Design of health education activities for preschool children;
Core concept:
Health care and self-care education; Safety self-care education; Environmental education; Mental health education
Section 1 Basic requirements for the design and implementation of health education activities in kindergartens
First, the basic idea of kindergarten health education activity design
At present, kindergartens generally carry out integrated education activities. In order to better integrate education in all fields, kindergartens must first grasp the characteristics and laws of all fields. At present, in the field of health education, we can create educational activities about how to pay attention to the healthy growth of children.
The design of children's health education activities generally considers the following aspects:
(a) regarding the objectives of the activity
The specific activity goal is to refine the general goal of health education and the goal of age group. In the expression, it should be concise, clear, accurate, specific and operable, and the target items should not be too many, generally 2-3.
(2) About the preparation of activities
A successful health education activity requires teachers to make various preparations, including the creation of material conditions and environment, and the knowledge, experience and psychological preparation of children.
(3) About the activity process
The activity process generally includes three links: activity introduction, guiding children to participate in thinking and guiding children to summarize. Teachers should be clear about what they want their children to develop. What problem do you want to solve? How to inspire children to think? How to motivate children to participate in activities? When and what questions to ask? How to use the best education method? How to make children summarize the activities and improve their existing experience?
When carrying out activities, we can use a variety of literary and artistic carriers to enhance the interest and improve the efficiency of activities. Common literary carriers include children's songs, children's poems, poetic dramas, performances, fairy tales and stories.
(4) About the extension of activities
Good educational activities are not limited to a specific activity, but a long-term and continuous process, especially the cultivation of abilities and habits, and the extension of activities is indispensable. The ways of activity promotion can be family cooperative education, field infiltration, environmental creation, community corner activities, etc. If the teacher teaches the children the correct method of brushing their teeth in 15 minutes, they should contact their parents after the activity, and ask them to urge their children to brush their teeth in the correct way on time at home, so as to help them consolidate the correct method of brushing their teeth and develop good brushing habits.
Second, the format design of specific educational activities
Educational activity design
[Activity Name]
[Activity objective]
[Activity preparation]
[Activities and Guidelines]
1.
2.
?
[Activity expansion]
Three. Matters needing attention in carrying out activities
(a) All activities organized by teachers should involve children as much as possible.
Research shows that if the activity is only in? The teacher speaks and the children listen; The teacher demonstrates and the children watch? On this basis, it will not play a big role in the development of children. Only by participating in it can children understand the content of education and make themselves develop optimally.
(2) Children may not do as well as adults when they participate, so it is necessary to understand.
Children's physical and mental development level is low, and there will be some mistakes in participation. We should understand them, give them opportunities, exercise them and make them develop better.
(3) Teachers' questions play a key guiding role.
The teacher's questions are not clear, difficult or easy, which will affect the enthusiasm of children to participate in activities. Teachers should understand the development level of children and ask questions appropriately. Teachers' questions should try to guide children's divergent thinking, and the diversity of answers to questions can give more children a chance to answer and exercise their abilities.
(4) Avoid using adult language.
Adult language prevents teachers from communicating effectively with children, which affects the educational effect. If a teacher asks:? There is a little snail who is very boring. It has only itself at home. What can children think of to make the little snail happy? The child replied:? It's too hot. ? In this case, the child is right? Bored? I don't understand words and answer irrelevant questions, which affects children's learning.
Section II Specific Design and Implementation of Kindergarten Health Education Activities
First, design and implement health care and self-care education activities.
Pre-school children's health care and self-care education is mainly to cultivate children's scientific understanding, use, maintenance and exercise of eyes, teeth, ears, nose and skin, hygiene habits, basic living abilities such as eating, dressing, sleeping and washing, and related social behavior norms and communication skills, so as to promote children's five senses development and enhance their functions. It is an important part of all-round quality education, which is directly related to the quality of life and the development of physical and mental quality of preschool children.
(A) the contents of health care and self-care education
1, eye health education content
(1) Knowledge of eyes: the shape, structure and function of eyes. (2) Use your eyes reasonably, and maintain and exercise your eyes. For example, do eye exercises and eat food that is good for your eyes. (3) Let children know how to measure their eyesight and their own eyesight.
