. If the school is renamed as a school, men and women can go to the same school, abolish reading classics, prohibit textbooks issued by the Qing Dynasty, prohibit corporal punishment, and cancel aristocratic schools in the Qing Dynasty. Change the purpose of education. Cancel the content of "loyalty to the monarch and respect for Confucius" in the educational purpose of the Qing Dynasty, and take "paying attention to moral education, supplemented by practical education and military education, and supplementing its morality with aesthetic education" as the fundamental purpose of education. Rearrange the academic system. Four years in junior high school is compulsory education, three years in senior high school, four years in middle school, three or four years in undergraduate course and four years in normal school. Various school laws and regulations have been promulgated one after another to supplement the published laws and regulations on academic system, which is called "the academic system of neglecting children and ugliness" The educational system reform in the early years of the Republic of China conformed to the trend of historical development and promoted the rapid development of new education in China. Compilation and Enlightenment of New Textbooks Returned to boxer indemnity by the United States in the Late Qing Dynasty