2. Educational content of oral health care.
(1) Oral knowledge: the shape, quantity, structure and function of oral organs, and the knowledge of changing teeth for children in large classes. (2) Oral care knowledge: mainly the knowledge of dental care, such as good brushing habits, correct brushing knowledge, not sucking fingers, not stuffing things into your mouth casually, etc. (3) Knowledge about dental caries: identification, prevention and treatment of dental caries. (4) Nutrition knowledge: Foods such as bean products and peanuts can make teeth develop better.
3. The educational content of ear health care
(1) Ear knowledge: the shape, structure and function of the ear. (2) Hygienic habits of ears: clean the ear shell frequently, and don't dig your ears yourself. (3) Listening test method: through the form of games. Ways to keep and exercise listening. (4) The teacher gave a game about ear health education.
4, skin health education content
(1) Knowledge of skin: structure and function of skin. (2) methods of cleaning and maintaining skin. (3) Nutritional knowledge beneficial to skin health.
5, nasal cavity health education content
(1) Knowledge of the nose: the shape, structure and function of the nose. (2) Maintenance, cleaning and nose care methods: Don't pick your nose, blow your nose first, blow a nose, etc. (3) Nutritional knowledge beneficial to nasal cavity health.
Step 6 eat
(1) Nutrition knowledge and cognition of common foods. (2) Dining skills: the use and storage of tableware and reasonable chewing methods. (3) Eating habits: chew slowly, eat quietly and intently, don't be picky about food, don't overeat, don't leave leftovers, keep the table clean and tidy, cherish food, don't do strenuous activities before and after meals, wash your hands before meals and wipe your mouth after meals. (4) code of conduct when dining with others. (5) Aesthetic consciousness of catering.
7. dress
(1) Clothing knowledge and motivation such as cold and sun protection, body covering and aesthetics. (2) the skills of wearing, taking off, folding and putting clothes and shoes, and the ability and habit of dressing independently. (3) Keep clothes clean and tidy, and take good care of clothes. (4) Aesthetic consciousness of clothing.
8. Sleep
(1) Reasonable sleeping position. (2) The skills of making beds and stacking quilts, the ability and habit of making beds and stacking quilts independently, and keeping the beds clean and tidy. (3) Good sleep hygiene habits: wash your face and feet before going to bed, sleep quietly alone, don't play with toys, and don't sleep with your head covered; Put clothes and shoes in a fixed place before going to bed.
(2) Games related to health care and self-care education.
1, develop the game of five senses and finger function. This kind of game is mainly a way to identify things by using some sensory function, so as to develop sensory function.
(1) Listening game: It can identify the nature, orientation, distance and people of things by listening to the sound with eyes closed, thus developing listening and memory. Like what? Close your eyes and find a partner? 、? Who will come to my house? . (2) Eye protection games, including games to develop visual sensitivity, adjust focal length and identify color, shape, volume and area. Like what? Kittens practice their eyes? Eye clinic? . (3) Skin health games: such as touching the skin, taking things from the bag, closing your eyes, playing ball, etc. (4) Games to exercise finger function: such as rope turning, origami, bag throwing, etc.
2, self-care games. At present, there are two kinds of games commonly used:
(1) Performance and role games. Like what? Wash the kitten's face? 、? Teach dolls to brush their teeth? 、? Dress the doll in new clothes? 、? The nursery of the white rabbit? Wait a minute. This kind of game adopts personification to conceive the plot, consolidate life skills and enhance self-care consciousness. (2) competitive games. This kind of games mainly consolidate life skills and cultivate the spirit of self-reliance and competition through competition activities. Often do competitions such as dressing, wearing shoes, folding quilts to make beds, using chopsticks and washing handkerchiefs.
(3) Examples of physical health care and self-care education activities
Activity 1: Learn to go to the toilet (small class)
[Activity Background] Children in this class are unfamiliar with toilet facilities and have psychological barriers such as fear of going to the toilet. The phenomena such as holding stool, wetting pants and soiling toilets occur from time to time, and some children dare not defecate in kindergarten. This affects children's health and adaptation to the kindergarten environment. In order to help children eliminate psychological barriers and improve their toilet ability, this activity was organized.
[Overall goal]
1, know the importance of defecation in time, know and learn how to urinate and wipe your ass after defecation.
2. Know how to respect the labor of adults, keep the toilet floor clean and tidy, and don't dirty clothes and pants.
3. Cultivate the qualities of self-confidence, courage, mutual assistance and cooperation.
4. Cultivate the ability of observation, imitation and evaluation.
One of the activity designs: I know how to pee.
[Activity objective]
1, know the importance of regular defecation. You should know that when an adult prompts you to urinate, you should take the initiative to urinate, so as not to get dirty.
2. Cultivate the quality of courage and self-confidence.
Activity preparation: video tape; Audio-visual teaching equipment; There are many reward signs. Teachers should observe and count the situation of children urinating in the park in advance, and contact parents to understand the situation.
[Activity Flow]
1, game:? Brave baby looking for a friend?
Show me the puppet? Brave baby? Let the child help him find a friend. Please say one thing that you think is brave? Brave baby? Make a judgment and put up a sign.
2. Play the video to see if there is one in the picture. Brave baby? The TV pictures of Friends (protecting the portraits of children being shot) appear in turn as follows;
(1) The teacher suggested going to the toilet, but the child didn't hear it;
(2) children are playful and pee their pants;
(3) Dare not talk about crying;
(4) tell the teacher when urinating or defecating;
(5) Active urination or defecation;
(6) Do not dare to urinate in the garden.
3. Discuss the children in the picture who are timid to whom.
According to the situation of the children in this class, the teacher put forward the requirement of improving the ability to go to the toilet.
[Activity expansion]
Daily life; In life, strengthen the cultivation of toilet ability, especially pay attention to differential treatment.
[Family cooperation] Parents are requested to cooperate with the teacher's work, give timely feedback to the teacher on their children's performance at home, and help individual children with poor abilities.
Activity design 2: I learned to pee.
[Activity objective]
L, know your gender and urine method, don't pee outside the toilet, keep the toilet clean and hygienic.
2, know the importance of regular urination in time, don't get dirty clothes.
3. Cultivate observation ability and the qualities of mutual assistance, self-confidence and courage.
[Activity preparation] Video tapes and audio-visual equipment; Several wooden dolls; The teacher should observe the child's defecation in advance and clean the toilet before the activity.
[Activity Flow]
1, show the children around the toilet and learn about the function of the toilet. Knowing where boys and girls urinate and how to use the flushing device after defecation, the teacher guides the children to observe the floor and urinal of the toilet, smell the smell in the air and remind them to respect the work of adults.
2. Back to the activity room, girls and boys are separated, and boys play games under the guidance of another teacher.
(1) The teacher asked the girl:? What's the toilet for? How do girls pee? Ask the children to discuss collectively and summarize the action procedure of urinating. Watch the video, the teacher will focus on the explanation, and the children should pay attention to the discussion.
(2) The activity process of boys is the same as above.
3. Game: I teach the doll to pee.
Children volunteered to observe and evaluate each other's actions of teaching dolls to urinate.
4. choose? Confident doll? . The teacher made a choice request and asked the children to pay attention to whether other children's toilet movements were correct. You should do it yourself.
[Activity expansion]
Daily life: combination? Brave baby? 、? Confident doll? Selection activities, in all aspects of daily life, consolidate the toilet routine and strengthen the guidance for individual children.
[Home Coordination] Exactly the same activity design.
Activity design 3: I can wipe my ass
[Activity objective]
1, learn the correct way to wipe your ass after defecation.
2, know how to respect the fruits of adult labor, not dirty clothes and the ground.
3. Cultivate the ability of observation and evaluation and the quality of courage and self-confidence.
[Activity Preparation] Video tape; Audio-visual teaching equipment; Some dolls; There are several pictures.
[Activity Flow]
1, puppet? Confident doll? Announce the selection results of the first two activities, issue award-winning signs and put forward new tasks.
2. Insert the video and let the children discuss the order of wiping their bottoms while watching. The teacher will guide the children to observe the key points.
3. the game:? Looking for friends in pictures?
Children divide into groups, color the pictures, and then several people wipe their bottoms together according to the correct actions.
Sort, classify.
Compare which group is the fastest, see whose order is correct, and tell the reason. Teachers guide children to listen to others and find mistakes.
4. games? I am the doll's good mother (father).
In groups of several children, practice being the doll's mother (father), wipe the doll's ass and correctly evaluate each other's movements.
5. Puppet? Confident doll? Here? Good mother (father)? Accept the reward. Teachers and students perform "The Song of the Toilet"
[Family Cooperation] Do parents work with their children at home? Good father (mother) game to practice and consolidate; Parents remind and help children when they go to the toilet; Build confidence, baby? Reward; Communicate with teachers in time to make home and garden consistent. (Zhuang Yi, Fengzhi Chen)
Activity 2: Know each other? Eyes, ears, mouth and nose? (small class)
Teacher: Ma Nana.
[Activity objective]
1. Name your mouth, eyes, ears and nose correctly, know their number and use, and know their positions on your head through your daily activities.
2. Know how to protect these organs.
[Activity preparation]
A glass of water, vinegar and wine, a portrait of a baby, a picture of mouth, eyes, ears and nose, a picture of a head without mouth, eyes, ears and nose, and some mirrors.
[Activity Flow]
1, let children distinguish three cups of liquid, listen to music, and let children feel the role of nose, eyes and ears.
Children observe their mouths, eyes, ears and noses, and say and point fingers.
3. Know the mouth, eyes, ears and nose through the baby portrait, and let the children make up the missing organs in the portrait.
4. Let children discuss the functions of eyes, ears, nose and mouth and how to protect them.
5. Would you like to? Miss? Self-reporting function and protection method.
6. Children draw self-portraits.
[Activity evaluation]
1, overall feeling
Rich in content, four? Miss? Our appearance is interesting, knowledgeable and lacking in collective participation.
2. Main advantages
(1) Everyone? Miss? It's best to say your role and protection methods in the first person tone.
(2) Let children smell water, vinegar and wine, and give them a chance to experience to some extent.
(3) miss nose? Bleeding? Our creativity is very distinctive and vivid.
(4) It is a good idea to let children stick their eyes, ears, nose and mouth.
3. Main problems
(1) failed to grasp the age characteristics of small class children. The content includes the position and function of four organs: eyes, ears, nose and mouth, which is too much and too complicated for small class children; Four? Miss? Too many self-reports, four teachers? Miss? After all, to sum up, children have no time to understand and remember; In the process of sticking eyes, ears, nose and mouth, the organs on the provided avatar are gone, which is too difficult; The final selfie is difficult to achieve in small classes.
(2) The whole activity emphasized too many places and too little protection, and the goal (2) was not achieved.
(3) The coordination among team members is not good enough, and the activity process is out of touch.
(4) Teachers' knowledge preparation is not enough, and temporary problems are not handled well.
(5) The teaching AIDS are not beautiful enough, and the effect is not obvious with black and white pictures.
4. Suggestions for improvement
(1) The content can be designed in several activities.
(2) The content of protection is the key point, and the understanding of location can be completed through a small game, such as bit by bit.
(3) Four people? Miss? Can everyone be a little more concise? Miss? After the lecture, the teacher made a summary in time.
(4) Give children more emotional experience. You can let your child close his eyes, hold his nose and smell, and plug his ears to listen. The important role of these organs is naturally reflected.
(5) When sticking to eyes, ears, nose and mouth, use the head with some organs missing.
(6) Teaching AIDS can be made into colors and look more beautiful.
(four) to provide guidance and suggestions on the design and implementation of health care and self-care education activities.
1. We should fully understand the significance of physical health care and self-care education for preschool children's current and future development, establish the values and goals of giving priority to fitness and educating people in an all-round way, shape preschool children's physical health care and self-care ability according to the theory of comprehensive physical and mental ability structure, and develop their all-round quality. It is necessary to break through the old educational model limited to the cultivation of life skills and behavior habits.
2. Teachers, preschool children, parents, health care doctors and nurses should be brought into full play to coordinate this education.
(1) Parents, health care doctors and nurses should always be introduced to new concepts of education and health care, so as to help them establish new concepts of health care education and subjective education. And put forward specific suggestions for mutual cooperation. Pay attention to let parents and nurses participate in evaluation activities, encourage and organize them to provide relevant educational content, or participate in the creation of teaching materials and teaching AIDS. (2) Children and parents should be informed of the results of each physical examination, and the relevant educational environment of kindergartens and families can be comprehensively investigated and evaluated. For example, at the same time of eye examination, we should comprehensively check and evaluate whether the furniture, lighting, paintings and children's books at home meet the hygiene standards, check the children's reading posture, the location and time of watching TV and their awareness of eye health care, and check the words and deeds of teachers and parents in eye health education.
3. Recognize and respect preschool children's dominant position in health education activities. It is necessary to guide and organize children to participate in activities at all stages of education preparation, implementation and evaluation, and to give play to and develop children's subjective ability and other qualities.
We should make full use of modern media, such as TV, video, DVD, pictures, models, etc. Helping preschool children to know their five senses, their five senses development and health status is the cognitive basis for developing self-care awareness.
5. Self-care education needs to overcome some psychological barriers of adults.
(1) thinks that self-care ability is a trivial matter in life, but does not realize that it is an important content of human survival ability. It is of far-reaching significance to educate preschool children on self-care for their future and the future of the nation. It should be a very important educational content for families and kindergartens. (2) excessive worry. In life, preschool children will not teach them what they can learn, nor will they do what they can do. Taking excessive care as love, not knowing that it is harmful to children's psychology and depriving them of self-reliance. (3) It is best to do it yourself, quickly and well, because children are too slow to do it well. (4) Educational methods? Supervise, manage, reprimand and blame? Encourage more and induce less, especially preschool children to make mistakes or appear? Clumsy? Sometimes the blame is much more, which damages the development of preschool children's self-confidence, self-esteem and self-reliance.
6. At present, we should pay special attention to the following links in eye health education.
(1) Help preschool children master correct reading posture and habits, choose the position and distance of watching TV, and control the time of watching TV. (2) Provide children with tables, chairs and lighting that meet hygiene standards. (3) Adults should set an example. (4) Let preschool children know their eyesight and eye habits.
7. Oral health education should focus on helping preschool children know their teeth, understand the harm and causes of dental caries, learn the skills of gargling small teeth, and develop oral hygiene habits such as gargling and eating less sweets.
8. We should attach great importance to skin health education. At present, children's education generally ignores skin health education, emphasizes protection, but ignores exercise, making skin delicate and tactile. Hungry? . These problems have aroused the concern and anxiety of people of insight. At present, in skin health education, we should strengthen skin exercise, especially tactile training, while doing skin cleaning education.
9, multi-pronged, coordinated, do a good job in health care and self-care education. Physical health care and self-care education run through preschool children's life. Health education and life activities; Music, art, language, science, society and other educational activities and game activities also have rich contents of health care and self-care education. Therefore, in the design of health education activities, we should highlight the main body, take a multi-pronged approach and work together. In other educational activities, we should attach importance to these two kinds of education in order to give full play to the overall benefits of education.
10, life skills teaching should adhere to the principle of combining life teaching with special education activities, focusing on teaching in life activities. Special education activities can adopt the following methods.
(1) How to play: For example? Help the doll dress? 、? Wash Xiaohua Mall's face? 、? Small ear doctor? Games like this are all children's favorite games. (2) Competition mode: organize individuals or teams to compete in life skills, which can be compared with walking, running and jumping. Climbing, drilling and other activities are combined. (3) Step-by-step learning method: More complex skills can be broken down into several steps and learned separately. (4) Performance method: Organize individuals or teams to perform life skills in turn. You can perform a skill or a set of skills. If you can perform a set of skills from making the bed and undressing to getting up, dressing and folding the quilt. Let all preschool children have the opportunity to participate in the performance. (5) Evaluation method; Organize preschool children to evaluate each other's skills. The content standard of evaluation should be simple and specific. Learn the method in advance, and then make a formal evaluation.
Second, the design and implementation of safety self-care education activities
(A) the content of safety self-care education
1, take care of yourself in life and activities.
(1) Take care of yourself.
Morphology of bacteria. Bacteria can spoil food and make people sick. Bacteria mainly enter the human body from the broken parts of mouth, nose and skin, which makes people sick. Mercury, alcohol and salt water can kill bacteria at high temperature. There are many bacteria in raw water, spoiled food and drink, and unwashed fruits and vegetables. Simple methods to distinguish spoiled food and drink and knowledge to prevent burns, suffocation, suffocation, biting tongue and cheeks. Eat quietly, chew slowly, and look, smell or touch food or drink before eating to see if they are spoiled or too hot. Don't drink raw water and get into the habit of not putting unclean things in your mouth.
(2) Get dressed and protect yourself.
If you catch a cold or stay in the hot sun for a long time, you will get sick. You should increase or decrease clothes in time with the change of temperature. Wear a sun hat when you are active in the hot sun. If your shoes don't fit, please ask your parents to replace them for you. Take out the sand and stones in the shoes in time to prevent the feet from being damaged.
(3) Take care of yourself
Living in a building, knowing that the following behaviors are unsafe, I have developed the habit of not doing these behaviors: climbing the windowsill, drilling the balcony guardrail, sliding down the corridor guardrail, jumping off the steps, splashing water from upstairs, and going upstairs and downstairs out of order; Don't put your hand under the door when opening and closing it.
(4) Self-protection of road safety
Knowledge, skills and habits to be mastered: the unsafe factor in the road is the pavement.
Obstacles, pits, holes, temporary boards and stones on the ground; Driving vehicles, running livestock, falling objects, crowded people; Traffic safety signs that should be recognized, such as traffic lights, crosswalk signs, no-go signs, danger signs, etc.; Pay attention when walking in the street, pay attention to the obstacles on the road, and don't look around; Obey the traffic rules. Observe the safety rules when riding.
(5) Self-care of diseases
Knowledge of disease symptoms: fever, vomiting, diarrhea, nasal congestion, nosebleeds, toothache, bloody stool, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain and eye discomfort; If you find that you are unwell and have symptoms of the disease, you should tell the adults in time so that you can treat them in time. If you are sick, you should make a diagnosis and give treatment, actively cooperate with the doctor, and don't cry when you take injections and medicine. Different medicines treat different diseases, and taking the wrong medicine will aggravate the condition. Many medicines are the same in color and shape, which is difficult for children to identify. They should be taken under the care of adults. Tell adults in time if you find any change in the taste of the medicine.
(6) Active self-protection
Regular exercise, correct movements, good physical strength, not easy to fall; Failure to observe order and rules is prone to unsafe accidents; Don't play in roadside, parking lot, construction site, river and other dangerous places; Don't play when you find that large equipment is damaged, and tell adults in time; You can't play in the river, swim or play on the ice without the care of adults; Don't provoke dogs and other animals; Don't throw stones, sand and sticks, and don't throw at each other; When playing, don't stay away from peers and adults; Being bullied or treated unfairly by others, daring to reason, expressing dissatisfaction and resistance.
Step 2 take care of yourself unexpectedly
(1) loss prevention capability
Prevention of knowledge loss: the main reason for the loss is to go out privately, watch the fun, and leave one's peers, family or teachers; Squeezed by the crowd; Kidnapped by bad guys, unexpectedly running away, etc. Ways to prevent getting lost: stay close to family, teachers or companions, and don't walk away alone; Activities in places designated by adults; Don't go with strangers. Ask for help after losing knowledge: remember your family address, telephone number, parents' names and the name of the kindergarten where you are, and take the initiative to ask for help from your uncle, policeman or waiter, aunt and uncle in a big store.
(2) prevent abduction and bad guys from entering the house.
Strangers have good people and bad people. Some bad guys will pretend to be good people and cheat. They should learn the skills of identifying the bad guys, guard against the bad guys, and prevent misunderstandings about the kindness of the good guys. When a person is at home, politely refuse to open the door to strangers; Politely refuse food, toys or paintings sent by strangers; Refuse the embrace of strangers; When being forcibly taken away or towed away, you should shout for help.
(3) Disaster self-protection
Encounter floods, fires, storms, earthquakes, car accidents, hail, etc. Don't panic and don't cry, follow your family to protect; Not afraid of lightning; When you are separated from your family, you should go to a place with sound and light to call for help; Don't panic if you accidentally fall into the hole, listen, and call for help if someone or the sound of walking; When your partner accidentally falls into a pit or drowns, shout for help. We should cultivate the qualities of courage, composure and wit in peacetime.